Residual value of phosphorus from superphosphate for wheat grown on soils of contrasting texture near Esperance, Western Australia.

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Good Prediction ◽  
Residual Value ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
P Content ◽  
P Application ◽  
Texture Contrast

The residual value for wheat of phosphorus (P) from superphosphate was measured in field experiments on two texture-contrast (duplex) soils near Esperance, Western Australia. Superphosphate was applied to previously untreated plots once only, in 1980, 198 1, 1982 or 1983. The residual value of this P was measured in 1983 relative to P applied in 1983. Results were similar for both soils. Superphosphate applied in previous years did not produce the same yield as superphosphate applied in the current year. As calculated from yield response, relative effectiveness was 65, 42 or 32% after 1, 2 and 3 years, respectively. Yield depended on P content of plant tops, and this relationship was independent of time of P application. As the period of contact of P with the soil increased, less P was taken up by the plants, and this limited yield. As calculated from the P content of plant tops, relative effectiveness was 60, 30 or 23% after 1, 2 and 3 years, respectively. The amount of P extracted from the soil by 0.5M sodium bicarbonate decreased by about 54% from day 210 to day 575 after application of superphosphate, by a further 35% from day 575 to day 940, and by 15% from day 940 to day 1305. Bicarbonate-extractable P determined on soil samples collected mid January 1983 gave a good prediction of yields measured in the spring of that year

Residual value of molybdenum for wheat production on naturally acidic soils of Western Australia

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1333 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Residual Value ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
Tissue Test

Naturally acidic sandplain soils in the lower rainfall (<350 mm annual average) eastern region of the agricultural areas of south-western Australia are deficient in molybdenum (Mo) for grain production of wheat. Liming soils ameliorates Mo deficiency, but it is not an economic option for these soils because they are naturally acidic at soil depths commonly explored by wheat roots. Consequently, Mo fertiliser, usually as Mo trioxide, needs to be applied to wheat on these soils. The residual value of the Mo fertiliser for these soils was not known, so was measured using grain yield of wheat in 2 long-term field experiments. The Mo fertiliser treatments were applied once only in different years to plots not treated with Mo in a previous year. In both experiments, the residual value of the fertiliser was measured in 1993. Thus, it was possible to determine the effectiveness of the fertiliser applied once only 1–11 years previously (previous Mo) relative to freshly applied (current) Mo applied in 1993. At both sites, a continuous decline in the effectiveness of previous Mo relative to current Mo was related to time of Mo–soil contact. In experiment 1, the effectiveness of previous Mo relative to current Mo decreased by about 40, 50, 60 and 70% when applied 2, 5, 7 and 11 years previously. In experiment 2, on a more acidic soil with a larger capacity to sorb Mo, the relative effectiveness of previous Mo decreased by about 60 and 80% for Mo applied 2 and 6 years previously. The concentration of Mo measured in youngest emerged leaf blades was related to 90% of the maximum shoot yield at the time of sampling (diagnostic critical tissue test value) and to 90% of the maximum grain yield (prognostic critical tissue test value). Irrespective of the growth stage of wheat, both critical diagnostic and prognostic values were about 0.07 mg Mo/kg. The concentration of Mo in grain that was related to 90% of the maximum grain yield was 0.02 mg/kg. The reapplication of Mo fertiliser to naturally acidic sands can be made with knowledge of the residual value and use of tissue testing for Mo, particularly when sampled at early growth stages of wheat.

Soil and tissue tests to predict pasture yield responses to applications of potassium fertiliser in high-rainfall areas of south-western Australia

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
W. J. Cox ◽  
B. J. Codling
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Yield Responses

