Phosphate and potash requirements of sugar cane in relation to soil chemical analysis and soil type

1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (23) ◽  
pp. 409
Author(s):  
ICR Holford
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Mitscherlich Equation ◽  
Percentage Yield ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Yield Responses

The superphosphate and potassium chloride requirements of sugar cane were studied in relation to soil test levels on 25 different soil types in Fiji. Soil phosphorus was determined by a modified Truog method and soil potassium by extraction with 0.5N acetic acid. Percentage yields of sugar cane in fertilizer field experiments harvested over a five-year period were highly correlated with soil test levels in the control plots. The regressions of percentage yield on soil test level were curvilinear, and a modified Mitscherlich equation gave an excellent fit to the points. Critical soil test levels were found to exist, below which soils gave significant yield responses to applied nutrients. Critical soil test levels ranged over 5 to 20 p.p.m, for phosphorus and 51 to 150 p.p.m. for potassium. Within the deficient range of each nutrient there were only weak relationships between optimum fertilizer requirements and soil test levels. There was some evidence to suggest that soil type may be a useful complementary criterion for predicting fertilizer requirements.

Soil and tissue tests to predict pasture yield responses to applications of potassium fertiliser in high-rainfall areas of south-western Australia

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
W. J. Cox ◽  
B. J. Codling
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Yield Responses

Dairy and beef pastures in the high (>800 mm annual average) rainfall areas of south-western Australia, based on subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum), grow on acidic to neutral deep (>40 cm) sands, up to 40 cm sand over loam or clay, or where loam or clay occur at the surface. Potassium deficiency is common, particularly for the sandy soils, requiring regular applications of fertiliser potassium for profitable pasture production. A large study was undertaken to assess 6 soil-test procedures, and tissue testing of dried herbage, as predictors of when fertiliser potassium was required for these pastures. The 100 field experiments, each conducted for 1 year, measured dried-herbage production separately for clover and ryegrass in response to applied fertiliser potassium (potassium chloride). Significant (P<0.05) increases in yield to applied potassium (yield response) were obtained in 42 experiments for clover and 6 experiments for ryegrass, indicating that grass roots were more able to access potassium from the soil than clover roots. When percentage of the maximum (relative) yield was related to soil-test potassium values for the top 10 cm of soil, the best relationships were obtained for the exchangeable (1 mol/L NH4Cl) and Colwell (0.5 mol/L NaHCO3-extracted) soil-test procedures for potassium. Both procedures accounted for about 42% of the variation for clover, 15% for ryegrass, and 32% for clover + grass. The Colwell procedure for the top 10 cm of soil is now the standard soil-test method for potassium used in Western Australia. No increases in clover yields to applied potassium were obtained for Colwell potassium at >100 mg/kg soil. There was always a clover-yield increase to applied potassium for Colwell potassium at <30 mg/kg soil. Corresponding potassium concentrations for ryegrass were >50 and <30 mg/kg soil. At potassium concentrations 30–100 mg/kg soil for clover and 30–50 mg/kg soil for ryegrass, the Colwell procedure did not reliably predict yield response, because from nil to large yield responses to applied potassium occurred. The Colwell procedure appears to extract the most labile potassium in the soil, including soluble potassium in soil solution and potassium balancing negative charge sites on soil constituents. In some soils, Colwell potassium was low indicating deficiency, yet plant roots may have accessed potassum deeper in the soil profile. Where the Colwell procedure does not reliably predict soil potassium status, tissue testing may help. The relationship between relative yield and tissue-test potassium varied markedly for different harvests in each year of the experiments, and for different experiments. For clover, the concentration of potassium in dried herbage that was related to 90% of the maximum, potassium non-limiting yield (critical potassium) was at the concentration of about 15 g/kg dried herbage for plants up to 8 weeks old, and at <10 g/kg dried herbage for plants older than 10–12 weeks. For ryegrass, there were insufficient data to provide reliable estimates of critical potassium.

