Critical potassium concentrations in Trifolium balansae, Medicago murex and Trifolium subterraneum as affected by sampling date

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 469 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Pinkerton ◽  
PJ Randall
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Critical Concentration ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Critical Values ◽  
Good Discrimination ◽  
Critical Concentrations ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Petiole Sap

Critical concentrations of potassium (K) for the diagnosis of K deficiency were derived for tissues of balansa clover (Trifolium balansae) cv. Paradana, murex medic (Medicago murex) cv. Zodiac, and subterranean clover (T. subterraneum) cv. Karridale. The legumes were grown for 2 seasons at 2 sites to which 7 rates of K fertiliser were applied in each season. Symptoms of K deficiency appeared on leaves of plants at both sites, where <50 kg K/ha had been applied. Diagnostic indices were obtained for K in the dry matter (DM) of blades and petioles of youngest open leaves (YOL) and of whole shoots, and for K in petiolar sap of the YOL. In all species, critical K concentrations in dry matter were initially high but decreased steadily as the season progressed. Critical values were highest for YOL petioles, and simllar for YOL blades and for whole shoots, with good discrimination between deficient and adequately supplied plants for K concentrations in these tissues. Critical concentrations (%) of K in DM of YOL laminae of balansa clover declined from 4.00 in May to 0.70 in November, of YOL petioles from 5.80 in May to 1.40 in October, and of whole shoots from 2.48 in July to 0.68 in November, while critical K concentration (�g/mL) in the YOL petiole sap declined from 1000 in May to 384 in November. The decline in critical K concentration (%) in DM of YOL laminae of murex medic was from 2.75 in May to 1.12 in September, of YOL petioles from 5.58 in May to 1.57 in September, and of whole shoots from 1.57 in July to 0.70 in November. Critical K concentrations (�g/mL) in murex medic petiole sap fell from 1000 in May to 471 in September. The decline in critical K concentrations in DM was related to date and was unaffected by rainfall before sampling, temperature, or sodium concentrations. Critical concentrations in DM of subterranean clover were similar to those in the literature for other cultivars. Critical concentrations in balansa clover agreed with those derived previously from glasshouse experiments. The test for K in petiolar sap was less satisfactory: the decline in critical concentration in sap was less consistent than that in DM, and the critical values for subterranean clover did not agree with published results.

Comparing the potassium requirements of five pasture species

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 659 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Brennan ◽  
M. D. A. Bolland
Keyword(s):  
Critical Concentration ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Target Yield ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Ornithopus Sativus

Potassium (K) deficiency is now common in sandy soils of south-western Australia and the K requirements of most pasture species grown in rotation with crops in the region are not known. In a glasshouse experiment using a K deficient yellow sand, we compared the K requirements of 5 pasture species now commonly grown in the region: French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.) cv. Cadiz, yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus Brot.) cv. Santorini, balansa clover [Trifolium balansae, classified as T. michelianum Savi var. balansae (Boiss)] cv. Paradana, 2 subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) cultivars, cv. Seaton Park (subspecies subterraneum) and cv. Trikkala (subspecies yanninicum), and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud) cv. Wimmera. After 56 days of growth, above-ground growth was harvested and analysed for total K. Mitscherlich curves were fitted to yield of dried shoots, K concentration and K content (K concentration multiplied by yield) of the shoots. These fitted curves were used to determine the amount of K required to produce 75% of the maximum yield of dried shoots, K required to attain a K concentration in dried shoots of 25 g/kg, and K required to achieve a K content in dried shoots of 250 mg K/pot. Annual ryegrass and yellow serradella more effectively used indigenous soil K and applied K to produce dried shoots than the other species and cultivars, with the other species and cultivars requiring about 55% more applied K to produce 75% of the maximum shoot yield. The K content in dried shoots estimated the total K taken up from the soil, and annual ryegrass took up least K from soil, but it required least applied K to produce 75% of the maximum shoot yield, indicating it used the K it took up very effectively to produce shoots. Yellow serradella took up most K and, after annual ryegrass, it needed least applied K to produce the target yield of dried shoots. After yellow serradella, subterranean clover cv. Trikkala took up most K from soil, but it required nearly the most applied K to produce the target shoot yield so it was inefficient at using K taken up to produce the shoots. For all the other species and cultivars, K requirement was similar as assessed by yield or K content data. The critical concentration of K required for 90% maximum yield of dried shoots was about (g K/kg) 24 for balansa clover, 23 for both subterranean clover cultivars, 21 for yellow and French serradella, and 15 for annual ryegrass.