Dairy and beef pastures in the high (>800 mm annual average) rainfall areas of south-western Australia, based on subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum), grow on acidic to neutral deep (>40 cm) sands, up to 40 cm sand over loam or clay, or where loam or clay occur at the surface. Potassium deficiency is common, particularly for the sandy soils, requiring regular applications of fertiliser potassium for profitable pasture production. A large study was undertaken to assess 6 soil-test procedures, and tissue testing of dried herbage, as predictors of when fertiliser potassium was required for these pastures. The 100 field experiments, each conducted for 1 year, measured dried-herbage production separately for clover and ryegrass in response to applied fertiliser potassium (potassium chloride). Significant (P<0.05) increases in yield to applied potassium (yield response) were obtained in 42 experiments for clover and 6 experiments for ryegrass, indicating that grass roots were more able to access potassium from the soil than clover roots. When percentage of the maximum (relative) yield was related to soil-test potassium values for the top 10 cm of soil, the best relationships were obtained for the exchangeable (1 mol/L NH4Cl) and Colwell (0.5 mol/L NaHCO3-extracted) soil-test procedures for potassium. Both procedures accounted for about 42% of the variation for clover, 15% for ryegrass, and 32% for clover + grass. The Colwell procedure for the top 10 cm of soil is now the standard soil-test method for potassium used in Western Australia. No increases in clover yields to applied potassium were obtained for Colwell potassium at >100 mg/kg soil. There was always a clover-yield increase to applied potassium for Colwell potassium at <30 mg/kg soil. Corresponding potassium concentrations for ryegrass were >50 and <30 mg/kg soil. At potassium concentrations 30–100 mg/kg soil for clover and 30–50 mg/kg soil for ryegrass, the Colwell procedure did not reliably predict yield response, because from nil to large yield responses to applied potassium occurred. The Colwell procedure appears to extract the most labile potassium in the soil, including soluble potassium in soil solution and potassium balancing negative charge sites on soil constituents. In some soils, Colwell potassium was low indicating deficiency, yet plant roots may have accessed potassum deeper in the soil profile. Where the Colwell procedure does not reliably predict soil potassium status, tissue testing may help. The relationship between relative yield and tissue-test potassium varied markedly for different harvests in each year of the experiments, and for different experiments. For clover, the concentration of potassium in dried herbage that was related to 90% of the maximum, potassium non-limiting yield (critical potassium) was at the concentration of about 15 g/kg dried herbage for plants up to 8 weeks old, and at <10 g/kg dried herbage for plants older than 10–12 weeks. For ryegrass, there were insufficient data to provide reliable estimates of critical potassium.

scholarly journals Assessment of foliar-applied phosphorus fertiliser formulations to enhance phosphorus nutrition and grain production in wheat

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Therese M. McBeath ◽  
Evelina Facelli ◽  
Courtney A. E. Peirce ◽  
Viran Kathri Arachchige ◽  
Michael J. McLaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Isotopic Dilution ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Phosphorus Fertiliser ◽  
P Application ◽  
P Recovery ◽  
Fertiliser Application

The ability to utilise foliar-applied phosphorus (P) as a strategy to increase the P status and yield of grain crops grown in dryland regions with variable climates is attractive. Several P formulations with varying pH, accompanying cations and adjuvants were tested for their effectiveness as foliar fertilisers for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants, first under controlled and then under field conditions. Experiments under controlled conditions suggested that several formulations with specific chemistries offered promise with respect to wheat fertiliser-P recovery and biomass responses. These formulations were then evaluated in two field experiments, and although wheat grown at the sites showed substantive responses to soil-applied P, there was no significant grain-yield response to foliar-applied P. Following the limited responses to foliar-applied fertiliser in the field, we used an isotopic dilution technique to test the hypothesis that the variation in responses of wheat to foliar addition of P could be explained by a mechanism of substitution, whereby root P uptake is downregulated when P is taken up through the leaves, but this was proven not to be the case. We conclude that foliar P application cannot be used as a tactical fertiliser application to boost grain yield of wheat in dryland regions.

Comparing different sources of sulfur for high-rainfall pastures insouth-western Australia

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 1221 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
J. S. Yeates ◽  
M. F. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Residual Value ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
S Deficiency ◽  
Different Sources

