Optical Absorption, Kinetics and Thermodynamic Studies of Pr(III) and Nd(III) Ions with N-Acetyl L-Cysteine in Presence of Ca(II) ions

Interaction of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) with Pr3+ (Pr(NO3)3·6H2O) and Nd3+ (Nd(NO3)3·6H2O) ions are studied in presence of Ca2+ (Ca(NO3)3·4H2O) ion in an aqueous and organic solvent by applying the spectroscopic technique for quantitative probe of 4f-4f transition. The complexation was determined by the variation in the intensities of 4f-4f absorption spectral bands and by applying the change of symmetric properties of electronic-dipole known as Judd-Ofelt parameters Tλ (λ = 2,4,6). On the addition of Ca2+ ion in the binary complexation of praseodymium and neodymium with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) there is an intensification of bands which shows the effect of Ca2+ toward the heterobimetallic complex formation. Other parameters like Slater-Condon (Fk), bonding (b1/2), the Nephelauxetic ratio (β), percentage covalency (δ) are also used to correlate the complexation of metals with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). With the minor change in coordination around Pr3+ and Nd3+ ions, the sensitivity of 4f-4f bands is detected and further used to explain the coordination of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) with Pr3+ and Nd3+ in presence of Ca2+. The variation in oscillator strength (Pobs), energy (Eobs) and dipole intensity parameter help in supporting the heterobimetallic complexation of N-acetyl-L-cysteine. In kinetics investigation, the rate of the complexation of both hypersensitive and pseudo-hypersensitive transition is evaluated at various temperature in DMF solvent. The value of the thermodynamic parameters such as ΔHo, ΔSo and ΔGo and activation energy (Ea) also evaluated.

Estimation of the Present Status of the Species Based on the Theoretical Bounds of Environmental Noise Intensity: An Illustration Through a Big Abundance Data and Simulation

Sibly et al. (2005) described that most species have a fundamental characteristic to follow the theta-logistic growth trait with the convex downward trend. The fundamental yardstick of this research work builds under the deterministic setup, whereas the involvement of the external noise in any growth system is inevitable. But, the involvement of external affairs in any species growth can't be well judged only through its density dependence; it requires a further assessment. So, we frame the theta-logistic model with the stochastic analog in two directions, i.e., the discrete and continuous setup. The analysis of the discrete stochastic model is manifested by the bifurcation analysis, which shows that the attainment of the chaotic regime enhances with the increase in noise intensity level. Although the role of chaos in species extinction is debatable, a literature survey suggests that chaos with stochasticity accelerates the extinction of species. Similarly, in the case of the continuous version, we performed a theoretical study on the stochastic theta-logistic model to provide a critical value of the noise intensity parameter. This threshold magnitude act as the sustainability criteria of any species environmental tolerability. In this connection, we use the data of four major taxonomic groups, i.e., Bird, Insect, Mammal, and Fish, from the GPDD database and classify the species based on environmental sensitivity. The high sensitive species have a low tolerance level, associated with the small magnitude of environmental noise intensity parameter. Moreover, the simulation prediction model on these four taxonomic classes also shows that the overall extinction probability of the Bird is almost negligible for the current time window.

Estimation of Productivity and Costs of Using a Track Mini-Harvester with a Stroke Head for the First Commercial Thinning of a Scots Pine Stand

The aim of the present work was to estimate the productivity and costs of timber harvesting and forwarding during the first commercial thinning of a Scots pine stand. Three harvesting models were introduced and compared: narrow trail, wide access trail, and schematic extraction. The analyzed harvesting equipment consisted of a track mini-excavator (34 kW) with a stroke harvester head (gripping range 4–30 cm), and a farm tractor coupled to a logging trailer with a hydraulic crane. Merchantable timber (roundwood with a minimum diameter of 5 cm inside bark) was harvested from a 25-year-old planted Scots pine stand growing on a grid of 1.4 m × 1.8 m. The study showed the productivity of the mini-harvester ranged from 3.09 to 3.47 m3/PMH15 (productive machine hours plus 15 min), and that of the forwarding equipment to be 4.07 m3/PMH15. The analyzed model of productivity as a function of tree volume and thinning intensity was statistically significant, but the intensity parameter was significant only on plots located along wide access trails (3.7 m) and insignificant on plots located along narrow access trails (2.5 m). The distance between trees was not found to be significant. The calculated net machine costs for the forwarding equipment and track mini-harvester were EUR 36.12 and 52.47 per PMH, respectively. An increase in the usage rate of the harvesting equipment to 80% would reduce the harvesting and forwarding costs to EUR 22.07/m3.

