scholarly journals 293 Potential Allelopathy of Sorghum-Sudan Mulch

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 442B-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.P. Mitchell ◽  
C. Summers ◽  
T.S. Prather ◽  
J. Stapleton ◽  
L.M. Roche
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crop ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Water Soluble Compound ◽  
Fallow Soil

Observations that tomato transplants died or were severely stunted when set into unincorporated sorghum-sudan hybrid surface mulch led us to further investigate the potential allelopathic impacts of this warm-season cover crop in a series of field experiments. Survival and dry weights of tomato, lettuce, and broccoli transplants were determined in fallow, incorporated sorghum-sudan-, and unincorporated sorghum-sudan-mulched soils. All three species transplanted into plots in which the sorghum-sudan had been cut and left on the soil surface had a significantly lower dry weight than plants transplanted into fallow soil or into soil where the sorghum-sudan had been incorporated. Additionally, fewer transplants survived in the mulch treatment. The surface mulch plots also significantly reduced weed biomass nearly 10-fold. We believe that a water-soluble compound that is leached out of the sorghum-sudan hybrid is toxic to all three of the plants tested. Further laboratory and greenhouse tests are under way to determine the exact nature of the toxic substance.

scholarly journals Increase in Populations of Rhizoctonia solani and Wirestem of Collard with Velvet Bean Cover Crop Mulch

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 719-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony P. Keinath ◽  
Howard F. Harrison ◽  
Paul C. Marino ◽  
D. Michael Jackson ◽  
Thomas C. Pullaro
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Velvet Bean ◽  
Organic Mulch ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Fallow Soil

Velvet bean has been used traditionally as a summer cover crop in the southeastern United States. We investigated the use of killed velvet bean as a cover crop mulch left on the soil surface before collard was transplanted in the fall. Control treatments were weed-free fallow and velvet bean that was killed and disked into the soil before transplanting. Incidence of wirestem, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, reached a maximum of 25% in 2000 but only 4% in 2001 in cover crop mulch treatments. Nevertheless, in both years, the infection rate, area under the disease progress curve, and final incidence were significantly greater with cover crop mulch than in the fallow or disked treatments. Wirestem incidence did not differ between the disked and fallow treatments in either year. Populations of R. solani in soil were greater after cover crop mulch than in fallow plots in both years and greater in the disked treatment than in fallow soil in 2000 but not 2001. Velvet bean does not appear to be suitable as an organic mulch for fall collard production, but could be used as a summer cover crop if disked into the soil before transplanting collard.

Foliar and Root Absorption of Atrazine Applied Postemergence to Giant Foxtail

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lafayette Thompson ◽  
F. W. Slife
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Root Absorption ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Setaria Faberii ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies

In growth chamber studies, high relative humidity and rewetting crystalline spray deposits of 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine (atrazine) increased absorption by and phytotoxicity to giant foxtail (Setaria faberii Herrm.), but phytotoxicity was restricted to expanded (unrolled) leaves unless some atrazine was absorbed by the roots. Though phytotoxicity was increased by simulated rainfall when root absorption was prevented, an appreciable number of the plants were killed only when atrazine residues were washed into the soil. In field studies, atrazine applied to a wet soil surface was as effective as the same rate of atrazine foliarly applied. In other field experiments, atrazine applied to giant foxtail on a wet soil and followed by simulated rainfall reduced stand and dry weight, but on a dry soil and not followed by simulated rainfall, atrazine reduced dry weight less and did not reduce stand. These results are due to root absorption of atrazine from wet soil. Spray additives increased phytotoxicity.