THE RELATION OF SOIL TEST VALUES TO FERTILIZER RESPONSE BY THE POTATO: IV. AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS AND PHOSPHATIC FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Bishop ◽  
C. R. MacEachern ◽  
D. C. MacKay
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Soil Series ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Fertilizer Response ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mitscherlich Equation

In field experiments, conducted at 18 locations during a 3-year period, tuber yields on zero-P plots ranged from 49.7–95.5% of those obtained with optimum P fertilization. Each of three chemical methods used to estimate available soil P showed a wide range of values for the different locations.When Bray's modification of the Mitscherlich equation was used to express the relationship between soil test values and yield response to applied P, there were appreciable differences in c1 values which varied with soil series and soil test methods.Polynomial response curves showed that, irrespective of the chemical method used, if soils were grouped on the basis of available P into "high", "medium" and "low" classes, response to applied P was much less in the high than in the medium and low classes. Response curves also showed that both P requirements and maximum yields varied with different soil series.

scholarly journals Potassium Rates Affect Yield of Two Muskmelon Varieties in Florida

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 593a-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvaro O. Pacheco ◽  
G.J. Hochmuth ◽  
D.N. Maynard ◽  
A.A. Csizinszky ◽  
S.A. Sargent
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Current Recommendation ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Minor Crops ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Spring Yield ◽  
K Fertilization

Optimum economic yield is produced when nutrients in the proper amounts are supplied to the crop. Crop nutrient requirements (CNR) of essential elements have been determined for the major vegetables produced in Florida. However, for minor crops, such as muskmelon, little research has been conducted to determine the CNR, especially potassium. In many vegetables, yield has responded to increasing K rates when other elements were not limiting. Our objective was to determine the K fertility requirement for optimum yield of muskmelon and to evaluate the Mehlich-1 soil test calibration for soil testing low in K (<20 mg·kg–1). Experiments were conducted in the spring and fall seasons of 1995. Potassium at five rates (0, 56, 112, 168, and 224 kg·ha–1) was injected weekly, approximating the growth curve of `Galia' and `Mission'. There were significant yield responses to K fertilization for both cultivars during both seasons. During spring, average marketable yield was 14.5, 26.1, 31.9, 31.5, and 36.3 Mg·ha–1 and for fall, average marketable yield was 15.8, 32.9, 37.8, 37.2, and 36.4 Mg·ha–1 for the previously described K treatments, respectively. The cultivar response for both seasons was described by a linear-plateau model. In spring, yield was maximized with K at 116.8 and 76.3 kg·ha–1 for `Galia' and `Mission', respectively. In fall, K at 73.3 and 68.3 kg·ha–1 produced the peak response for the same cultivars. These results indicate that maximum yield of muskmelon in Florida can be obtained at considerably less K than the current recommendation of 140 kg·ha–1.

Sodium bicarbonate soil test values and the phosphate buffering capacity of soils

Soil Research ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 263 ◽  
Author(s):  
KR Helyar ◽  
K Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Critical Level ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Preliminary Estimate ◽  
Test Functions ◽  
Soil Phosphate ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

Fifty-one field experiments dealing with responses of subterranean and white clover pastures to applied phosphate at a range of soil phosphorus levels, were carried out. The level of sodium bicarbonate extractable phosphorus above which little or no response to applied phosphate occurs (critical level), increased from 22 to 48 pg phosphorus/g soil with increases in soil phosphate buffering capacity (at solution [P] of 0.3 pg phosphorus/ml) from 1 to 20 ml/g x 10-1. On the few highly buffered soils occurring outside this range critical levels up to 60 �g phosphorus/g soil were indicated. A preliminary estimate is made of the way yield/soil test functions vary with changes in soil phosphate buffering capacity.

scholarly journals Effects of repeated phosphorus fertilisation on field crops in Finland 1.Yield responses on clay and loam soils relation to soil test P values

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 106 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. SAARELA ◽  
Y. SALO ◽  
M. VUORINEN
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
P Values ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilisation

In order to update phosphorus (P) fertiliser recommendations for the Finnish clay and loam soils enriched with applied P, the effects of repeated P fertilisation on the yields of cereal and other crops were measured at eight sites over a period of 12-18 years. Yield results of some earlier field studies were also used in calibrating the soil test P values determined by the Finnish acid ammonium acetate method (PAc). Significant yield responses to P fertilisation were obtained on soils which had low PAc values or medium levels of PAc and too low or too high pH values (< 6.0 or 7.5 in water suspension). The mean relative control yield (RCY, yield without applied P divided by yield with sufficient P multiplied by 100) of the eight sites was 94.6% (n = 128, mean PAc 15.5 mg dm-3) varying from 87% at PAc 2.8 mg dm-3 to 100% at high PAc. A PAc level of 5-7 mg dm-3 was adequate for cereals, grasses and oilseed rape on the basis of the RCY value of 95% at optimal pH. At this PAc replacing the amounts of P in the crops (14 kg in 4 t grain) and the fixation of extractable P (about 6 kg ha-1 a-1) produced almost maximum yields in favourable seasons and were considered optimal.;