Shadow cast by a rotating and nonlinear magnetic-charged black hole in perfect fluid dark matter

In this paper, we derived an exact solution of the spherically symmetric Hayward black hole surrounded by perfect fluid dark matter (PFDM). By applying the Newman–Janis algorithm, we generalized it to the corresponding rotating black hole. Then, we studied the shadows of rotating Hayward black hole in PFDM. The apparent shape of the shadow depends upon the black hole spin [Formula: see text], the magnetic charge [Formula: see text] and the PFDM intensity parameter [Formula: see text]. The shadow is a perfect circle in the non-rotating case [Formula: see text] and a deformed one in the rotating case [Formula: see text]. For a fixed value of [Formula: see text], the size of the shadow increases with the increasing [Formula: see text], but decreases with the increasing [Formula: see text]. We further investigated the black hole emission rate. We found that the emission rate decreases with the increasing [Formula: see text] (or [Formula: see text]) and the peak of the emission shifts to lower frequency. Finally, we discussed the observational prospects corresponding to the supermassive black hole Sgr A[Formula: see text] at the center of the Milky Way.

Effectiveness Test of Parasitization by Parasitoid Tricogramma japonicum in Controlling White Rice Stem Borer (Scirphopaga innotata)

Rice is an essential food crop besides corn and soybeans. The need for rice each year increases along with population growth. One of the pests affecting rice is the white rice stem borer. The present research aimed to test the effectiveness and to examine the interaction between plant age and the number of Tricogramma japonicum parasitoid. The research was carried out at the Agrotechnology Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Khairun University, Ternate, and the rice fields of Bumi Restu village SP I, East Wasile district. The research design operative was a randomized block design where factor A (A1 = 21 DAS, A2 = 42 DAS, A3 = 56 DAS) was the age of the plant, and factor B (B0 = 0, B1 = 50, B2 = 100, B3 = 150) was the number of eggs of Corcyra cephalonica. Biological control using different amounts of Trichogramma japonicum parasitoid led to different interactions and results for each tested parameter. For the number of egg groups, there was no interaction with plant age, but the treatments which were found effective in suppressing stem borer populations were B2 and B3 (100 and 150). The most effective pias as indicated by damage intensity parameter was B3 (150), which was applied to plants aged 21 DAP. Furthermore, for plant height, different number of parasitoids poses significantly effective results. Percentage unhulled grain of pias B3 (150) causes insignificant damage. For production there is no interaction with plant age, but pias B2 (100) shows high yield. The conclusion is that pias B3 (150) applied to 21 days of plants is very effective in controlling white rice stem borer.

Effect of Vanadium on Structural and Optical Properties of Borate Glasses Containing Er3+ and Silver Nanoparticles

Glass samples (59.5 – x) B2O3 – 20Na2O – 20CaO – xV2O5 – Er2O3 – 0.5AgCl (x = 0 – 2.5 mol%) were prepared using melt – quenching method to investigate the structural and optical properties of the glass. The structural of the glass were characterized by using XRD, TEM and FTIR, meanwhile the optical properties were characterized by UV – VIS absorption. The XRD patterns confirmed the amorphous nature of the prepared glass samples. FTIR confirmed the presence of VO4, VO5, BO3, and BO4 vibration, and this result showed NBO increased with increasing vanadium concentration. The UV – Vis – NIR spectra exhibits six absorption band centered at 490, 520, 540, 660, 800, and 980 nm. The optical band gap (Eopt), Urbach energy and refractive index shown decrease, increase and increase, respectively. The Judd – Ofelt intensity parameter reveal the trends was Ω2 > Ω4 > Ω6. There are three emission bands at 516 nm, 580 nm, and 673 nm which are represented by 2H11/2 – 4I15/2, 4S3/2 – 4I15/2, and 4F15/2 – 4I15/2, respectively under 800 nm excitation was obtained.

On an analytical explanation of the phenomena observed in accelerated turbulent pipe flow