Winter Annual Weed Suppression in Rye–Vetch Cover Crop Mixtures

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 818-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary D. Hayden ◽  
Daniel C. Brainard ◽  
Ben Henshaw ◽  
Mathieu Ngouajio
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Cereal Rye ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Winter Annual Weeds ◽  
Annual Weeds

Winter annual weeds can interfere directly with crops and serve as alternative hosts for important pests, particularly in reduced tillage systems. Field experiments were conducted on loamy sand soils at two sites in Holt, MI, between 2008 and 2011 to evaluate the relative effects of cereal rye, hairy vetch, and rye–vetch mixture cover crops on the biomass and density of winter annual weed communities. All cover crop treatments significantly reduced total weed biomass compared with a no-cover-crop control, with suppression ranging from 71 to 91% for vetch to 95 to 98% for rye. In all trials, the density of nonmustard family broadleaf weeds was either not suppressed or suppressed equally by all cover crop treatments. In contrast, the density of mustard family weed species was suppressed more by rye and rye–vetch mixtures than by vetch. Cover crops were more consistently suppressive of weed dry weight per plant than of weed density, with rye-containing cover crops generally more suppressive than vetch. Overall, rye was most effective at suppressing winter annual weeds; however, rye–vetch mixtures can match the level of control achieved by rye, in addition to providing a potential source of fixed nitrogen for subsequent cash crops.

scholarly journals FIRE PROTECTION TEST OF ALUMINUM AND BORON COMPOUNDS FOR STRUGGLE AGAINST GROUND FIRES

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-59
Author(s):  
Ol'ga Ivchenko ◽  
Kirill Pankin
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Boron Compounds ◽  
Water Soluble Compound ◽  
Soluble Compound ◽  
Ground Fire ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties

The fight against ground forest fires includes three measures: (1) preventing the occurrence, (2) limiting the spread, and finally, if the first two did not help, (3) extinguishing the edge of the fire. It is impossible to completely eliminate the factors contributing to the onset and development of fires in these territories. Therefore, measures to prevent the free spread of fire will be the most effective ones. A method is proposed to prevent and limit the spread of ground fire by creating fire-retardant strips. These are areas covered with grass and plant debris, treated (by spraying) with aqueous solutions of aluminum hydrogels. The efficiency of the flame retardant properties of such strips has been studied during field experiments. It has shown that obvious signs of fire-retardant effect of aluminum hydrogel begin to appear at a concentration of 7 g/l, with a flow rate of 1 liter of solution per 1 m2 of the treated area. In this case, ground fire loses its stability and its speed decreases 2-3 times. The treatment of the plots with hydrogel solutions with a concentration of 14 g/l or more completely prevented the spread of the flame over the grass cover. In addition, attempts to force the site to burn (28 g/l) were unsuccessful. A water-soluble compound of boron - sodium tetraborate - with concentrations of 3.5-28 g/l does not have sufficient fire retardant action to stop the spread of ground fire.

scholarly journals Preliminary Findings on the Correlation between Water-soluble Carbohydrate Content in Stolons and First Year Green-up of Seeded Bermudagrass Cultivars

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 758-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Macolino ◽  
Matteo Serena ◽  
Bernd Leinauer ◽  
Umberto Ziliotto
Keyword(s):  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
First Year ◽  
Green Cover ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
The University ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Warm-season grasses are not widely accepted in Mediterranean countries because they lose color during the winter months. A study was conducted at the University of Padova (Padova, Italy) to determine whether fall and spring water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content in stolons of seeded bermudagrass cultivars (Cynodon dactylon) influenced spring green-up in the first year of establishment. Nine bermudagrass cultivars (La Paloma, Mohawk, NuMex Sahara, Princess 77, Riviera, SR 9554, Barbados, Contessa, and Yukon) were seeded in July 2005, and dry weight and WSC content in stolons were measured in Fall 2005 and again in Spring 2006. The percentage of green cover and days needed to achieve 80% green cover (D80) were regressed against November and March values of stolon dry weight and WSC content to determine if they were good predictors of D80. ‘Yukon’ showed earliest spring green-up by end of April, and ‘Princess 77’ and ‘Riviera’ were slowest, needing 43 to 46 days more than ‘Yukon’ to reach D80. There was a significant inverse relationship between November (r2 = 0.57) and March (r2 = 0.77) WSC content in stolons and D80 for all nine bermudagrass cultivars. These results suggest that bermudagrass cultivars with high WSC in stolons recover more rapidly from dormancy during establishment than those with low WSC content.

