scholarly journals Relationship between objective measurements and taste panel assessment of beef quality

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 981 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Perry ◽  
J. M. Thompson ◽  
I. H. Hwang ◽  
A. Butchers ◽  
A. F. Egan
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Shear Force ◽  
Predictive Ability ◽  
Objective Measurement ◽  
Cooking Loss ◽  
Taste Panel ◽  
Objective Measures ◽  
Drip Loss ◽  
Objective Measurements ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between objective measurements (shear force, compression, drip loss, cooking loss) and sensory evaluation of tenderness and juiciness of samples of M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum was examined using data from 2 experiments which imposed different electrical stimulation and aging treatments post mortem, with resultant differences in sensory and objective measures of tenderness. The relationships were tested first in separate models for each objective measurement, and then in multiple regressions containing all measurements. These models were then repeated with the inclusion of stimulation and aging treatments and their interactions with each objective measurement. Shear force by itself was a useful predictor of sensory tenderness score, with which it had a quadratic relationship. Compression and cooking loss, when used by themselves, accounted for substantially less variation in sensory tenderness scores than did shear force, with larger residual standard deviations (r.s.d.). Drip loss had no significant relationship with sensory tenderness scores. Inclusion of post-slaughter treatment in the analyses increased the amount of variation in sensory tenderness scores accounted for by only a small amount in the case of shear force, with a substantial increase in the case of compression and cooking loss. Use of all objective measurements in the 1 model had a similar predictive ability (r2 , r.s.d.) as the use of shear force plus treatment variables. Aging affected the sensory tenderness scores given by taste panellists, in that they gave 14-day aged meat higher tenderness scores (more tender) than they gave 1-day aged meat with the same shear force, compression or cooking loss values. Electrical stimulation did not affect the relationship between sensory tenderness scores and shear force, but did affect that between sensory scores and compression. The effect was similar to that seen for aged meat, with stimulated meat being scored as more tender by a taste panel than non-stimulated meat, at the same compression values. Post-slaughter treatment did not affect the slope of these relationships. When all objective measurements were analysed together, aging period affected the relationship between tenderness scores and objective measures, with tenderness scores being lower in 1-day aged samples than 14-day aged samples at the same combination of objective measures. There was only a poor relationship between shear force, compression, drip loss, cooking loss and sensory juiciness scores.

The efficacy of high and low voltage electrical stimulation under different chilling regimes

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Aalhus ◽  
S. D. M. Jones ◽  
D. R. Best ◽  
W. M. Robertson ◽  
S. Lutz
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Shear Force ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Taste Panel ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Objective Measures ◽  
Beef Quality ◽  
Small Magnitude

Two experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy, in terms of beef quality, of low voltage (LV), high voltage (HV) and combined low and high voltage (LH) electrical stimulation under two chilling regimes (blast chilling, BC; conventional chilling, CC).In both experiments, regardless of the type of electrical stimulation, shear values were significantly lower (P < 0.01) in stimulated carcasses compared with non-stimulated control carcasses (CON). Despite the results of the objective measures of shear, taste panel data from exp. 1 indicated a preference for steaks from treatments subjected to high voltage stimulation (HV and LH; P < 0.01). Colour of the musculature in electrically stimulated carcasses was significantly lighter and brighter than CON carcasses in both experiments. However, in exp. 2, where LV was applied for 40 s, a small proportion (~ 10%) of the carcass sides exhibited a pale, soft, exudative condition. This was reflected in the significantly higher drip losses in the LH and LV treatments in exp. 2. Overall, these results indicate an advantage of HV over LV stimulation. Since high voltage stimulation resulted in improved objective measures of meat quality and improved palatability, its use can be recommended to Canadian packers.Under the blast chilling conditions employed in the present studies there were no significant interactive effects with electrical stimulation. Blast chilling resulted in a significant reduction in cooler shrink (P < 0.01), a darker meat colour (P < 0.01) and slightly higher shear force values. The small magnitude of the increase in shear force (approximately 0.3 kg) was not identified by the taste panel and is unlikely to be detected by consumers. Key words: Beef quality, high voltage, low voltage, electrical stimulation