The dry herbage yield increase (response) of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)-based pasture (>85% clover) to applications of different sources of sulfur (S) was compared in 7 field experiments on very sandy soils in the > 650 mm annual average rainfall areas of south-western Australia where S deficiency of clover is common when pastures grow rapidly during spring (August–November). The sources compared were single superphosphate, finely grained and coarsely grained gypsum from deposits in south-western Australia, and elemental S. All sources were broadcast (topdressed) once only onto each plot, 3 weeks after pasture emerged at the start of the first growing season. In each subsequent year, fresh fertiliser-S as single superphosphate was applied 3 weeks after pasture emerged to nil-S plots previously not treated with S since the start of the experiment. This was to determine the residual value of sources applied at the start of the experiment in each subsequent year relative to superphosphate freshly-applied in each subsequent year. In addition, superphosphate was also applied 6, 12 and 16 weeks after emergence of pasture in each year, using nil-S plots not previously treated with S since the start of the experiment. Pasture responses to applied S are usually larger after mid-August, so applying S later may match plant demand increasing the effectiveness of S for pasture production and may also reduce leaching losses of the applied S.At the same site, yield increases to applied S varied greatly, from 0 to 300%, at different harvests in the same or different years. These variations in yield responses to applied S are attributed to the net effect of mineralisation of different amounts of S from soil organic matter, dissolution of S from fertilisers, and different amounts of leaching losses of S from soil by rainfall. Within each year at each site, yield increases were mostly larger in spring (September–November) than in autumn (June–August). In the year of application, single superphosphate was equally or more effective than the other sources. In years when large responses to S occurred, applying single superphosphate later in the year was more effective than applying single superphosphate 3 weeks after pasture emerged (standard practice), so within each year the most recently applied single superphosphate treatment was the most effective S source. All sources generally had negligible residual value, so S needed to be applied each year to ensure S deficiency did not reduce pasture production.

Comparative soil water, pasture production, and crop yields in phase farming systems with lucerne and annual pasture in Western Australia

2001 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 295 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Latta ◽  
L. J. Blacklow ◽  
P. S. Cocks
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Pasture Production

Two field experiments in the Great Southern region of Western Australia compared the soil water content under lucerne (Medicago sativa) with subterranean clover (Trifolium subterranean) and annual medic (Medicago polymorpha) over a 2-year period. Lucerne depleted soil water (10–150 cm) between 40 and 100 mm at Borden and 20 and 60 mm at Pingrup compared with annual pasture. There was also less stored soil water after wheat (Triticum aestivum) and canola (Brassica napus) phases which followed the lucerne and annual pasture treatments, 30 and 48 mm after wheat, 49 and 29 mm after canola at Borden and Pingrup, respectively. Lucerne plant densities declined over 2 seasons from 35 to 25 plants/m2 (Borden) and from 56 to 42 plants/m2 (Pingrup), although it produced herbage quantities similar to or greater than clover/medic pastures. The lucerne pasture also had a reduced weed component. Wheat yield at Borden was higher after lucerne (4.7 t/ha) than after annual pasture (4.0 t/ha), whereas at Pingrup yields were similar (2 t/ha) but grain protein was higher (13.7% compared with 12.6%) . There was no yield response to applied nitrogen after lucerne or annual pasture at either site, but it increased grain protein at both sites. There was no pasture treatment effect on canola yield or oil content at Borden (2 t/ha, 46% oil). However, at Pingrup yield was higher (1.5 t/ha compared to 1.3 t/ha) and oil content was similar (41%) following lucerne–wheat. The results show that lucerne provides an opportunity to develop farming systems with greater water-use in the wheatbelt of Western Australia, and that at least 2 crops can be grown after 3 years of lucerne before soil water returns to the level found after annual pasture.

Simulating phenology and yield response of canola to sowing date in Western Australia using the APSIM model

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Farré ◽  
M. J. Robertson ◽  
G. H. Walton ◽  
S. Asseng
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
3.0 T ◽  
Using Data

Canola is a relatively new crop in the Mediterranean environment of Western Australia and growers need information on crop management to maximise profitability. However, local information from field experiments is limited to a few seasons and its interpretation is hampered by seasonal rainfall variability. Under these circumstances, a simulation model can be a useful tool. The APSIM-Canola model was tested using data from Western Australian field experiments. These experiments included different locations, cultivars, and sowing dates. Flowering date was predicted by the model with a root mean squared deviation (RMSD) of 4.7 days. The reduction in the period from sowing to flowering with delay in sowing date was accurately reproduced by the model. Observed yields ranged from 0.1 to 3.2 t/ha and simulated yields from 0.4 to 3.0 t/ha. Yields were predicted with a RMSD of 0.3–0.4 t/ha. The yield reduction with delayed sowing date in the high, medium, and low rainfall region (3.2, 6.1, and 8.6% per week, respectively) was accurately simulated by the model (1.1, 6.7, and 10.3% per week, respectively). It is concluded that the APSIM-Canola model, together with long-term weather data, can be reliably used to quantify yield expectation for different cultivars, sowing dates, and locations in the grainbelt of Western Australia.