Effects of Direct Drilling on the Phosphorus Uptake and Fertilizer Requirements of Wheat

1987 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 775 ◽  
Author(s):  
PS Cornish
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Direct Drilling

The effect of direct drilling on the phosphorus (P) relations of ~vheatw as examined in seven field experiments over three years. Compared with conventional cultivation of the soil, direct drilling concentrated available phosphorus nearer the soil surface and resulted in higher strength and lower root length in surface soil (0-10 cm). Tissue-P concentration and dry weight of young plants (< 10 weeks) were consistently lower after direct drilling. It appeared therefore that direct drilling limited the uptake of soil phosphorus. An unknown factor also reduced plant dry weight per unit of P taken up in some experiments, whilst high rates of P fertilizer generally failed to give equal P concentration or dry weight in early growth. It is suggested that the young plants were unable to exploit fully the banded fertilizer because of insufficient adaptation of roots to the concentrated source of P and that this effect is a greater disadvantage for a direct-drilled crop. Direct drilling gave lower grain yields in four experiments when no fertilizer was applied, but where rates of P fertilizer were high, the two tillage treatments produced equal'pields. In these four experiments direct-drilled crops needed more fertilizer to attain 90% of the maximum yield. Crops in cultivated soil had the higher dry weight at anthesis and therefore the higher potential yield at equal rates of P fertilizer (in two years), but they failed to realize their potential at high rates of fertilizer because their greater vegetative growth led to increased water stress after flowering.

Yellow Nutsedge Interference in Polyethylene-Mulched Bell Pepper as Influenced by Turnip Soil Amendment

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 466-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev K. Bangarwa ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
John D. Mattice ◽  
Edward E. Gbur
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Tuber Production

Methyl bromide has been widely used as a broad-spectrum fumigant for weed control in polyethylene-mulched bell pepper. However, because of environmental hazards, the phase-out of methyl bromide requires development of alternative weed management strategies. Brassicaceae plants produce glucosinolates which are hydrolyzed to toxic isothiocyanates following tissue decomposition, and therefore can be used as a cultural strategy. Field experiments were conducted in 2007 and 2009 to study the influence of soil amendment (‘Seventop’ turnip cover crop vs. fallow) and the effect of initially planted yellow nutsedge tuber density (0, 50, and 100 tubers m−2) on the interference of yellow nutsedge in raised-bed polyethylene-mulched bell pepper. Total glucosinolate production by the turnip cover crop was 12,635 and 22,845 µmol m−2in 2007 and 2009, respectively, and was mainly contributed by shoots. In general, soil amendment with the turnip cover crop was neither effective in reducing yellow nutsedge growth and tuber production nor in improving bell pepper growth and yield compared to fallow plots at any initial tuber density. Averaged over cover crops, increasing initial tuber density from 50 to 100 tubers m−2increased yellow nutsedge shoot density, shoot dry weight, and tuber production ≥ 1.4 times. However, increased tuber density had minimal impact on yellow nutsedge height and canopy width. Compared to weed-free plots, interference of yellow nutsedge reduced bell pepper dry weight and marketable yield ≥ 42 and ≥ 47%, respectively. However, bell pepper dry weight and yield reduction from 50 and 100 tubers m−2were not different. Light was the major resource for which yellow nutsedge competed with bell pepper. Yellow nutsedge shoots grown from initially planted 50 and 100 tubers m−2caused up to 48 and 67% light interception in bell pepper, respectively. It is concluded that yellow nutsedge interference from initial densities of 50 and 100 tubers m−2are equally effective in reducing bell pepper yield and that soil biofumigation with turnip is not a viable management option for yellow nutsedge at these densities.

scholarly journals Effect of Brassica Cover Crops and Hazelnut Husk Mulch on Weed Control in Hazelnut Orchards

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Husrev Mennan ◽  
Mathieu Ngouajio
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Thick Layer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Hazelnut Husk ◽  
Oriental Mustard