Timing and duration of low voltage electrical stimulation on selected meat quality characteristics of light and heavy cattle carcasses

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 967
Author(s):  
E. C. Webb ◽  
B. Agbeniga
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Shear Force ◽  
Sarcomere Length ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Drip Loss ◽  
Early Application ◽  
Early Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Parameters

Context The present study investigated the effects of several electrical-stimulation parameters with conventional chilling of heavy- and light-grade carcasses from commercial feedlot cattle on selected meat-quality attributes. Aims The aim was to determine the combination of electrical-stimulation parameters that produced the most desirable results in terms of meat quality, which will serve as a guide to processors seeking to enact best processes in the meat industry. Methods Low-voltage electrical stimulation (110 V peak, 17 pulses/s, 5-ms pulse width) was applied either early post-mortem (PM) at 7 min or late PM at 45 min, for either 30 or 60 s on steer carcasses (n = 98) divided into two weight categories (light (≤260 kg) and heavy (≥290 kg) grades). The Longissimus lumborum muscle was evaluated for sarcomere length, myofibril fragment length (MFL), calpain-1, calpastatin, shear force and drip loss (3 and 14 days PM). Key results There were no significant differences in sarcomere length and no sarcomere shortening was observed. There were minor inconsistencies where early stimulation coincided with marginally longer MFL at 3 and 14 days PM, while late stimulation produced the shortest MFL at 14 days PM. Higher decline in calpain-1 concentration (mean 36.2%) was recorded in the early stimulated carcasses compared with the late stimulated carcasses (mean 29.7%) from 1 to 24 h PM, while calpastatin concentration decreased at a similar rate (mean 24%). Early stimulation resulted in lower shear force (P &lt; 0.05) at 3 days PM, especially in the heavier carcasses, indicating that higher initial temperature did accelerate tenderisation. At 14 days PM, there were no significant differences in shear force as regards stimulation time or carcass weight. Higher drip loss was however recorded in the early stimulated carcasses. Conclusions Early application of low-voltage electrical stimulation produced faster tenderisation early PM, due to higher rigor temperature, but, after aging for 14 days, all meat was acceptably tender with a lower variability, regardless of the stimulation time and carcass weight. Higher drip loss was associated with higher tenderness, which is normal and not a defect. Implications The use of low-voltage electrical stimulation should be encouraged for its ability to reduce variability in meat quality due to carcass-weight differences, especially in the current feedlot systems.

Effects of crossbred ewe genotype and ram genotype on lamb meat quality from the lowland sheep flock

2002 ◽  
Vol 139 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. R. DAWSON ◽  
A. F. CARSON ◽  
B. W. MOSS
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Shear Force ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Gluteus Medius ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Cooking Loss ◽  
Lamb Meat ◽  
Hue Angle ◽  
The Relationship

