Milk production, milk composition, rate of milking and grazing behaviour of dairy cows grazing two tropical grass pastures under a leader and follower system

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (90) ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
TH Stobbs
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Tropical Pastures ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Bite Size ◽  
Leaders And Followers ◽  
Jersey Cows ◽  
Grazing Behaviour

Milk production, milk composition, rate of milking and grazing behaviour were measured for lactating Jersey cows having both the first opportunity to graze (leaders) and also when offered the remaining herbage (followers) from 3-week regrowths of two nitrogen-fertilized tropical pastures, Rhodes grass (Choris gayana cv. Pioneer) and Gatton panic (Panicum maximum cv. Gatton). Twenty-four cows were used in a latin-square design with experimental periods of 14 days. Both leaders and followers were allocated 40 kg DM cow-1 day-1. Leader cows produced 8.0 kg milk cow-1 day-1 compared with 5.8 kg milk cow-1 day-1 for followers, a difference of 38 per cent. Both leader and follower cows grazing Gatton panic produced more milk than cows grazing Rhodes grass. Milk from leader cows contained a higher percentage of solids-not-fat and protein and a lower butterfat percentage indicating a higher intake of digestible nutrients. Cows showed a preference for leaf, and after easily accessible leaf was removed by leader cows the follower cows had a small bite size. Follower cows partially compensated by increasing grazing time, mainly at night. Follower cows had a longer let-down time and a longer milking time per kilogram of milk produced. Milk production was linearly related to bite size and availability and accessibility of leaf were considered to be the main factors influencing production.

The use of a Latin square change-over design with dairy cows to detect differences in the quality of tropical pastures

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (58) ◽  
pp. 463 ◽  
Author(s):  
TH Stobbs ◽  
RL Sandland
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Tropical Pastures ◽  
Digitaria Decumbens ◽  
Setaria Sphacelata ◽  
Herbage Quality ◽  
Chloris Gayana

The value was investigated of a latin square change-over design for detecting differences in herbage quality in terms of milk production and milk composition from Jersey cows grazing pure stands of three tropical grass pastures, Digitaria decumbens, Setaria sphacelata cv. Kazungula, and Chloris gayana CV. Pioneer. Relatively small differences in milk production could be measured using limited resources of land and cows, and estimates were calculated of the number of cows required to detect true differences in milk yield. A 9-day standardization period was shown to be more desirable than a 4-day standardization period. Residual effects of previous treatments, although small, were significant. Suggestions are made for improving the efficiency of change over experiments using cyclic designs to estimate residual effects. The overall level of milk production from these pastures was low (8-10 kg/cow/day). Cows grazing Digitaria decumbens produced significantly more milk than those on Chloris gayana and Setaria sphacelata, most probably due to a higher consumption of herbage. Similar milk production was obtained from cows grazing Chloris gayana and Setaria sphacelata although milk from the latter tended to contain a lower percentage butterfat.

Short-term effects of herbage allowance on milk production, milk composition and grazing time of cows grazing nitrogen-fertilized tropical grass pasture

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (89) ◽  
pp. 892 ◽  
Author(s):  
TH Stobbs
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Effects

The short-term effects of varying the quantities of herbage allocated (15, 25, 35, 55 kg DM cow-1, day-1) to lactating Jersey cows strip grazing 3-week regrowths of nitrogen-fertilized Panicum maximum cv. Gatton panic pastures, upon the diet selected, milk production, milk and milk fat composition and grazing time, were measured. Sixteen cows were used in a latin-square design with experimental periods of 1 4 days. With increasing herbage allowance milk yields rose, averaging 8.9, 9.9, 10.4 and 10.6 kg milk cow-1, day-1 respectively. A lower solids-not-fat percentage in milk from cows receiving 15 kg DM cow-1, day-1 and a lower percentage protein from cows receiving 15 and 25 kg DM cow-1 day-1 indicated a lower intake of digestible energy by cows at these lower herbage allowances. Molar percentages of short-chain fatty acids in milkfat (C6, C8, C10, C14) increased linearly and oleic acid (C18:1) decreased linearly as herbage allowance increased, showing that a higher proportion of the milk fat was coming from energy in the feed and a smaller proportion from body reserves. Cows selectively grazed leaf from the uppermost layers of the swards. As herbage allowance was restricted, a higher proportion of pasture was eaten and this came mainly from pasture growing 10 cm or more above ground level. Total time spent grazing was similar for all herbage allowances but the proportion of night grazing was consistently lower at the higher intensities of grazing.

scholarly journals PSXIV-37 Assessment of milk yield, milk composition and urea nitrogen in milk and plasma in lactating buffaloes fed diets with increasing levels of corn plus urea