Effect of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus on the yield, growth and nutrient status of ixodia daisy (Ixodia achillaeioides ssp. alata)

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 681 ◽  
Author(s):  
NA Maier ◽  
G Barth ◽  
M Bennell
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Yield Responses

The effect of annual applications of nitrogen (N), potassium (K) and phosphorus (P) on the yield, growth and nutrient status of Ixodia daisy (Ixodia achillaeioides ssp. alata) grown on a silty loam, was investigated in field experiments conducted during 1989-91 in the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia. The experimental design was a randomised block with 3 replications. The N and K treatments, at annual rates up to 200 kg N/ha and 150 kg K/ha, were applied as 2 equal side-dressings. The P treatments, at rates up to 200 kg/ha, were broadcast as 1 annual application. To assess plant nutrient status we sampled the fifth leaf below the growing terminal of 50 stems in October and whole stems at harvest. As rate of applied N increased, there was a significant (P<0.05) increase in total biomass harvested, number of 3040 and 41-50 cm stems, total number of marketable stems, plant height and width. Annual N application rates of 75-110 kg/ha were required for 95% of maximum biomass yield and number of marketable stems. The application of K did not significantly (P>0.05) affect yield or plant growth. First and second order interactions between N, K and year were not significant. Plant growth and yield responses to P applied as superphosphate were inconsistent and the interaction between P and year was not significant (P>0.05). Coefficients of determination (r2) for relationships between N, K and P concentrations in the fifth leaf samples v. total biomass yield and total stem number, were in the range 0.13-0.52 for the combined 1990 and 1991 data. Based on sensitivity, reproducibility and occurrence of the Piper-Steenbjerg effect, we concluded that N, K or P concentrations in the fifth leaf sampled in October, or in whole stems at harvest, were not reliable indicators of the nutrient status of Ixodia daisy. The application of N and P did not affect the concentration of minor or micronutrients in the fifth leaf. In contrast, the application of K increased calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S) concentrations by 14.3, 33.3 and 12.2%, respectively. For a high density planting (13,000 plants) we estimated that for N, P and K, 69.4, 6.2 and 83.2 kg/ha, respectively, are removed in marketable stems. The application of P increased extractable-P concentrations in the surface (0-15 cm) soil from 22 to 73 mg/kg. We suggest that for surface (0-15 cm) soils, extractable-P and extractable-K concentrations in the ranges 15-95 and 210-260 mg/kg, respectively, are adequate and indicate that a yield response to the application of these nutrients in fertiliser may not occur.

Determining the fertiliser phosphorus requirements of intensively grazed dairy pastures in south-western Australia with or without adequate nitrogen fertiliser

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 801 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
I. F. Guthridge
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
P Leaching ◽  
The Many ◽  
Yield Responses

Fertiliser phosphorus (P) and, more recently, fertiliser nitrogen (N) are regularly applied to intensively grazed dairy pastures in south-western Australia. However, it is not known if applications of fertiliser N change pasture dry matter (DM) yield responses to applied fertiliser P. In three Western Australian field experiments (2000–04), six levels of P were applied to large plots with or without fertiliser N. The pastures were rotationally grazed. Grazing started when ryegrass plants had 2–3 leaves per tiller. Plots were grazed in common with the lactating dairy herd in the 6-h period between the morning and afternoon milking. A pasture DM yield response to applied N occurred for all harvests in all three experiments. For the two experiments on P deficient soil, pasture DM yield responses also occurred to applications of P. For some harvests when no fertiliser N was applied, probably because mineral N in soil was so small, there was a small, non-significant pasture DM response to applied P and the P × N interaction was highly significant (P < 0.001). However, for most harvests there was a significant pasture DM response to both applied N and P, and the P × N interaction was significant (P < 0.05–0.01), with the response to applied P, and maximum yield plateaus to applied P, being smaller when no N was applied. Despite this, for the significant pasture DM responses to applied P, the level of applied P required to produce 90% of the maximum pasture DM yield was mostly similar with or without applied N. Evidently for P deficient soils in the region, pasture DM responses to applied fertiliser P are smaller or may fail to occur unless fertiliser N is also applied. In a third experiment, where the soil had a high P status (i.e. more typical of most dairy farms in the region), there was only a pasture DM yield response to applied fertiliser N. We recommend that fertiliser P should not be applied to dairy pastures in the region until soil testing indicates likely deficiency, to avoid developing unproductive, unprofitable large surpluses of P in soil, and reduce the likelihood of P leaching and polluting water in the many drains and waterways in the region. For all three experiments, critical Colwell soil test P (a soil test value that was related to 90% of the maximum pasture DM yield), was similar for the two fertiliser N treatments.