A study was carried out on five lowland farms in Northern Ireland over 2 years to investigate the effects of crossbred ewe and ram genotype on lamb meat quality. Four ewe genotypes were sourced from six hill farms – Bluefaced Leicester×Blackface (BLXB), Texel×Blackface (TXB), Suffolk×Cheviot (SXCH) and Texel×Cheviot (TXCH). On each farm groups of 20–30 of each crossbred ewe genotype were crossed with Suffolk or Texel sires. Within each of the ram breeds, high lean growth index rams sourced from UK sire reference schemes (SRS) were compared with rams sourced from flocks not involved in objective genetic improvement programmes (control). Throughout the 2 years of the study the ewes lambed at 1 and 2 years of age. Lambs from each of the crosses were slaughtered at 36, 44 and 52 kg live weight. Meat from lambs slaughtered at 36 kg had lower a* values (15.1) than meat from lambs slaughtered at 52 kg (17.0 S.E. 0.47) (P<0.05). Ewe genotype had no effect on any parameter of meat quality measured. The carcasses of lambs sired by Suffolk rams had a higher pHU than lambs sired by Texel rams (5.70 v. 5.65; S.E. 0.014; P<0.05) and hue angle was lower (P<0.05) in Suffolk-sired lambs (32.9°) compared with Texel-sired lambs (35.1°) (S.E. 0.62°). Warner–Bratzler shear force was lower in SRS-sired lambs (2.05 kg/cm2) compared with control-sired lambs (2.36 (S.E. 0.096) kg/cm2; P<0.05). Carcasses from male lambs had a greater cooking loss (217 g/kg) than from female lambs (196 S.E. 5.7 g/kg) (P<0.01) and meat from male lambs had greater values for Warner–Bratzler shear force (2.44 kg/cm2) than from female lambs (1.97 S.E. 0.098 kg/cm2) (P<0.001). Low, but statistically significant (P<0.05) correlations were obtained between carcass fat measurements and meat quality parameters (r = −0.29 for the relationship between cooking loss and fat depth over the gluteus mediusP<0.001); r = 0.21 for the relationship between fat classification and C* values P<0.01). When meat quality parameters for each of the fat classes were averaged, significant linear regressions (P<0.05) were obtained between fat classification and pHU, a* and C* values.

scholarly journals Effect of Transportation and Low Voltage Electrical Stimulation on Meat Quality Characteristics of Omani Sheep

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Isam T. Kadim ◽  
Osman Mahgoub ◽  
Waleed Al-Marzooqi ◽  
Samera Khalaf
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Shear Force ◽  
Sarcomere Length ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Cooking Loss ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
Fragmentation Index

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of road transportation during the hot season (36 oC) and low voltage electrical stimulation on meat quality characteristics of Omani sheep. Twenty intact male sheep (1-year old) were divided into two equal groups: 3 hrs transported or non-transported. The transported group was transferred to the slaughterhouse the day of slaughter in an open truck covering a distance of approximately 300 km. The non-transported group was kept in a lairage of a commercial slaughterhouse with ad libitum feed and water for 3 days prior to slaughter. Blood samples were collected from the animals before loading and prior to slaughter in order to assess their physiological response to stress in terms of hormonal levels. Fifty percent of the carcasses from each group were randomly assigned to low voltage (90 V) at 20 min postmortem. Muscle ultimate pH, expressed juice, cooking loss percentage, WB-shear force value, sarcomere length, myofibrillar fragmentation index and colour L*, a*, b* were measured on samples from Longissimus dorsi muscles collected 24 hrs postmortem at 2-4 oC. The transported sheep had significantly (P<0.05) higher cortisol adrenaline, nor-adrenaline, and dopamine levels than the non-transported group. Muscles from electrically-stimulated carcasses had significantly (P<0.05) lower pH values, longer sarcomere length, lower shear force value, higher expressed juice, myofibrillar fragmentation index and L* values than those from non-stimulated ones. Transportation significantly influenced meat quality characteristics of the Longissimus dorsi muscle. Muscle ultimate pH and shear force values were significantly higher, while CIE L*, a*, b*, expressed juice and cooking loss were lower in transported than non-transported sheep. This study indicated that pre-slaughter transportation at high ambient temperatures can cause noticeable changes in muscle physiology in sheep. Nevertheless, meat quality of transported sheep can be improved by electrical stimulation post-slaughter. 

scholarly journals Effects of Dry Heat Cooking Method and Quality Grade on the Composition and Objective Tenderness and Juiciness of Beef Strip Loin Steaks

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. Hall ◽  
C. A. Sepulveda ◽  
A. J. Garmyn ◽  
J. F. Legako ◽  
M. F. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Shear Force ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Cooking Loss ◽  
Objective Measures ◽  
Cooking Methods ◽  
Cooking Method ◽  
Protein Percentage ◽  
Dry Heat ◽  
Quality Grade ◽  
Strip Loin