Determining the fertiliser phosphorus requirements of intensively grazed dairy pastures in south-western Australia with or without adequate nitrogen fertiliser

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 801 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
I. F. Guthridge
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
P Leaching ◽  
The Many ◽  
Yield Responses

Fertiliser phosphorus (P) and, more recently, fertiliser nitrogen (N) are regularly applied to intensively grazed dairy pastures in south-western Australia. However, it is not known if applications of fertiliser N change pasture dry matter (DM) yield responses to applied fertiliser P. In three Western Australian field experiments (2000–04), six levels of P were applied to large plots with or without fertiliser N. The pastures were rotationally grazed. Grazing started when ryegrass plants had 2–3 leaves per tiller. Plots were grazed in common with the lactating dairy herd in the 6-h period between the morning and afternoon milking. A pasture DM yield response to applied N occurred for all harvests in all three experiments. For the two experiments on P deficient soil, pasture DM yield responses also occurred to applications of P. For some harvests when no fertiliser N was applied, probably because mineral N in soil was so small, there was a small, non-significant pasture DM response to applied P and the P × N interaction was highly significant (P < 0.001). However, for most harvests there was a significant pasture DM response to both applied N and P, and the P × N interaction was significant (P < 0.05–0.01), with the response to applied P, and maximum yield plateaus to applied P, being smaller when no N was applied. Despite this, for the significant pasture DM responses to applied P, the level of applied P required to produce 90% of the maximum pasture DM yield was mostly similar with or without applied N. Evidently for P deficient soils in the region, pasture DM responses to applied fertiliser P are smaller or may fail to occur unless fertiliser N is also applied. In a third experiment, where the soil had a high P status (i.e. more typical of most dairy farms in the region), there was only a pasture DM yield response to applied fertiliser N. We recommend that fertiliser P should not be applied to dairy pastures in the region until soil testing indicates likely deficiency, to avoid developing unproductive, unprofitable large surpluses of P in soil, and reduce the likelihood of P leaching and polluting water in the many drains and waterways in the region. For all three experiments, critical Colwell soil test P (a soil test value that was related to 90% of the maximum pasture DM yield), was similar for the two fertiliser N treatments.

Soil phosphorus tests and grain yield responsiveness of maize (Zea mays) on Ferrosols

Soil Research ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 609 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Moody ◽  
T. Dickson ◽  
R. L. Aitken
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Linear Response ◽  
Buffer Capacity ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Mitscherlich Equation ◽  
Highly Correlated

The grain yield response of maize (Zea mays) to various rates of applied phosphorus (P) was measured at each of 17 sites in the South Burnett region of south-eastern Queensland. The soils at all sites were Ferrosols. Relative grain yield of the nil applied P treatment [100 × (yield at nil applied P/maximum yield)] was related to Colwell (0·5 M NaHCO3) extractable P (PB), CaCl2-extractable P, and equilibrium P concentration and P buffer capacity calculated from P sorption curves. Of these P measurements, PB was most highly correlated with relative grain yield (R2 = 0·94 for a linear response and plateau fit, R2 = 0·92 for a Mitscherlich fit), and the PB values at 90% maximum grain yield were 20 mg/kg for the linear response and plateau model and 32 mg/kg for the Mitscherlich equation.

Factors affecting yield and fertilizer response of sugar beet in Iran

1973 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-316
Author(s):  
E. W. Bolle-Jones ◽  
F. Sanei
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Fertilizer Response ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
Yield Responses

SummaryField experiments were conducted in four provinces of Iran in which sugar-beet yield responses to added nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers were correlated with soil test values and number of irrigations.Although significant yield responses to fertilizer application were obtained in all four provinces, extremely few significant relationships were established between soil test values and yield response.Average crop yield was favourably influenced by the number of irrigations applied in Fare and Khorasan, by organic carbon status in Esfahan and Khorasan and adversely affected by increased soil conductivity in Esfahan and Khorasan. These results were taken to imply an inadequate number of irrigations in Fars and Khorasan. The high calcium carbonate status found in Fars soil adversely affected the level of average yield.Response to nitrogen fertilizer declined in Fars and Khorasan as the leaf nitrogen exceeded 3·15 and 4·0% respectively. Response to phosphate fertilizer declined in West Azerbaijan and Khorasan when leaf phosphorus exceeded 0·4%.

