Response of nine soybean lines to soil moisture conditions close to saturation

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (104) ◽  
pp. 339 ◽  
Author(s):  
MN Hunter ◽  
PLMde Jabrun ◽  
DE Byth
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Moisture Conditions

The effects of two constant water table treatments, maintained at 3 and 15 cm below the soil surface (CWT 3 and CWT 15, respectively), were compared with the effect of overhead irrigation (OHI) on dry matter production of nine soybean (Glycine max) lines, grown for 36 days in beds of soil in the glasshouse. The lines represented a range of maturity groups. Water for each irrigation treatment was supplied with, or without, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (100 ppm N), on a split plot basis. CWT 15 plants accumulated 37% more dry matter, and 35 times more nodule dry matter, than did OH1 plants. CWT 3 plants became very chlorotic within a week of imposing the water table, but recovered to produce only 18% less dry matter than the OHI plants. CWT 3 plants accumulated the greatest amount of nodule dry matter, and this fraction accounted for 5% of total plant dry weight in some lines. Plants in both of the water table regimes were taller than the OHI plants, even for lines that flowered in 21 days, and this effect reduced the cultural disadvantage of short stature normally noted in early flowering lines. Nitrogen application marginally increased shoot proportion, plant height and node number, but decreased nodule mass in CWT 15 and OHI plants. The study indicated that soybeans can respond well to permanent water tables maintained close to the soil surface, and attain rapid early growth independent of applied nitrogen. Projections suggest that high yields of seed are feasible in 80-85 day soybean crops growing on a controlled water table system. This system also may promote other operational efficiencies related to a shortened cropping cycle, simplified water management, and weed control.

scholarly journals PRODUÇÃO DE MATÉRIA SECA E EVAPOTRANSPIRAÇÃO REAL DA AVEIA PRETA (Avena strigosa S.) EM SEIS NÍVEIS FREÁTICOS

Irriga ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-68
Author(s):  
Marcos Henrique Sias Silveira ◽  
Antonio Evaldo Klar
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Progressive Decrease ◽  
Surface Level ◽  
Water Table Level ◽  
Avena Strigosa ◽  
Matter Production

PRODUÇÃO DE MATÉRIA SECA E EVAPOTRANSPIRAÇÃO REAL DA AVEIA PRETA (Avena strigosa S.) EM SEIS NÍVEIS FREÁTICOS  Marcos Henrique Dias SilveiraAntonio Evaldo KlarDepartamento de Engenharia Rural –  Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas – UnespBotucatu – SP  Cep: 18603-970Fone: (0xx14) 6802-7165 – [email protected]  1  RESUMO Para avaliar os efeitos de seis diferentes níveis freáticos na produção de matéria seca e na evapotranspiração real ou de cultura da aveia preta (Avena strigosa S.) foi conduzido um experimento em casa de vegetação, no Departamento de Engenharia Rural da FCA - Campus de Botucatu - UNESP.  Foram semeadas 21 sementes de aveia por vaso, construído de anéis de PVC, com diâmetro nominal de 0,15m x 0,07m de comprimento e alturas totais variando entre 0,21m e 0,91m, de modo a simular os efeitos de níveis freáticos de 0,17m, 0,31m, 0,45m, 0,59m, 0,73m e 0,87m de profundidade.  Após a emergência das plântulas procedeu-se ao desbaste,  deixando-se 8 plantas por vaso, com 06 repetições (seis vasos) para cada nível freático, totalizando 36 vasos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado.  Dados de evapotranspiração real foram coletados diariamente e computados semanalmente.  As plantas foram cortadas rente ao solo ao final da 12.ª semana após a semeadura.  Foram avaliadas as produções de matéria seca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular em cada nível freático.  Os resultados mostraram maior produção de matéria seca para o nível freático mais superficial (0,17m), com queda gradativa à medida que o nível freático se aprofundava. A evapotranspiração da cultura  mostrou a mesma tendência, variando entre 591,6 mm  no tratamento com nível freático a 0,17m de profundidade e 215,4 mm para o de 0,87m de profundidade. UNITERMOS: evapotranspiração, níveis freáticos, aveia preta.  SILVEIRA, M. H. D., KLAR, A. E.  DRY MATTER PRODUCTION AND EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF OAT         ( Avena strigosa S.) UNDER  SEVERAL TABLE LEVELS.  2  ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of six different water table levels on yield and evapotranspiration of oat (Avena strigosa S.) .  21 seeds were sowed  per  pot, which was built with PVC rings (0.15m nominal diameter x 0.07m lenght).  6 water table levels were used: 0.17; 0.31; 0.45; 0.59; 0.73; and 0.87 m measured from the soil surface replicated  6  times.  The completely randomised design was used.  After seedling emergency, 8 plants were maintained  per  pot.  The evapotranspiration were daily measured from reservoirs connected to the pots.  The plants were cut at the soil surface level after 12 weeks from the sowing.The results showed greater dry matter production at the most superficial water table level with progressive decrease with water level distance from the soil surface.  The  evapotranspiration  showed  the  same tendency: the higher values occurred on the 0.17m water table (591.6 mm) until 0.87m water table (215.4 mm). KEYWORDS:  water table, evapotranspiration, Avena strigosa S.

