Effects of Direct Drilling on the Phosphorus Uptake and Fertilizer Requirements of Wheat

1987 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 775 ◽  
Author(s):  
PS Cornish
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Direct Drilling

The effect of direct drilling on the phosphorus (P) relations of ~vheatw as examined in seven field experiments over three years. Compared with conventional cultivation of the soil, direct drilling concentrated available phosphorus nearer the soil surface and resulted in higher strength and lower root length in surface soil (0-10 cm). Tissue-P concentration and dry weight of young plants (< 10 weeks) were consistently lower after direct drilling. It appeared therefore that direct drilling limited the uptake of soil phosphorus. An unknown factor also reduced plant dry weight per unit of P taken up in some experiments, whilst high rates of P fertilizer generally failed to give equal P concentration or dry weight in early growth. It is suggested that the young plants were unable to exploit fully the banded fertilizer because of insufficient adaptation of roots to the concentrated source of P and that this effect is a greater disadvantage for a direct-drilled crop. Direct drilling gave lower grain yields in four experiments when no fertilizer was applied, but where rates of P fertilizer were high, the two tillage treatments produced equal'pields. In these four experiments direct-drilled crops needed more fertilizer to attain 90% of the maximum yield. Crops in cultivated soil had the higher dry weight at anthesis and therefore the higher potential yield at equal rates of P fertilizer (in two years), but they failed to realize their potential at high rates of fertilizer because their greater vegetative growth led to increased water stress after flowering.

Critical phosphorus levels in sunflower plants

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (108) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Spencer ◽  
CW Chan
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Part ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Glasshouse Experiment ◽  
Phosphorus Levels ◽  
Tissue Test

To provide a basis for a tissue test for the diagnosis of P deficiency in sunflower crops, the influence of plant part and age on the critical P percentage (P concentration in tissues required to sustain 90% of maximum yield) was examined. In a glasshouse experiment, the known mobility of phosphate within the plant was reflected in the occurrence of the highest P concentration in the youngest leaves. Laminae contained more P than petioles on a dry-weight basis. Stem internodes contained less P than the adjoining petiole near the base ofthe plant but more near the apex. Three field experiments indicated that the lamina of the youngest fully-expanded leaf was a suitable plant part for diagnosis. Critical P concentrations for this tissue decreased from about 0.35% at the fourth week from sowing to 0.20% at the tenth week.

Foliar and Root Absorption of Atrazine Applied Postemergence to Giant Foxtail

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lafayette Thompson ◽  
F. W. Slife
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Root Absorption ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Setaria Faberii ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies

In growth chamber studies, high relative humidity and rewetting crystalline spray deposits of 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine (atrazine) increased absorption by and phytotoxicity to giant foxtail (Setaria faberii Herrm.), but phytotoxicity was restricted to expanded (unrolled) leaves unless some atrazine was absorbed by the roots. Though phytotoxicity was increased by simulated rainfall when root absorption was prevented, an appreciable number of the plants were killed only when atrazine residues were washed into the soil. In field studies, atrazine applied to a wet soil surface was as effective as the same rate of atrazine foliarly applied. In other field experiments, atrazine applied to giant foxtail on a wet soil and followed by simulated rainfall reduced stand and dry weight, but on a dry soil and not followed by simulated rainfall, atrazine reduced dry weight less and did not reduce stand. These results are due to root absorption of atrazine from wet soil. Spray additives increased phytotoxicity.

Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza and Phosphorus Uptake of Chickpea Grown in Northern Syria

1992 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin Weber ◽  
Eckhard George ◽  
Douglas P. Beck ◽  
Mohan C. Saxena ◽  
Horst Marschner
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Mycorrhizal Infection ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular

SUMMARYInoculation with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAMF) improved growth of chick-pea (Cicer arielinum L.) and doubled phosphorus (P) uptake at low and intermediate levels of P fertilization in a pot experiment on sterilized low-P calcareous soil. In field experiments at Tel Hadya, northern Syria, growth, shoot P concentration and seed yield of spring-sown chickpea remained unaffected by inoculation with VAMF or by P fertilization. The mycorrhizal infection of chickpea was high (approximately 75% of root length mycorrhizal at the flowering stage) irrespective of inoculation with VAMF or P fertilization and may ensure efficient P uptake under field conditions.