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to evaluate instrumental measures of tenderness and juiciness of beef strip loin steaks representing four different USDA quality grades cooked using four dry heat cooking methods.Materials and MethodsStrip loins (n = 12/quality grade) were collected from four USDA quality grades [Prime, Top (upper 2/3) Choice, Low (lower 1/3) Choice, and Select]. At 21 d postmortem, strip loins were cut into 2.5 cm thick steaks and stored at –20°C until analysis. The most anterior steak was used for compositional analysis and every three adjacent steaks were grouped and assigned randomly to one of four different dry heat cooking methods [electric clamshell grill (CLAM), flat-top gas grill (FLAT), charbroiler gas grill (CHAR), and salamander gas broiler (SAL)]. Objective measures for raw samples included proximate composition and for cooked samples included cooking loss, pressed juiciness (PJP), and slice shear force (SSF) after the sample was cooked to a medium degree of doneness (70–72°C). In addition, consumers assessed attributes for each sample on an electronic ballot with a 100-point continuous line scale for juiciness, tenderness, flavor liking, and overall liking. Proximate data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with quality grade as the fixed effect. All other data were analyzed as split-plot design with quality grade as a whole plot factor, the strip loin as the whole plot unit, and cooking method as a subplot factor.ResultsUSDA Quality grade influenced fat, moisture, and protein percentage (P < 0.01). As expected, there was a fat percentage difference (P < 0.05) between each grade with a decline from Prime to Select samples. Therefore, Select had a greater (P < 0.05) moisture percentage than any other quality grade, and an inverse relationship was observed as there was an increase in moisture between each grade from Select to Prime (P < 0.05). Select and Low Choice had greater (P < 0.05) protein percentage than Top Choice or Prime, which were similar (P > 0.05). As expected, an inverse relationship between increased marbling levels and decreased SSF scores were also observed resulting in a negative correlation between fat and objective tenderness (r = –0.15; P < 0.05). In addition, fat was positively associated with consumer palatability scores (r ≥ 0.21; P < 0.01). Cooking method influenced (P < 0.01) cooking loss, but did not impact SSF or PJP (P ≥ 0.19). CLAM had lower (P < 0.05) cooking loss than FLAT, SAL, and CHAR, which did not differ from each other (P > 0.05). The lower cooking loss of CLAM could be related to the shorter cooking times compared to the other methods. Pressed juiciness percentage was not influenced by quality grade, cooking method, or their interaction (P ≥ 0.19) and was not related to any objective or subjective measures of palatability (P > 0.05). Slice shear force was not influenced by quality grade, cooking method, or their interaction (P ≥ 0.15); however, SSF was related (r ≤ 0.18; P < 0.05) to tenderness, juiciness, flavor and overall liking.ConclusionIn the current study, quality grade influenced the composition of raw samples, yet, quality grade coupled with different dry heat cooking methods did not influence objective measures of tenderness or juiciness.

scholarly journals The Meat Quality and Sensory Characteristics of Turkish Native Sheep Genotypes

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 961-967
Author(s):  
Engin Yaralı
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Shear Force ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Cooking Loss ◽  
Sensory Characteristics ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi ◽  
Drip Loss ◽  
Muscle Types