Tissue testing to assess the sulfur requirements of subterranean clover on very sandy soils in high rainfall areas of south-western Australia

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
pp. 1311 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
J. S. Yeates ◽  
B. J. Codling ◽  
M. F. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Total N ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Ratio Range

Tissue testing was studied in field experiments between 1979 and 1985 to predict when sulfur (S) fertiliser was required for pastures in high rainfall (>650 mm annual average) areas of south-western Australia. The pastures comprised about half subterranean clover and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.), the major pasture species in the region. Tissue testing was done for each species, using: (i) whole shoots, the present method used by commercial laboratories in Western Australia; (ii) youngest open leaves (legumes, YOLs) or youngest expanded blades (grass, YEBs); (iii) old leaves and blades (leaves that were not YOLs or YEBs); and (iv) stems (left after removal of YOLs, YEBs, old leaves and blades). Dried tissue was measured for total S, sulfate S, the total nitrogen : total S ratio and the sulfate S : total S ratio. For each pasture species, tissue test values were related to yield of dried herbage of that species measured for plants cut at ground level. Fertiliser nitrogen was not applied in the experiments.Annual ryegrass showed no significant yield responses to applied fertiliser S for all harvests in all experiments. Subterranean clover showed significant yield responses for most harvests of all experiments. At each site in each year, yield responses to applied S tended to become larger as the growing season progressed. For subterranean clover critical S values related to 90% of the maximum (relative) yield varied for different harvests of the same experiment within and between years, and for different experiments in the same and different years. As determined from all data, critical S values were similar for all plant parts (whole shoots, YOLs, old tissue, stems), with no consistent, systematic trend with plant age, and were: total S, range 0.10–0.30% S, mean 0.23%; sulfate S, range 0.01–0.14%, mean 0.04%; total N : total S ratio, range 11–30, mean 19; sulfate S : total S ratio, range 0.01–0.48, mean 0.27. The exception was that total S was lower for clover stems, the range being 0.06–0.20%, and mean 0.13%. Therefore, % total S in clover shoots can continue to be used as an indicator of sulfur deficiency in subterranean clover in the region.

Influence of intensity/quantity characteristics of soil phosphorus tests on their relationships to phosphorus responsiveness of wheat under field conditions

Soil Research ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 343 ◽  
Author(s):  
ICR Holford ◽  
AD Doyle
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Critical Value ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
Intensity Parameter ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Yield Responses

Six soil phosphorus tests (lactate, Brayl, Bray2, neutral fluoride, Olsen and Colwell) were regressed against potassium chloride-soluble phosphorus (intensity) and isotopically exchangeable phosphorus (quantity) measured in 59 soils of the northern and central wheat belts of New South Wales. Wheat nutrition experiments on these soils during 1986-89 measured yield responses to phosphate and nitrogen fertilizers. Soil tests varied widely in their correlations with yield responsiveness to phosphate, with the lactate and Bray2 tests accounting for more than twice the variance accounted for by other soil tests. The intensity parameter was also highly correlated but the quantity parameter was not. All soil tests, except Bray1, were very highly correlated with the intensity parameter, so this relationship did not differentiate the relative efficacies of the soil tests. Soil tests were less correlated with the quantity parameter, but those soil tests (neutral fluoride, Olsen and Colwell) that were most highly correlated (r2 > 0.62) with this parameter were most weakly correlated (r2 < 0.29) with yield response. It was concluded therefore that exchangeable phosphorus is not a satisfactory measure of the quantity factor and that an effective soil test for wheat-growing soils will be highly correlated with intensity but not necessarily with exchangeable phosphorus. The critical value of the lactate test was the same (17 mg/kg) as in previous studies with wheat but was lower (14 mg/kg) in 1989 when very low in-crop rainfall occurred. With deeper sampling (15 cm rather than 10 cm) the lactate test was slightly less accurate and the critical value was lower (11 mg/kg).

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