Weed management is critical in hazelnut (Corylus avellana) production. Weeds reduce nutrient availability, interfere with tree growth, and reduce hand-harvesting efficiency. Field experiments were conducted from Fall 2006 to 2010 to test effects of brassica (Brassica sp.) cover crops and hazelnut husk mulch as alternative weed management strategies in hazelnut. The cover crop treatments consisted of rape (Brassica napus), field mustard (Brassica rapa), oriental mustard (Brassica juncea), and fallow with no cover crop. Hazelnut husk was surface-applied at two thicknesses, 5- and 10-cm-thick layer. Dry biomass production by the cover crops was relatively consistent among years with oriental mustard producing the most biomass. Throughout the growing seasons, the cover crops reduced weed density, weed dry weight, and the number of weed species when compared with the fallow treatment. The most effective cover crop at suppressing weeds was oriental mustard. Hazelnut husk applied as a 10-cm-thick layer on the ground was highly effective at controlling weeds up to 180 days after application and reduced total weed dry weight by 83% at the end of the season. Our findings indicate that brassica cover crops or hazelnut husk may help control annual weed species in hazelnut orchards during early summer. However, these strategies should be combined with other methods like chemicals or cultivation for adequate weed management.

scholarly journals Identification of Local Rice Genotypes from Deli Serdang, North Sumatera, Indonesia to Drought Stress Condition

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-27
Author(s):  
Irawati Chaniago ◽  
Noverina Chaniago ◽  
Irfan Suliansyah ◽  
Nalwida Rozen
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Specific Interaction ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Water Soluble Compound ◽  
Drought Stress Condition ◽  
Rice Genotypes ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Regency of Deli Serdang in the Province of Sumatera Utara has high diversity of landrace rice that has adapted to various climatic and edaphic condition including drought. Studies on various local rice genotypes tolerant to drought is of important to be carried out. This will help plant breeders with germplasms for future breeding program. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a water-soluble compound with high osmotic pressure and unlikely to have specific interaction with biological chemicals. With these properties, PEG is often be used in studies of plant response to drought stress. The experiment reported here was aimed at determining rice genotypes, local to Regency of Deli Serdang, tolerant to drought. The experiment was carried out at Laboratory of Physiology and Glass House of Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Islam Sumatera Utara, Medan from February to April 2020. A two-way factorial experiment was assigned in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 replicates. The first factor was 23 local rice genotypes plus 4 genotypes tolerant to drought and the second factor was the concentration of PEG 6000 i. e 0 and 20% (w/v). Observations included percent of germination, plant height, length and number of roots protruding from paraffin-wax layer, leaf chlorophyll content, seedling fresh and dry weight, index of tolerance, probability of resistance, and proline content. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance and mean separation of DNMRT at 5%. Results demonstrated that 6 local rice genotypes, Gemuruh, Ramos Merah, Arias, Sialus, Silayur, and Sirabut were resistant to drought stress under the experimental condition.

scholarly journals Stolons Reserves and Spring Green-up of Seeded Bermudagrass Cultivars in a Transition Zone Environment

HortScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 780-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Giolo ◽  
Stefano Macolino ◽  
Erica Barolo ◽  
Filippo Rimi
Keyword(s):  
Starch Content ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Transitional Zone ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Transition Zones ◽  
Northeastern Italy

Bermudagrass is the most widely used warm-season turf species in the transition zones of Europe. The Venetian valley (northeastern Italy) is a typical transitional zone, characterized by cold winters and hot summers, where the performance of bermudagrass mostly depends on cold tolerance and duration of winter dormancy. A 2-year field study was conducted from May 2009 to July 2011 at the agricultural experimental farm of Padova University. The objective of this study was to assess the relationships occurring between spring green-up of seeded bermudagrasses and their nonstructural carbohydrates and crude protein (CP) content in stolons during late winter. The cultivars used were ‘Caribe’, ‘Mohawk’, ‘Princess-77’, ‘Sultan’, ‘SWI 1012’, and ‘Jackpot’. The plots were seeded in May 2009 and turf samples were collected in Mar. 2010 and 2011 for determination of stolons dry weight, diameter, and content of carbohydrates and CP. ‘Princess-77’ had lower content of starch in stolons compared with the other cultivars and was characterized by late spring green-up. The cultivars tested showed wide differences in stolons morphology (dry weight and diameter), whereas there were poor diversity for CP and water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) in both years of research. Correlation analyses indicated a negative relationship between the days of the year necessary for spring green-up and stolons starch content and also between CP and starch. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between stolons starch and diameter, suggesting that spring green-up may be enhanced by selection of high starch-accumulating cultivars having coarse stolons.

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