Effects of Temperature and CO2Concentration on the Growth of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), Spurred Anoda (Anoda cristata), and Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 751-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Patterson ◽  
Maxine T. Highsmith ◽  
Elizabeth P. Flint
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Net Assimilation Rate ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Leaf Weight ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Cotton, spurred anoda, and velvetleaf were grown in controlled-environment chambers at day/night temperatures of 32/23 or 26/17 C and CO2concentrations of 350 or 700 ppm. After 5 weeks, CO2enrichment to 700 ppm increased dry matter accumulation by 38, 26, and 29% in cotton, spurred anoda, and velvetleaf, respectively, at 26/17 C and by 61, 41, and 29% at 32/23 C. Increases in leaf weight accounted for over 80% of the increase in total plant weight in cotton and spurred anoda in both temperature regimes. Leaf area was not increased by CO2enrichment. The observed increases in dry matter production with CO2enrichment were caused by increased net assimilation rate. In a second experiment, plants were grown at 350 ppm CO2and 29/23 C day/night for 17 days before exposure to 700 ppm CO2at 26/17 C for 1 week. Short-term exposure to high CO2significantly increased net assimilation rate, dry matter production, total dry weight, leaf dry weight, and specific leaf weight in comparison with plants maintained at 350 ppm CO2at 26/17 C. Increases in leaf weight in response to short-term CO2enrichment accounted for 100, 87, and 68% of the observed increase in total plant dry weight of cotton, spurred anoda, and velvetleaf, respectively. Comparisons among the species showed that CO2enrichment decreased the weed/crop ratio for total dry weight, possibly indicating a potential competitive advantage for cotton under elevated CO2, even at suboptimum temperatures.

Seedling growth of summer-dormant and non-dormant ryegrasses in relation to temperature

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 417 ◽  
Author(s):  
JH Silsbury
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Matter Production

Lolium rigidum Gaud. and a summer-dormant and a non-dormant form of Lolium perenne L. were grown as seedling plants for 32 days in controlled environment cabinets at constant temperatures of either 10, 20, or 30°C and in all cases with a 16-hr photoperiod at a light intensity of 3600 lm ft-2. Sampling at 4-day intervals permitted the detailed examination of dry matter growth curves. Differences in total dry matter production were related to initial differences in seedling dry weight, and the general responses to temperature were similar for each ryegrass. Total dry matter production was greatest at 20°C and lowest at 10°. A temperature of 30° did not induce dormancy in the summer-dormant ryegrass but did depress growth. Relative growth rate fell with time at each temperature.