This research presents a new theory that explains analytically the behaviour of any fully developed incompressible turbulent pipe flow, steady or unsteady. We propose the name of theory of underlying laminar flow (TULF), because its main consequence is the description of any turbulent pipe flow as the sum of two components: the underlying laminar flow (ULF) and the purely turbulent component (PTC). We use the framework of the TULF to explain analytically most of the important and interesting phenomena reported in He & Jackson (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 408, 2000, pp. 1–38). To do so, we develop a simple model for the pressure gradient and Reynolds shear stress that could be applied to the linearly accelerated pipe flow described by He & Jackson (2000). The following features of the unsteady flow are explained: the deformation undergone by the mean velocity profiles during the transient, the velocity overshoot observed in the more rapid excursions, the dual deformation of mean velocity profiles when overshoots are present, the laminarisation effects described during acceleration, the rapid decrease of the Reynolds shear stress upon approaching the wall that brings forth the laminar sublayer, and some other minor effects. A new field is defined to characterise the degree of turbulence within the flow, directly calculable from the theory itself. Arguably, this new field would describe the degree of turbulence in a pipe flow more accurately than the familiar turbulence intensity parameter. Finally, a paradox is found in the deformation of the unsteady mean velocity profiles with respect to equal-Reynolds-number steady profiles, which is duly explained. The research also predicts the occurrence of mean velocity undershoots if the flow is decreased rapidly enough.

ANALISIS PERMODELAN SUB DAS PADA DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI KRUENG PASE KABUPATEN ACEH UTARA

Watershed management can be started by evaluation how the response of watershed hydraulic toward rainfall and become run off that will flow downstream. Transformation of rain into flow is a method used to find out effect of land use change and its parameter toward flow hydrograph. Watershed Kr. Pase is one of most rapid reduction of forest area. Land use change occurred in this watershed affecting discharge amount of run off which required further calculation. This calculation using the rational method by calculating rainfall intensity parameter (I),watershed area (A), and flow coefficient (C) in watershed. Data of land use provide in this study are on year 2007, 2013, and 2017 which will examine watershed Kr. Pase into subwatershed model, whereas from map analysis obtained three subwatersheds. After some calculation off run off discharge at watershed Kr. Pase, than it is use sub-watershed with longest concertration time (tc).

Application of Alum Sludge in Phosphate Phosphorus Removal from Contaminated Water

This study determines application of alum sludge in phosphate phosphorus (PO43-/P) removal from contaminated water. For the study the alum sludge was collected from Mahankal Water Treatment Plant and dewatered by drying in micro oven under 105°C and crumble to average particle size of 5 mm. 10.7 ppm Synthetic PO43-/P solution was prepared by dissolving Na2HPO4.2H2O. Batch test was conduct to determine the PO43-/P removal efficiency and to develop adsorption isotherm. The phosphorus removal efficiency was tested for 8 g, 16 g, 24 g, 32 g and 40 g alum sludge per L PO43-/P solution for different contact time. The PO43-/P content in the sample solution was determine by L-Ascorbic Acid method using Spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UVmini-12400) in the lab of Pulchowk Campus, Institute of Engineering Tribhuvan University. The PO43-/P removal efficiency was found to be 95.5% for 8 g/L dosing and 98.4% % for 40 g/L. The contact time decreases with increase in dosing 50 min for 8 g/L and 5 min for 40 g/L dosing. The adsorption process best fit Freundlich isotherm with higher correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.87) and Freundlich intensity parameter (1/n) less than unit (1/n = 0.76) upto 50min contact time and beyond 50min contact time intensity parameter (1/n) greater than unit. The adsorption capacity determine from isotherm indicate increase in adsorption capacity with increase in dosing. The adsorption capacity increases from 1.39 to 28.07 mg/g when contract time varies from 1 to 120min.

GEOMETRY ANALYSIS OF SUPERSONIC FLOW AROUND TWO AXIALLY SYMMETRICAL BODIES USING THE DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING METHOD

The scientific paper covers the research of the geometric laws of the intersection of two angle shock waves formed upon supersonic flow with zero incidence of two bodies. The positions of shock waves engaging with the surfaces of the models of axially symmetrical bodies are determined. Systems of analysis and decision support are based on the involvement of photographs (video frames) processing results by the image intensity parameter. This method facilitates the identification of the shock wave angle with a higher rate of probability, and, therefore, the more precise definition of the engagement points of the shock wave with the researched surface. This paper analyses the video frames of the interaction of shock waves using the digital image processing method by the image intensity parameter, the formulas determining the intersection point of shock waves, that occur upon the supersonic motion of two axially symmetric bodies near each other, are determined. The positions of the point of contact of the outgoing shock wave with the surface of the second object were determined, factoring in the difference in the the incoming and outgoing shock wave angles. The availability of sufficient statistics allowed to identify theoretical relationships between the gas flow rate, the geometric parameters of objects, the distances between them, density, pressure and image intensity in photographs. The method of digital image processing can be applied to the analysis of shock waves during the flow around a supersonic stream of bodies with a "blunt" end. The shock wave front in this case is described by a secondorder curve, upon the analysis of which it is necessary to select a portion of this curve, replacing it with some accuracy by a straight line segment (Mach line).