scholarly journals Heat-dried sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum myceliogenically germinate in water and are able to infect Brassica napus

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 765 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Lane ◽  
L. G. Kamphuis ◽  
M. C. Derbyshire ◽  
M. Denton-Giles
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Nutrient Source ◽  
Abiotic Conditions ◽  
Moist Sand ◽  
Myceliogenic Germination

The phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum forms dormant structures (termed sclerotia) that germinate myceliogenically under certain environmental conditions. During myceliogenic germination, sclerotia produce hyphae, which can infect leaves or stems of host plants directly from the ground; this is termed basal infection. This study determined which abiotic conditions were most important for promoting myceliogenic germination of sclerotia in vitro. A high sclerotium hydration level and low incubation temperature (15°C) improved mycelial growth in the presence of a nutrient source. Sclerotia incubated without a nutrient source on moist sand, vigorously myceliogenically germinated most frequently (63%) when they had been previously imbibed and then conditioned at −20°C. By far the most consistent amount of vigorous myceliogenic germination (>75%) was produced when sclerotia were heat-dried before being submerged in water. The hyphae of these sclerotia were shown to infect and proliferate on leaves of intact Brassica napus plants. This research provides a better understanding of the abiotic conditions that are likely to increase the risk of basal infection by S. sclerotiorum.

scholarly journals TaqMan Multiplex Real-Time qPCR assays for the detection and quantification of Barley yellow dwarf virus, Wheat dwarf virus and Wheat streak mosaic virus and the study of their interactions

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Jarošová ◽  
Jan Ripl ◽  
Jan Fousek ◽  
Jiban Kumar Kundu
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Dwarf Virus ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Nutrient Source ◽  
Abiotic Conditions ◽  
Moist Sand ◽  
Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Myceliogenic Germination

The phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum forms dormant structures (termed sclerotia) that germinate myceliogenically under certain environmental conditions. During myceliogenic germination, sclerotia produce hyphae, which can infect leaves or stems of host plants directly from the ground; this is termed basal infection. This study determined which abiotic conditions were most important for promoting myceliogenic germination of sclerotia in vitro. A high sclerotium hydration level and low incubation temperature (15°C) improved mycelial growth in the presence of a nutrient source. Sclerotia incubated without a nutrient source on moist sand, vigorously myceliogenically germinated most frequently (63%) when they had been previously imbibed and then conditioned at −20°C. By far the most consistent amount of vigorous myceliogenic germination (>75%) was produced when sclerotia were heat-dried before being submerged in water. The hyphae of these sclerotia were shown to infect and proliferate on leaves of intact Brassica napus plants. This research provides a better understanding of the abiotic conditions that are likely to increase the risk of basal infection by S. sclerotiorum.

scholarly journals Abiotic conditions governing the myceliogenic germination of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum allowing the basal infection of Brassica napus

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-91
Author(s):  
David Lane ◽  
Matthew Denton-Giles ◽  
Mark Derbyshire ◽  
Lars G. Kamphuis
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Abiotic Conditions ◽  
Myceliogenic Germination

scholarly journals Potential of antimicrobial volatile organic compounds to control Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in bean seeds

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurício Batista Fialho ◽  
Maria Heloisa Duarte de Moraes ◽  
Annelise Roberta Tremocoldi ◽  
Sérgio Florentino Pascholati
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Ethyl Octanoate

The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of an artificial mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to control Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in vitro and in bean seeds. The phytopathogenic fungus was exposed, in polystyrene plates, to an artificial atmosphere containing a mixture of six VOCs formed by alcohols (ethanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol and phenylethyl alcohol) and esters (ethyl acetate and ethyl octanoate), in the proportions found in the atmosphere naturally produced by yeast. Bean seeds artificially contamined with the pathogen were fumigated with the mixture of VOCs in sealed glass flasks for four and seven days. In the in vitro assays, the compounds 2-methyl-1-butanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol were the most active against S. sclerotiorum, completely inhibiting its mycelial growth at 0.8 µL mL-1, followed by the ethyl acetate, at 1.2 µL mL-1. Bean seeds fumigated with the VOCs at 3.5 µL mL-1 showed a 75% reduction in S. sclerotiorum incidence after four days of fumigation. The VOCs produced by S. cerevisiae have potential to control the pathogen in stored seeds.