Wheat Grain Growth: Anthesis to Maturity

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
JHM Thornley
Keyword(s):  
Grain Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Storage Material ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Substrate Level ◽  
Source Sink ◽  
And Storage

A model of the wheat plant is described which consists of two components, the grain and storage material. Photosynthesis supplies further substrate to the store, from which material is used for grain growth at a rate that depends on the substrate level. The model allows predictions of grain dry weight at maturity and its dependence on total post-anthesis dry matter production, and leads to an interpretation of the source-sink interactions in this situation.

scholarly journals Evaluation of growth and yield of selected hybrid and inbred rice varieties grown in net-house during transplanted aman season

1970 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-73
Author(s):  
M SH Islam ◽  
MSU Bhuiya ◽  
AR Gomosta ◽  
AR Sarkar ◽  
MM Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

Pot experiments were conducted during T. aman 2001 and 2002 (wet season) at Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) in net house. Hybrid variety Sonarbangla-1 and inbred modern variety BRRI dhan-31 were used in both the seasons and BRRI hybrid dhan-l was used in 2002. The main objective of the experiments was to compare the growth and yield behaviour of hybrid and inbred rice varieties under controlled condition. In 2001, BRRI dhan-3l had about 10-15% higher plant height, very similar tillers/plant, 15-25% higher leaf area at all days after transplanting (DAT) compared to Sonarbangla-1. Sonarbangla- 1 had about 40% higher dry matter production at 25 DAT but had very similar dry matter production at 50 and 75 DAT, 4-11% higher rooting depth at all DATs, about 22% higher root dry weight at 25 DAT, but 5-10% lower root dry weight at 50 and 75 DAT compared to BRRI dhan-31. The photosynthetic rate was higher (20 μ mol m-2/sec-1) in BRRI dhan-3l at 35 DAT (maximum tillering stage) but at 65 DAT, Sonarbangla-l had higher photosynthetic rate of 19.5 μ mol m-2 sec-1. BRRI dhan-3l had higher panicles/plant than Sonarbangla-1, but Sonarbangla-1 had higher number of grains/panicle, 1000-grain weight and grain yield than BRRI dhan-31. In 2002, BRRI dhan-31 had the highest plant height at 25 DAT, but at 75 DAT, BRRI hybrid dhan-l had the highest plant height. Sonarbangla-1 had the largest leaf area at 25 and 50 DAT followed by BRRI dhan-31, but at 75 DAT, BRRI dhan-31 had the largest leaf area. The highest shoot dry matter was observed in BRRI dhan-31 followed by Sonarbangla-1 at all DATs. Sonarbangla-1 had the highest rooting depth and root dry weight at all DATs. BRRI dhan-31 gave the highest number of panicles/plant followed by Sonarbangla-I, BRRI hybrid dhan-l had the highest grains/panicle followed by BRRI dhan-31 and Sonarbangla-I had the highest 1000-grain weight followed by BRRI dhan-31. The highest amount of grains/plant (34.6 g) was obtained from BRRI dhan-31. Key Words: Shoot dry matter; root dry weight; leaf area; photosynthesis; grain yield. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i1.5755Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(1) : 67-73, March 2009

Effects of irrigation frequency and transient waterlogging on the production of a perennial ryegrass - white clover pasture

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Dunbabin ◽  
I. H. Hume ◽  
M. E. Ireson
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Absolute Increase ◽  
Irrigation Interval ◽  
Matter Production

Summary. Perennial ryegrass–white clover swards were irrigated for 3 years every 50, 80 and 120 mm of crop evapotranspiration minus rainfall (ETc–R) and water ponded on the soil surface for either 4, 12 or 24 h at each irrigation. Pasture production and clover content were highly seasonal, peaking in spring and autumn. Frequent irrigation increased dry matter production by an average of 56%. When irrigating at 50 mm ETc–R, dry matter production was decreased by ponding water on plots, 17% for 12 h ponding and 14% if ponded for 24 h. However, when irrigating at an interval of 80 mm ETc–R ponding increased dry matter production by 7% for 12 h ponding and by 25% for 24 h ponding. Ponding also increased production at an irrigation interval of 120 mm ETc–R by 25% for 12 h ponding but only by 2.4% for 24 h ponding. While these increases in dry matter production are large in relative terms the absolute increase in production is small. More water infiltrated per irrigation at longer irrigation intervals, and at longer ponding times. Frequently irrigated, rapidly drained swards used irrigation water most efficiently. The small gain in dry matter production achieved by prolonging ponding at longer irrigation intervals is an inefficient use of water and likely to recharge regional groundwater systems. Oxygen diffusion rate measurements suggested that ponding for as short as 4 h was likely to cause waterlogging stresses and that these stresses were higher when irrigating frequently. The relative increase in waterlogging stress by extending the period of ponding from 4 to 24 h was small.