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 433-434
Author(s):  
Valdi Lima Júnior ◽  
Tobias Tobit De Barros Melo ◽  
Viviany Lúcia Fernandes Dos Santos ◽  
Leilson R Bezerra ◽  
Marcelo Andrade Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Orthogonal Polynomials ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Lactating Buffaloes ◽  
Quadratic Effects ◽  
References Values

Abstract Nowadays, the great challenge in the milk activity is to replace the high cost ingredients without affect the performance and milk composition. So, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacement of soybean meal by corn plus urea on milk production, milk composition, nitrogen in milk (UNM) and plasma (UNP) concentrations of lactation buffaloes. Twelve Murrah lactating buffaloes, all multiparous (100 days in lactation; average milk production of 10 kg per day), with initial mean body weight of 650 ± 45 kg were used used in a triple Latin square 4 x 4 experiment. Each period included 13 d for adaptation and 5 for milk collect. The samples of plasma were obtained only in the last day of collect, four hours after feed. The experimental diets (12% CP, DM basis) consisted of increasing levels (0, 33, 66 and 100%) of soybean meal replacement by corn plus urea and the forage: concentrate ratio was 60:40. Orthogonal polynomials for diet responses were determined by linear and quadratic effects (P < 0.05). The increasing levels of corn plus urea did not change (P > 0.05) the milk production (averaging 6.4±0.33 kg/d), fat content (averaging 7.4±0.31%) and protein content averaging (3.8±0.07%) in milk. The UNM (15.29, 15.44, 14.80 and 16.02 mg dL-1 for levels 0, 33, 66 and 100% respectively) and UNP values (18.37, 17.20, 18.79 and 18.16 mg dL-1, for levels 0, 33, 66 and 100% respectively) also did not change with experimental diets and are according with references values for buffaloes. The use of corn plus urea is an alternative for lactating buffaloes’ diets and can be replacing soybean meal at levels up to 100%.

scholarly journals Effects of pasture species and irrigation on milk production over four summers in the Waikato

2001 ◽  
pp. 215-221
Author(s):  
E.R. Thom ◽  
V.T. Burggraaf ◽  
C.D. Waugh ◽  
D.A. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Jersey Cows

Milk production by Jersey cows grazing a common allowance of irrigated or non-irrigated pastures over four summers (1997-2000) is described. The pastures were: (1) high-endophyte perennial ryegrass-white clover (2) tall fescue, phalaris, cocksfoot, white clover, red clover (3) same as (2) plus paspalum (4) endophyte-free ryegrass, timothy, white clover, red clover and (5) existing high-endophyte ryegrass-white clover. Irrigation improved milksolids yield by 5% over 4 years, with inconsistent effects on milk composition, no effects on pasture in vitro digestibility and nitrogen content, and usually no effect on pasture botanical composition. In 1997, cows on (1) produced the lowest milksolid (MS) yields. Cows grazing ryegrass-white clover (1 and 5) produced less than those on tall fescue-based pastures (2 and 3) (0.74 vs 0.86 kg MS/cow/day) in 1998, and the yields of cows on ryegrass/timothy-based pastures (4) were best (0.96 kg MS/cow/day). The same trends in milksolids yield occurred in 1999, except for cows on (1) which were similar to (4). Cows on existing pasture often produced the lowest milksolid yields. Trends in milksolids production over the 4 years reflected trends in total clover (red + white) contents. Keywords: cocksfoot, dairy cows, grazing, pasture quality, perennial ryegrass, persistence, phalaris, red clover, tall fescue, timothy, triple mix, volunteer ryegrass, white clover

EVALUATION DE LA FEVEROLE ET DU POIS TRAITES OU NON-TRAITES A LA FORMALDEHYDE COMME SOURCE DE PROTEINES POUR LA VACHE LAITIERE

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 659-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. PELLETIER ◽  
R. BOUCHARD
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Feed Digestibility ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Vache Laitière