Alternative and sustainable control of the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum that causes white mold in soybeans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio E. Lemos da Silva ◽  
Kimberlly Soares Brito Bratifich ◽  
eloisa Teresa Corradini Santos
Keyword(s):  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
White Mold ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
In Vitro Growth ◽  
Negative Effect

The Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a phytopathogenic fungus that causes the White Mold of soybean, being responsible for losses of up to 100% in agricultural production. The objective of this work was to verify and analyze the effect of the raw aqueous extract (EBA) of ginger Zingiber officinalis on a strain of Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum isolated from soybean, cultivated and maintained in vitro in laboratory. The methodology consisted of a longitudinal study of the statistical analysis of the mycelial growth velocity index (MICV), after treatment of the mycelia with different concentrations of aqueous crude extract. The results showed a direct relationship between increasing concentration of EBA and a significant negative effect on the growth of scleroderia. It was possible to conclude that the antifungal activity of ginger EBA was able to inhibit the in vitro growth of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, with potential protection of soybean crops; it can become a sustainable alternative in the control of this fungus, by decreasing the use of agrochemicals that cause damage to public health and environmental damage.

In vitro mutation and selection of doubled-haploid Brassica napus lines with improved resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

2005 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Liu ◽  
H. Wang ◽  
J. Zhang ◽  
B. D. L. Fitt ◽  
Z. Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Doubled Haploid ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Mutation And Selection

scholarly journals The host generalist phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum differentially expresses multiple metabolic enzymes on two different plant hosts

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jefferson Allan ◽  
Roshan Regmi ◽  
Matthew Denton-Giles ◽  
Lars G. Kamphuis ◽  
Mark C. Derbyshire
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Major Facilitator Superfamily ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Plant Hosts

AbstractSclerotinia sclerotiorum is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen that infects upwards of 400 plant species, including several economically important crops. The molecular processes that underpin broad host range necrotrophy are not fully understood. This study used RNA sequencing to assess whether S. sclerotiorum genes are differentially expressed in response to infection of the two different host crops canola (Brassica napus) and lupin (Lupinus angustifolius). A total of 10,864 of the 11,130 genes in the S. sclerotiorum genome were expressed. Of these, 628 were upregulated in planta relative to in vitro on at least one host, suggesting involvement in the broader infection process. Among these genes were predicted carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZYmes) and secondary metabolites. A considerably smaller group of 53 genes were differentially expressed between the two plant hosts. Of these host-specific genes, only six were either CAZymes, secondary metabolites or putative effectors. The remaining genes represented a diverse range of functional categories, including several associated with the metabolism and efflux of xenobiotic compounds, such as cytochrome P450s, metal-beta-lactamases, tannases and major facilitator superfamily transporters. These results suggest that S. sclerotiorum may regulate the expression of detoxification-related genes in response to phytotoxins produced by the different host species. To date, this is the first comparative whole transcriptome analysis of S. sclerotiorum during infection of different hosts.

Effect of temperature on melanization and myceliogenic germination of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 1387-1394 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. Huang ◽  
E. G. Kokko
Keyword(s):  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Brown Pigment ◽  
Normal Strain ◽  
Color Intensity ◽  
Electron Dense Material ◽  
Moist Sand ◽  
Myceliogenic Germination

While sclerotia of the normal strain of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum produced on potato-dextrose agar at 7, 16, and 30 °C were black, the color of sclerotia of the aberrant strain was light brown, brown or tan, and dark brown or greyish black under 7, 16, and 30 °C, respectively. In the normal strain, deposition of melanin substance was heavy both on the surface and inside the cell walls of the rind of black sclerotia formed at 16 and 30 °C, but in sclerotia formed at 7 °C, many of the rind cells were unmelanized or partially melanized. In sclerotia from the aberrant strain, an electron-dense material, smaller than the melanin particles of the black sclerotia, was present in trace amounts or absent in light-brown sclerotia formed at 7 °C, but it was more abundant in dark-brown or greyish black sclerotia formed at 30 °C. Despite marked differences in color, sclerotia of the aberrant strain produced at the three temperatures were capable of undergoing myceliogenic germination on moist sand. It is concluded that temperature affects cell wall melanization during sclerotial morphogenesis, and that myceliogenic germination of sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum was affected by the black pigment but was unaffected by the color intensity of the brown pigment.