The growth of lodgepole pine seedlings raised under clear polythene cloches at five seedbed densities

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 426-428
Author(s):  
S. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Foliage Weight

The components of shoot growth and dry matter production in 1 + 0 lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. ex Loud. spp. contorta) seedlings raised under clear polythene cloches for 12 weeks at five seedbed densities (180–720 plants/m2) were studied. The greater plant height found at the highest seedbed density was the result of increased stem unit length, not increased number of stem units. The increase in plant dry weight as seedbed density decreased was largely due to greater dry weight of roots, branchwood, and branch foliage, and not to increases in stemwood and stem foliage weight. Seedbed densities of less than 460 seedlings/m2 are required to produce yields of suitably sturdy seedlings in excess of 50% of the crop.

Effects of Planting Density on Water Use and Productivity of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum Typhoides) Grown on Stored Water. II. Water Use, Light Interception and Dry Matter Production

1984 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Azam-Ali ◽  
P. J. Gregory ◽  
J. L. Monteith
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Wide Spacing ◽  
Neutron Probe ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Intercepted Radiation

SUMMARYPearl millet was grown on stored water at Niamey, Niger, using three row spacings. Water extraction based on neutron probe readings was compared with crop transpiration using a porometer and allied measurements. Between 23 and 52 days after sowing, plants at the narrow and medium spacings used about 77 and 100 mm of water, respectively, and those at the wide spacing used between 59 and 75 mm. Estimates of seasonal crop evaporation from leaf resistances and from the green leaf area index (GLAI) of the crops were 103, 130 and 123 mm for the narrow, medium and wide spacings, respectively. The water use per unit of dry weight produced was similar for both narrow and medium spacings but water was used more efficiently in the wide spacing. Dry weight increased in proportion to intercepted radiation with the same efficiency (1·3 g MJ−1) irrespective of spacing.

The growth and performance of cotton in a desert environment: II. Dry matter production

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Hearn
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Vegetative Phase ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Sink Size ◽  
And Performance

SUMMARYVariety, water and spacing were treatments in two experiments with cotton in 1963 and 1964 in which fruiting points, flowers and bolls were counted and the dry weights and leaf areas of plants were measured at intervals during the season.Until leaf-area index, L, started to decrease, the equation described how dry weight, W, changed. The equation gave smoothed estimates of crop growth rate, C, which were consistent with estimates of photosynthesis made with de Wit's (1965) model. The relationship between G and L conformed to , derived from Beer's Law, rather than C = aL — bL2 derived from the linear regression of E on L. When L > 3 the crop appeared to use most of the available light, so that C approached a maximum. Treatments initially affected dry-matter production through the numbers and types of branches and nodes, which in turn affected the sinks available and thus the proportion of dry matter reinvested in new leaf. This initial period, when growth was simple to describe in conventional terms, was denned as the vegetative phase of growth.The start of the reproductive phase of growth overlapped the vegetative phase. The change from one to the other was completed when the rate of dry weight increase of the bolls, CB, equalled C. This indicated that the sink formed by the bolls had increased sufficiently in size to use all the assimilates available for growth. Sink size increased as the crop flowered and was estimated from the product of the number of bolls and the growth rate of a single boll.When CB equalled C, bolls were shed which prevented the size of the sink to increase beyond the ability of the plant to supply it with assimilates. This agrees with Mason's nutritional theory of boll shedding. Because of the crop's morphology and because age decreased the photosynthesis of the crop, the size of the sink inevitably increased out of phase with the supply of assimilates. The extent to which this was so determined when CB equalled C. It is postulated that environment, genotype and agronomic practice affect yield according to whether they increase or decrease the extent to which the sink size and the supply of assimilates are out of phase.

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