Assessment of the phosphorus status of oilseed rape by plant analysis

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 861 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Pinkerton ◽  
K Spencer ◽  
AG Govaars
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Plant Part ◽  
Plant Analysis ◽  
Triple Superphosphate ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Critical P Concentration ◽  
Phosphorus Status ◽  
P Supply

Phosphorus (P) concentrations in young plants of rapeseed (Brassica napus cv. Wesway) were related to seed and oil yields to develop a tissue test for the diagnosis of P deficiency. Critical P concentrations were defined as those concentrations required to sustain 90% of maximum yield. In 2 field experiments in successive seasons on a P-deficient soil, rates of triple superphosphate from 2.5 to 120 kg/ha were banded with the seed. The lowest P concentration in young shoots (17-19 weeks from sowing) associated with a P supply that was adequate for plant growth was approximately 0.31%. The youngest fully-expanded leaf was a reliable plant part to sample, its P concentration being about 0.05% lower than the concentration of the whole shoot. Critical P concentrations in young plants for sustaining 90% of maximum seed and oil yields were higher, namely 0.33 and 0.28% for whole shoots and youngest fully-expanded leaves respectively. The critical P concentration in seeds was about 0.35%.

scholarly journals Effect of Hurricanes on Commercial Tomato Crop Production in Southern Florida

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 498-504
Author(s):  
Monica Ozores-Hampton ◽  
K.E. Cushman ◽  
F. Roka ◽  
R.D. French-Monar
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Tomato Crop ◽  
Size Category ◽  
Hurricane Wilma ◽  
Tomato Seedlings ◽  
Severity Of Injury

Several experiments were conducted in commercial tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plantings during the 2004–05 and 2005–06 seasons in Immokalee, FL, to understand types of plant damage and potential yield reductions caused by hurricanes. Expt. 1 involved ‘Florida 91’ tomato seedlings damaged during 2004 by hurricane Frances, 15 days after transplanting (DAT). Individual plants were rated and categorized as best, good, or fair, 34 DAT according to plant size and vigor/severity of injury. Ten plants from each category were removed with roots intact, and dry weights were recorded. During 2005, 23 DAT or 8 days after hurricane Wilma, Expt. 2 was conducted to compare rescued and replanted ‘Soraya’ tomato seedlings. Rescued seedlings were left in place after the hurricane and others were removed and replaced with new transplants of the same variety. Expt. 3 (‘Florida 47’) and 4 (‘BHN 586’) involved the contrast of two yield seasons without a hurricane (2004–05) and with hurricane Wilma (2005–06) to estimate the effect of the hurricane damage on tomato 65 and 45 DAT. Fruit was counted, graded by size, and weighed for each experiment from 10 plants/plot. Injury caused by hurricane winds was most evident in Expt. 1 mostly in stem damage below the soil surface showed callous tissue at the site of injury due to plants being whipped around in the planting hole. Plants rated “best” showed greater plant and root dry weight, stem diameter below the injury point, and higher yield of extra large and total marketable fruit at first harvest than plants rated good or fair. Total marketable yields from rescued plants in Expt. 2 were double than that from replanted plants, and fruit matured 20 days earlier for rescued plants indicating that plants injured by Wilma recovered quickly. Hurricane-damaged crops during 2005–06 in Expts. 3 and 4 yielded 60% lower than that of undamaged crops during 2004–05. In the extra large size category, the yields were reduced between 34% and 12% from the previous season. However, hurricane-damaged loss of yield in the extra large category was offset by increased yield in the medium category. It appears that hurricane-damaged plants, when young, were capable of full recovery and normal yields, whereas hurricane-damaged plants, when older at the time injury occurred, were not able to fully recover and eventually produced only half the normal yield.