A first experiment was conducted to determine the nutritive value of fababeans (F) and field peas (P) as protein supplement in partial or total replacement of soybean meal (TS) in the concentrate part of the diet for dairy cows. In a second experiment, the nutritive value of formaldehyde-treated F and P was compared to untreated F and P. In each of the two experiments, a replicated 4 × 4 latin square design was used with 3-wk experimental periods. Dairy concentrates were fed ad libitum with corn silage in a 1:1 ratio (corn silage:concentrate) on a dry matter (DM) basis. In addition, the cows were fed 2.7 kg/day of grass hay. In experiment 1, a concentrate (SU) containing 10.8% TS and 0.2% urea was compared to three concentrates. The first one containing 25.0% F and 6.2% TS (FS), the second one 40% F (F) and the third one 35.0% P and 8.0% TS (PS). Dry matter intake and milk production were similar (P > 0.05) for all treatments at the level of 17.9, 17.8, 17.9 and 17.1 kg/day for DM and 22.7, 22.5, 22.7 and 21.7 kg/day of milk for treatments SU, FS, F and PS, respectively. Milk composition and digestibility of diets were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by any treatment. In the second experiment, F and P without formaldehyde treatment were compared to F (FFo) and P (PFo) treated with 0.3 ml of a 40% formaldehyde solution per 100 g of crude protein. The formaldehyde treatment had no beneficial effect on milk production and feed digestibility. However, milk protein content was significantly (P < 0.05) increased with the formaldehyde treatment with values of 2.81, 2.95, 2.86 and 3.02% for treatments F, FFo P and PFo, respectively.

APPARENT DIGESTIBILITY AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF UREA OR AMMONIA-SOLUTION-TREATED CORN SILAGES FOR LACTATING HOLSTEIN COWS AND MATURE SHEEP

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 871-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. B. BAREEBA ◽  
J. R. INGALLS ◽  
J. A. McKIRDY ◽  
H. R. SHARMA
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Ammonia Solution ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Mineral Solution ◽  
Silage Fermentation

Corn silages were treated at harvest with 0.5% urea or 1.3–2.2% ammonia-molasses-mineral solution. Apparent recoveries of added nitrogen in the corn silages ranged from 95 to 100% in both experiments. Water-insoluble N and lactic acid contents were increased in the treated silages as compared to the control. Four diets containing either (1) grass-legume (GL) silage (38% DM) + medium grain (MG); (2) 0.5% urea-treated corn (CU) silage (31% DM) + MG; (3) 2.2% ammonia-treated corn (AC) silage (32% DM) + MG; (4) AC silage + low grain (LG) were fed to eight Holstein cows in a latin square design. Silage DM consumption, milk production and milk composition were not different (P > 0.05) among treatments. Reducing the level of grain feeding from 32 to 23% of the diet with ammonia-treated corn silage resulted in a decrease (P < 0.05) in total DM consumption, with no apparent effect on milk production or composition, at the levels of production observed in this study. There were significant (P < 0.05) differences among treatments in molar percentages of acetic, propionic and butyric acids in rumen fluid. However, no differences were observed in milk fat or solid nonfat contents of the cows receiving the four experimental diets. Sheep digestion studies carried out on the above silages indicated apparent digestibilities of DM, CP and energy were lower (P < 0.05) for the GL silage compared with the UC or AC silages (exp. 1), whereas there were no differences in apparent digestibilities of DM and energy of untreated corn silage or NPN-treated silages (exp. 2). However, crude protein digestion coefficient was lower (P < 0.05) for untreated corn silage compared with the three NPN-treated corn silages. The present studies failed to show a beneficial effect of treating corn silage with an ammonia, molasses and mineral solution rather than urea on silage fermentation and animal performance. Key words: Dairy cows, sheep, nitrogen balance, ammonia treatment, corn silage

scholarly journals INCLUSION OF PROTECTED FAT IN DIETS ON THE MILK PRODUCTION AND COMPOSITION OF SAANEN GOATS

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruna Susan de Labio Molina ◽  
Claudete Regina Alcalde ◽  
Bruna Hygino ◽  
Sérgio Mangano de Almeida Santos ◽  
Ludmila Couto Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Maximum Point ◽  
Milk Samples

According on the fat source included in the diets for goats, the milk production can be increased and milk fatty acid composition can be improved. This study was conducted to evaluate the inclusion of protected fat (CSFA - calcium salts of fatty acids) in the diets of lactating Saanen goats on milk production and composition. Five Saanen goats (63.23 ± 9.08 kg body weight and 105 ± 3 days of lactation) were distributed in a Latin square design (5 × 5) with five diets: control (without the addition of CSFA) and the other diets with: 6.25, 12.50, 18.75 and 25.0 g CSFA per kg dry matter (g/kg DM), respectively. Dry matter intake (DMI) and milk production (MP) were evaluated. Milk samples were collected to determine milk composition and fatty acid profile. Feed efficiency (FE) was estimated. The supplementation of CSFA up to 25 g/kg DM did not influence the DMI, MP and FE. Milk components production (g/d) was not influenced by the inclusion CSFA in the diet; however, there was a linear reduction of 0.87 g protein per kg of milk for each 1% CSFA included in the diet. The concentration of linolenic acid (18:3n-3) in milk was improved with a maximum point of 24 g of CSFA per kg DM. CSFA can be included in the diets of lactating Saanen goats up to 25 g/kg DM with no interference on DMI and MP.