The Extracellular Proteases Secreted in vitro and in planta by the Phytopathogenic Fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

2002 ◽  
Vol 150 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 507-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Billon-Grand ◽  
N. Poussereau ◽  
M. Fevre
Keyword(s):  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungus ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Extracellular Proteases

scholarly journals Influence of the capping of biogenic silver nanoparticles on their toxicity and mechanism of action towards Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Guilger-Casagrande ◽  
Taís Germano-Costa ◽  
Natália Bilesky-José ◽  
Tatiane Pasquoto-Stigliani ◽  
Lucas Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles

Abstract Background Biogenic nanoparticles possess a capping of biomolecules derived from the organism employed in the synthesis, which contributes to their stability and biological activity. These nanoparticles have been highlighted for the control of phytopathogens, so there is a need to understand their composition, mechanisms of action, and toxicity. This study aimed to investigate the importance of the capping and compare the effects of capped and uncapped biogenic silver nanoparticles synthesized using the filtrate of Trichoderma harzianum against the phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Capping removal, investigation of the composition of the capping and physico-chemical characterization of the capped and uncapped nanoparticles were performed. The effects of the nanoparticles on S. sclerotiorum were evaluated in vitro. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the nanoparticles on different cell lines and its effects on nontarget microorganisms were also investigated. Results The capped and uncapped nanoparticles showed spherical morphology, with greater diameter of the uncapped ones. Functional groups of biomolecules, protein bands and the hydrolytic enzymes NAGase, β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase and acid protease from T. harzianum were detected in the capping. The capped nanoparticles showed great inhibitory potential against S. sclerotiorum, while the uncapped nanoparticles were ineffective. There was no difference in cytotoxicity comparing capped and uncapped nanoparticles, however higher genotoxicity of the uncapped nanoparticles was observed towards the cell lines. Regarding the effects on nontarget microorganisms, in the minimal inhibitory concentration assay only the capped nanoparticles inhibited microorganisms of agricultural importance, while in the molecular analysis of the soil microbiota there were major changes in the soils exposed to the uncapped nanoparticles. Conclusions The results suggest that the capping played an important role in controlling nanoparticle size and contributed to the biological activity of the nanoparticles against S. sclerotiorum. This study opens perspectives for investigations concerning the application of these nanoparticles for the control of phytopathogens.

Effect of temperature during sclerotial formation, sclerotial dryness, and relative humidity on myceliogenic germination of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 494-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
H C Huang ◽  
C Chang ◽  
G C Kozub
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Limited Growth ◽  
Moist Sand ◽  
Sclerotial Formation ◽  
Seed Rot ◽  
Myceliogenic Germination ◽  
Exogenous Nutrients

A study was conducted to determine the effect of sclerotial dryness, temperature during sclerotia formation, and relative humiditiy during incubation on myceliogenic germination of sclerotia of two isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) De Bary. In the absence of exogenous nutrients, sclerotia germinated more readily at 100% RH than at 95% RH or lower. Desiccation of sclerotia is an important factor affecting myceliogenic germination and hyphal growth. At high humidity, either in an atmosphere with 100% RH or on moist sand, desiccant-dried sclerotia germinated readily and produced vigorous hyphal growth that often developed into colonies. On the other hand, fresh, untreated sclerotia germinated less readily and produced limited growth of hyphae that rarely developed into colonies. There was generally no effect of temperature at which sclerotia formed on germination. The incidence of seed rot and seedling wilt of sunflower was significantly (p < 0.05) higher when desiccant-dried sclerotia were used as inoculum rather than fresh sclerotia.Key words: Sclerotinia sclerotionum, sclerotia, myceliogenic germination, sclerotinia wilt of sunflower, relative humidity.

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