scholarly journals Isolasi Rhizobakteri dan Pengaruh Aplikasinya dengan Pupuk N-P terhadap Mutu Benih dan Pertumbuhan Bibit Tetua Betina Jagung

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
Pitri Ratna Asih ◽  
Memen Surahman ◽  
Dan Giyanto
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Hybrid Seed ◽  
Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Seed Field ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Phosphate Solubilizing

Increased productivity of maize can be done with the use of high quality seeds from improved varieties such as hybrid seed. The objectives of this study were Increasing productivity of maize female parent is important in order to reduce the price of hybrid seed. The objectives of this study were to determine the nitrogen fixing bacteria compatible with phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB), and using those bacteria to increase physiological seed quality and seedling growth of maize female parent. The research consisted of laboratory and field experiments. Laboratory experiment for the isolation and identification of rhizobacteria resulted in 25 Azotobacter and 29 Actinomycetes non-pathogenic isolates capable of fixing nitrogen and PSB selected for compatibility tests were AB3, B28, P12, P14, P24, and P31. The compatibility test showed 25 pairs of BPF with Azotobacter and 16 pairs of BPF with Actinomycetes were mutually compatible. The BPF pair with Azotobacter or Actinomycetes P24-AzL7, P24-AzL9, B28-AcCKB4, P24-AcCKB9, P24-AcCKB20, and P24-AcCKW5 were able to increase the vigor index of hybrid maize female parent seed. Field experiment was arranged in a split plot design with three replications. The main plot was dosage of N-P fertilizer (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of recommendation dosage), and the subplot was 12 rhizobacteria treatments selected from 25 compatible pairs of BPF with Azotobacter and 16 pairs of BPF with Actinomycetes and 1 control. The application of compatible pairs of bacteria had a significant effect on plant height, the number of leaves at 3 and 4 weeks after planting and plant dry weight. However, the best treatment i.e. B28-AcCKB4 was not significantly different with the nutrient broth treatment (as control).<br /><br /><br />

scholarly journals 293 Potential Allelopathy of Sorghum-Sudan Mulch

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 442B-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.P. Mitchell ◽  
C. Summers ◽  
T.S. Prather ◽  
J. Stapleton ◽  
L.M. Roche
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crop ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Water Soluble Compound ◽  
Fallow Soil

Observations that tomato transplants died or were severely stunted when set into unincorporated sorghum-sudan hybrid surface mulch led us to further investigate the potential allelopathic impacts of this warm-season cover crop in a series of field experiments. Survival and dry weights of tomato, lettuce, and broccoli transplants were determined in fallow, incorporated sorghum-sudan-, and unincorporated sorghum-sudan-mulched soils. All three species transplanted into plots in which the sorghum-sudan had been cut and left on the soil surface had a significantly lower dry weight than plants transplanted into fallow soil or into soil where the sorghum-sudan had been incorporated. Additionally, fewer transplants survived in the mulch treatment. The surface mulch plots also significantly reduced weed biomass nearly 10-fold. We believe that a water-soluble compound that is leached out of the sorghum-sudan hybrid is toxic to all three of the plants tested. Further laboratory and greenhouse tests are under way to determine the exact nature of the toxic substance.

scholarly journals The effect of planting date and plant density on phosphorus uptake and phosphorus harvest by Brussels sprouts

1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-504
Author(s):  
A.P. Everaarts ◽  
M.L. Van Beusichem
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Limited Effect ◽  
Brussels Sprouts ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Fertilizer Recommendations ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer Rates

In experiments at Lelystad, Netherlands in 1989 and 1991/92, Brussels sprouts (cv. Kundry) were planted at 26 700, 33 400 plants/ha on 2 May, 30 May or 27 June in 1989 and 29 April, 28 May or 8 July in 1991. Plant density had no effect or only a limited effect on crop P concentration during the growing season, and had no effect on final crop P. A delay in planting reduced final P uptake, but increased P concentration in the crop and in the sprouts at harvest. Depending on planting date, 33-50 kg P was taken up by the crop by harvest. Of this, 40-60% was removed from the field in the sprouts. There were no interactions between the effects of planting date and plant density. It is suggested that the effect of planting date on P uptake has no consequences for P fertilizer recommendations. It is also suggested that current recommended P fertilizer rates are in excess of the amount of P harvested in the sprouts.