The effectiveness of rock phosphate fertilisers in Australian agriculture: a review

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 655 ◽  
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland ◽  
RJ Gilkes ◽  
MFD' Antuono
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Complete Response ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Residual Value ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Rock Phosphates ◽  
Mean Annual Rainfall

Plant responses to apatite rock phosphates and Calciphos, a calcined calcium iron-aluminium rock phosphate fertiliser, have been measured in many pot and field experiments in Australia, but there is no consistent view of the agronomic effectiveness of these fertilisers. Quantitative indices of the effectiveness of freshly applied rock phosphates relative to freshly applied superphosphate (relative effectiveness or RE values) have been calculated from the data for 164 Australian pot and field experiments on the basis of the substitution value of the rock phosphates for superphosphate. RE values range from <0.1 to 2.5, with the mean value for apatite rock phosphates being 0.26 compared with 0.42 for Calciphos. Statistical analysis of the data demonstrate that variations in RE values were primarily due to systematic differences in experimental design and fertiliser solubility, and not to differences in soil pH, plant species, the capacity of the soil to adsorb P and mean annual rainfall. All RE values >0.4 were obtained from experiments in which only 1 or 2 levels of fertiliser were applied to soils that were poorly responsive to applied P; thus it was not possible to define the complete response curves required to obtain precise values of RE. In most cases, RE values were < 0.4 for experiments in which several levels of fertiliser P were applied to highly P-responsive soils so that complete response curves were defined and precise values of RE estimated. The effectiveness of previously applied rock phosphate (i.e, residual value) remained low and approximately constant for several years after application, being 5-30% as effective as freshly applied superphosphate for the various experiments. The corresponding average value of the relative effectiveness of superphosphate declined by 40% in the first year after application, by a further 15% in the second year, and by a further 30% over the remaining 6 years. However, the magnitude of these declines in relative effectiveness differed substantially between individual sites. The residual value of both the superphosphate and rock phosphate fertilisers appears not to have been systematically influenced by soil type, soil pH, the capacity of the soil to adsorb P, mean annual rainfall, and whether the fertilisers were topdressed or were incorporated. However, there is a need for additional experiments to investigate the influence of these factors on fertiliser effectiveness. It is concluded that, on the basis of published data, rock phosphate fertilisers cannot be regarded as economic substitutes for fertilisers containing water-soluble P for most agricultural applications in Australia. This is because, relative to freshly applied superphosphate, the fertiliser effectiveness of rock phosphates is low in the year of application and it remains low in subsequent years so that uneconomical, very high rates of application of rock phosphate are required.

Effect of spot-type net blotch (Drechslera teres (Sacc.) Shoem) infection on barley yield in short season environment of northern cereal belt of Western Australia

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 745 ◽  
Author(s):  
TN Khan
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Net Blotch ◽  
Drechslera Teres ◽  
Percentage Yield ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Short Season ◽  
Spot Type

The effect of spot-type net blotch (Drechslera teres (Sacc.) Shoem.) on yield was studied in fourteen field experiments located at two sites over seven years in the area where the disease occurs; the northern cereal belt of south-west Western Australia. An overall reduction of 26% in grain yield occurred associated with spot-type net blotch infection. The yield losses varied depending upon season, date of sowing and cultivar. Disease was found to reduce 100 grain weight and number of ears/m2, but number of grains/ear were not affected. Regression analysis supported the above negative effect of disease on yield in general, but in a few cases disease and yield were positively correlated. The Area Under Curve (AUC) model was considered most appropriate and percentage yield loss (L) was estimated as L = 0.0233 AUC. Using this relationship, potential losses in yields of cvv. Beeeher and O'Connor were estimated to be 34% and 29%, respectively. The application of this relationship is suggested to be limited to short season environments similar to the northern cereal belt of Western Australia. A need to understand factors which modify the yield response to this disease is highlighted.

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