The effect of plant structure on the intake of tropical pastures. II.* Differences in sward structure, nutritive value, and bite size of animals grazing Setaria anceps and Chloris gayana at various stages of growth

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 821 ◽  
Author(s):  
TH Stobbs
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Plant Structure ◽  
Tropical Pastures ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Bite Size ◽  
Leaf Density ◽  
Chloris Gayana

Bite size (organic matter content per bite) of cows grazing swards of Chloris gayana (rhodes) and Setaria anceps (setaria) regrown for 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks was measured using oesophageal fistulated animals. Sward canopy structure was measured by stratification into five vertical layers, each 15 cm high; for each layer weights of leaf and stem components were estimated. Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of plant fractions and oesophageal fistulae samples were determined. Cows grazing the 4 week regrowths of rhodes grass had a larger bite size (0.32 g OM/bite) than when grazing 2 week regrowths (0.27 g OM/bite) when the availability of herbage and leaf material was lowest. Despite a marked increase in herbage yield as the pastures matured (up to 8427 kg/ha) the mean bite size decreased to a mean of 0.15 g OM/bite at 6 and 8 weeks. The bite size of cows grazing setaria pastures was lower than on the rhodes grass pastures but followed a similar pattern. A high density of leaf within the sward (sward leaf density) as well as a low stem content were considered to be the main factors affecting bite size. Setaria and rhodes grass pastures had both low sward bulk densities (a range of 14–96 kg/ha cm) and low sward leaf bulk densities (a range of 12–43 kg/ha cm) compared with temperate pastures. Basal layers of the sward contained more dense herbage (up to 148 kg/ha cm), but sward leaf density was usually less than 80 kg/ha cm and apparently inaccessible. ___________________ *Part I, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 24: 809 (1973).

Beef cow performance from tropical pastures on semi-arid brigalow lands under intermittent drought

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (94) ◽  
pp. 618 ◽  
Author(s):  
MW Silvey ◽  
JE Coaldrake ◽  
KP Haydock ◽  
D Ratcliff ◽  
CA Smith
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Variability ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Tropical Pastures ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Beef Cow ◽  
Cow Performance ◽  
Semi Arid

The value of perennial tropical pastures for breeding cows was examined over a five year period (1 968-1 973) as part of a long-term land use study on semi-arid fertile brigalow clay soils. Pastures were established to Panicum maximum var. trichoglume (green panic) and Chloris gayana cv. Pioneer (rhodes grass) grown alone or with the legumes Macroptilium atropurpureum cv. Siratro, Glycine wightii cv. Cooper and Medicago sativa cv. Hunter River. These pastures were rotationally grazed at 1.75, 1.24 and 0.87 cows ha-l during 1968-69 and at 1.31, 0.93 and 0.66 cows ha-1 in subsequent years. Pastures received either no fertilizer or 188 kg superphosphate ha-1 year-1 (grass/legume treatments) and in mixture with 250 kg ammonium sulphate ha-1 year-1 (grass-alone treatments). During the first seven months of 1968-69, increased stocking rate from 0.87 to 1.75 cows ha-1 significantly increased cow liveweight (LW) loss from 5 kg to 84 kg and reduced conception rates from 100 per cent to 68.8 per cent. Compared with pure grass pastures (GA), cows grazing grass/legume (GL) pastures lost significantly more LW during this period. These effects occurred during a severe drought which lasted for over a year. As the drought intensified and feed ran out, pasture treatments were individually destocked. A progressive botanical change from GL to pure grass pastures occurred in the GL treatments following the drought. After restocking in late 1969, cows gained an average of 121 kg and recorded an average calving rate of 93 per cent over a 45-month period despite below average annual rainfalls. Stocking rate and to a lesser extent pasture type significantly influenced annual cow LW and gains during mating, gestation and lactation periods, but the actual effects were small. Cows grazing at the highest stocking rate (HSR) of 1.31 cows ha-1 and on GL treatments recorded significantly poorer gains only in the first year after the drought. However, cows grazing GL treatments at HSR required supplementary hay feeding during winter-early spring each year. Although main treatment effects were not significant, a strong interaction between stocking rate and pasture significantly affected time of conception and both conception and calving rates. Application of fertilizer showed only small though consistent advantages for cow LW and fertility responses. It was concluded that sown tropical pasture based on pure green panic allowed high LW and reproductive performances of breeding cows stocked near 0.93 cow plus calf ha-1. This pasture-animal system was resilient to the climatic variability experienced in the semi-arid brigalow environment.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document