Some meat quality and sensory characteristics were determined of Kıvırcık (n=10), Eşme Kıvırcık (n=10), Karya (n=8) and Çine Çaparı (n=9) lambs in this research. Carcass divided into two parts along the spine and the three different type of muscle samples were taken from the between 8th and 9th vertebrae, 12th and 13th vertebrae and leg part of the left side of the carcasses. Drip loss, cooking loss and shear force values of these muscles were identified. Additionally, pH0, pH24, color, fatty acid composition and sensory properties were determined in M. Longissimus dorsi samples. When muscle types are evaluated separately were a statistically significant factor in terms of dripping and cooking loss and shear force. While the highest dripping loss were reported in M. Longissimus dorsi (3.72%), the highest cooking loss were reported in M. Longissimus thoracis (22.67%) and the highest shear force were reported in M. semitendinosus (4.38 kg). Genotype and muscle interaction were found to be highly significant for only cooking loss. The analysis results for fatty acids indicated that there was an important difference between Kıvırcık, Eşme Kıvırcık, Karya and Çine Çaparı on C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C15:0, C16:0, tC18:1, CLA, tC18:3, C20:1, C22:0 fatty acids in the study. Genotypes showed no effect to SFA (Saturated fatty acids), MUFA (Monounsaturated fatty acids), PUFA (Polyunsaturated fatty acids) and P/S ratio parameters. Karya lambs performed higher for odor and tenderness, and Kıvırcık lambs showed a higher score for juiciness, flavor and total acceptability in sensory evaluation.

scholarly journals Influence of electrical stimulation on carcass and meat quality of Kosher and conventionally slaughtered cattle

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 58-63
Author(s):  
B Agbeniga ◽  
EC Webb
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Shear Force ◽  
Quality Attributes ◽  
Cooking Loss ◽  
Temperature Profiles ◽  
Group 12 ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Water Holding

In a previous study regarding the effects of Kosher and conventional slaughter techniques on carcass and meat quality of cattle, it was speculated that electrical stimulation may have affected some of the meat qualities. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of electrical stimulation (ES) and non-electrical stimulation (NES) on key carcass and meat quality attributes of cattle slaughtered by Kosher vs. conventional slaughter methods. Carcass pH and temperature profiles over a 24 h post mortem (pm) period, meat shear force and water holding capacity were investigated in feedlot type cattle of comparable weights and breed types. Results showed that the combined effects of slaughter methods did not influence the meat quality attributes, but there were differences within the slaughter groups. The effect of ES on carcass pH lasted longer within the conventionally slaughtered group (12 h), than in the Kosher slaughter group (6 h). Muscle samples from the ES groups for both slaughter methods were more tender. Electrical stimulation also had a significant effect on the cooking loss from Kosher meat, while there was no significant difference in meat from the conventional slaughter methods. The results show that ES influences certain meat and carcass quality attributes of cattle, based on the way cattle were slaughtered.Keywords: Carcass pH, cooking loss, drip loss, electrical stimulation, shear force, slaughter technique

Relationship between animal age, intramuscular fat, cooking loss, pH, shear force and eating quality of aged meat from sheep

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 879 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Hopkins ◽  
R. S. Hegarty ◽  
P. J. Walker ◽  
D. W. Pethick
Keyword(s):  
Shear Force ◽  
Small Variation ◽  
Quality Measures ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Cooking Loss ◽  
Objective Measures ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Rate Of Decline

The relationships between sensory traits (tenderness, juiciness, flavour and overall liking) and objective measures, such as shear force, intramuscular fat, cooking loss, pH and animal age, were derived for M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LL) from 471 lamb and sheep carcasses. Tenderness could be predicted with the most accuracy (R2 = 0.24) and flavour with the highest precision (r.s.d. = 7.5 units) when using the objective measures, which may be in part due to the small variation in the range of shear force values of the samples (all carcasses electrically stimulated and meat aged for 5 days) and the use of consumer panels for the assessment of sensory traits. The ultimate pH of the LL, the rate of decline in pH in the LL or the predicted temperature at pH 6.0 were not significant predictors of the sensory traits when tested on a subsample of the carcasses. The model coefficients indicated that all sensory traits (tenderness, flavour, juiciness and overall liking) declined as shear force and age increased, and as intramuscular fat percentage decreased. This translated into a decline of 16 points on average for tenderness and 13 points for overall liking when LL samples from 68.5-month-old sheep were compared with those from unweaned lambs, when adjusted to the same level of intramuscular fat and shear force. Predictions of the sensory traits at varying levels of shear force were made and show that at 49 Newtons (N), the overall liking score would be 51 and the tenderness score 48. Derived relationships between objective meat quality measures and sensory traits suggest that to achieve a failure rate of no more than 10% for loin meat when eaten, it must have a shear force of about 27 N or less.