Response of winter-sown carrots (Daucus carota L.) to rate and timing of phosphorus application on Joel sands

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 689
Author(s):  
I. R. McPharlin ◽  
N. C. Lanztke
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Daucus Carota L ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Phosphorus Application

The response of winter-sown carrots to rate and timing of phosphorus application on Joel sands was investigated at 2 commercial vegetable property sites on the Swan Coastal Plain in 1996. Phosphorus was applied at rates from 0 to 160 kg/ha at 2 times of application either 100% broadcast to the soil surface and incorporated before sowing (BS) or 25% broadcast and incorporated before sowing with 75% broadcast to the soil surface (not incorporated) after sowing in 5 equal-sized applications of 15% every 3 weeks, commencing 3 weeks after sowing (BS + AS ). There was a significant increase in total yield in response to rate and time of application of phosphorus at both sites. Total yield was 3–10% higher in the BA &plus; AS than in the BS treatment at site 1 and 10–35% higher at site 2. Marketable yield was 21% higher at site 2 in the BS + AS compared with the BS treatment. Total and marketable yields were maximised at 40–80 kg/ha applied P at both sites. The concentration of phosphorus (%DW) in the youngest mature leaves at mid-growth was up to 30–35% higher in the BS + AS than in the BS treatment. Consequently, the percentage of phosphorus corresponding to the rate of applied phosphorus necessary for maximum yield was higher in the BS + AS than in the BS treatment. Thus, critical concentrations of phosphorus in the youngest mature leaves required for maximum yield of carrots should take account of timing of phosphorus application. Exponential regressions best described the relationship of phosphorus uptake (phosphorus concentration yield) by roots or whole plants to rate and timing of applied phosphorus. Phosphorus uptake by roots and whole plants increased with rate of applied phosphorus and was higher in the BS + AS than in the BS treatment. Recovery efficiency of fertiliser phosphorus by whole plants was 2.0–3.0-fold higher in the BS + AS treatment than in the BS treatment at 40–80 kg P/ha.

scholarly journals Utility of Alumina-buffered Phosphorus Fertilizer for Vegetable Production

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 775-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayuki Tanaka ◽  
Robert Snyder ◽  
John K. Boateng ◽  
William J. Lamont ◽  
Michael D. Orzolek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Leaf P ◽  
P Fertilizers ◽  
P Sources

The utility of alumina-buffered phosphorus (Al-P) fertilizers for supplying phosphorus (P) to bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in soils with low-P availability was evaluated. Plants were grown at low-P fertility (about 100 kg·ha–1, low-P control; LPC), with conventional P fertilization (205-300 kg·ha–1 annually, fertilizer control; FC), or with one of two Al-P sources (Martenswerke or Alcoa) in 2001–03. The two Al-P fertilizers were applied in 2001; no additional material was applied in 2002-03. Plants grown with Martenswerke Al-P had similar shoot dry weight, root dry weight, root length, leaf P concentration, and fruit yield compared with plants grown with conventional P fertilizer in both 2002 and 2003 seasons. Bell pepper grown with Alcoa Al-P had similar shoot dry weight, root dry weight, root length, leaf P concentration, and fruit yield compared with plants grown without P fertilizer in both seasons. Alcoa Al-P continuously released bioavailable P for 2 years between 2001 and 2002, while Martenswerke Al-P continuously released bioavailable P at least 3 years between 2001 and 2003. These results indicate that some formulations of Al-P can serve as long-term P sources for field vegetable production.

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