scholarly journals Genetic and phenotypic characterisation of animal, carcass, and meat quality traits from temperate and tropically adapted beef breeds. 3. Meat quality traits

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 135 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Johnston ◽  
A. Reverter ◽  
D. M. Ferguson ◽  
J. M. Thompson ◽  
H. M. Burrow
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Shear Force ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Cooking Loss ◽  
Objective Measures ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Genetic Expression ◽  
Meat Quality Traits ◽  
Meat Colour

Meat quality measures, including objective measures of tenderness (shear force and compression), were taken on 2 muscles [M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) and M. semitendinosus (ST)] from 7566 carcasses from temperate (TEMP) and tropically adapted (TROP) beef cattle breeds. Animals were finished to 1 of 3 market carcass weight end-points (220, 280, or 340 kg) either on pasture or in a feedlot, and in 2 different geographic regions for TROP. Both the phenotypic and genetic expression of the traits were estimated at each market weight and for each finishing regime. Heritabilities and correlations between the traits were estimated for TEMP and TROP separately. Smaller additive variances and heritabilities were observed for temperate breeds compared with tropically adapted breeds for most of the traits studied. For TROP, the heritability of traits measured on the ST muscle [compression (ST_C), shear force (ST_SF), and L* Minolta lightness value (ST_L*)] was 0.27, 0.42, and 0.16, respectively, and for traits measured on the LTL muscle [compression (LTL_C), shear force (LTL_SF), L* Minolta lightness value (LTL_L*), a* Minolta redness value (LTL_a*), cooking loss% (LTL_CL%), and consumer assessed tenderness score (LTL_TEND)] 0.19, 0.30, 0.18, 0.13, 0.20, and 0.31, respectively. For TEMP, the heritability of traits measured on the ST muscle [ST_C, ST_SF, ST_L*, a* Minolta redness value (ST_a*), cooking loss % (ST_CL%)] was 0.12, 0.11, 0.17, 0.13, and 0.15, respectively, and of traits measured on the LTL muscle (LTL_C, LTL_SF, LTL_L, and LTL_TEND) were 0.08, 0.09, 0.17 and 0.18 respectively. Genetic correlations were moderate to high for tenderness measures (shear force and compression) between muscles for the same tenderness measure (e.g. LTL_SF and ST_SF was 0.46 for TROP) and within a muscle for the different measures (e.g. ST_C and ST_SF was 0.83 for TROP). Phenotypic and genetic correlations between LTL_L* and all objective measures of tenderness were negative (e.g. LTL_SF and LTL_L* for TROP was –0.40). The genetic relationship between LTL_SF and LTL_TEND was –0.79 and –0.49 for TROP and TEMP, respectively. Finishing system affected the phenotypic expression of all traits. Pasture-finished, compared with feedlot-finished, animals had higher shear force and compression measures, darker meat colour, and lower sensory tenderness scores for both TEMP and TROP. For TROP, heifers had higher shear force and compression measures, lower sensory tenderness scores, and darker meat colour (lower L* values) than steers. Genetic correlations between markets were generally high and close to unity with the exception of the ST_L*, LTL_L*, ST_C, and ST_SF for TEMP. Geographic region had little effect on the phenotypic and genetic expression of meat quality traits for TROP. Genetic correlations between finishing regimes for all traits were positive and close to unity, with the exception of ST_C and LTL_SF for TEMP, and LTL_L* and LTL_CL% for TROP. Genetic improvement of meat quality traits is a possibility for tropically adapted breeds given the moderate heritabilities, adequate phenotypic variance, generally favourable genetic correlations between traits, and little evidence of genotype by environment interactions.

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