The effect of copper supply on vegetative and seed yield of pasture legumes and the field calibration of a tissue test for detecting copper deficiency. I. Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum and Trifolium yanninicum)

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 817 ◽  
Author(s):  
JD McFarlane
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Critical Concentration ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Pasture Legumes

Three cultivars of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cvv. Woogenellup, Nungarin; Trifolium yanninicum cv. Trikkala) were grown on three copper-deficient soil types at seven rates of copper, applied at sowing, to determine their vegetative and seed yield response to copper fertilizer.On two soil types, symptoms of copper deficiency were apparent where no copper was supplied. On the third, symptoms appeared only in one season, after the site was waterlogged. On the three soil types, the symptoms disappeared when 0.125 kg Cu/ha was applied at sowing. although at this rate vegetative and seed yields were reduced by as much as 44% and 59% respectively.The proposed critical concentration range in youngest open leaf tissue for both diagnosing maximum vegetative dry matter and predicting maximum seed yield is 3.0-4.5 mg Cu/kg for Woogenellup and Nungarin subterranean clover. Trikkala subterranean clover had higher critical concentration ranges for diagnosing maximum vegetative dry matter (4.0-6.0 mg Culkg) and predicting maximum seed yield (4.5-7.0 mg Cu/kg). It was not clear whether this difference was due to a higher internal requirement for copper of Trikkala or overlying environmental conditions affecting the external copper supply at the time of sampling.For whole top tissue (WT), there was no difference in the critical concentration range between the three cultivars for diagnosing maximum vegetative yield (3.0-4.0 mg Cu/kg). However, the critical concentration in WT for predicting maximum seed yield was higher for Trikkala (5.0-6.0 mg Cu/kg) than Woogenellup and Nungarin (3.5-4.5 mg Cu/kg). In the pasture situation, a critical concentration of 5.0-6.0 mg Cu/kg in the WT should be adopted when animal requirement is considered.Seed copper concentration for predicting maximum seed or vegetative yield was not a reliable indicator of copper status of subterranean clover.

Sulfur requirements during early growth of Trifolium balansae, Trifolium subterraneum, Medicago murex, and Phalaris aquatica

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 199 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Pinkerton ◽  
PJ Randall
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Critical Values ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Phalaris Aquatica ◽  
Critical Concentrations ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

Sulfur (S) requirements for early growth were determined for 3 legumes (Trifolium balansae, T. subterraneum, Medicago murex) and 1 grass (Phalaris aquatica). Plants were grown in sand culture in a glasshouse and supplied with nutrient solutions containing 6 rates of S (1-32 �g/mL). Legumes were supplied with nitrogen (N) at 168 �g/mL, and phalaris with 28 or 168 pg N/mL. Plants were sampled twice, the second sampling coinciding with flowering of the legumes. Diagnostic indices [total S (St), HI-reducible S (sulfate-S), oxidised S (S6+)], and ratios (sulfate-S/St, S6+/St) were derived for whole shoots (WS), youngest open leaves (YOL) of legumes, and youngest expanded blades (YEB) of the grass. The largest responses to S by the legumes were made by balansa clover and murex medic, which both outyielded subterranean clover, but subterranean clover was the most efficient user of S and had the lowest external S requirement. Concentrations of S6+ were always higher than concentrations of sulfate-S, but the 2 were highly correlated and much lower than St. No S fraction or plant part sampled was consistently superior as an indicator of S status. The larger relative increases and sharper breaks in gradient of the relationships between yield and sulfate-S or S6+ compared with St were offset by their greater relative variability. All indices were subject to Piper-Steenbjerg effects, although these did not seriously affect the critical values. Critical values of St and S6+ in YOL, St in WS of balansa clover, and S, and S6+ in WS of subterranean clover changed little up to 60 days after sowing, but it was necessary to know plant age when assessing the S status of murex medic or phalaris. Critical concentrations of S, in phalaris were little affected by N supply, but critical concentrations of sulfate-S and S6+ were higher with 28 than 168 �g N/mL. Critical values for subterranean clover agreed well with previously published data.

The influence of seed size and depth of sowing on pre-emergence and early vegetative growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

1956 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Black
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Pot Culture

Changes in the pre-emergence distribution of dry matter in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) variety Bacchus Marsh were followed at 21°C, using three sizes of seed and three depths of sowing, ½, 1¼, and 2 in. Decreasing seed size and increasing depth of sowing both reduce the weight of the cotyledons a t emergence. Seed of the three sizes were sown a t three depths in pot culture a t staggered intervals so that emergence was simultaneous. Dry weight in the early vegetative stage was proportional to seed size, and total leaf area and leaf numbers showed similar trends. Plants of each seed size grew at the same relative rate. No effect of depth of sowing could be detected, and this was shown to be due to the cotyledon area a t emergence being constant for any given seed size, regardless of varying depth of sowing and hence of cotyledon weight. It was concluded that seed size in a plant having epigeal germination and without endosperm is of importance: firstly, in limiting the maximum hypocotyl elongation and hence depth of sowing, and secondly, in determining cotyledon area. Cotyledon area in turn influences seedling growth, which is not affected by cotyledon weight. Once emergence has taken place, cotyledonary reserves are of no further significance in the growth of the plants.

Response of defoliated swards of subterranean clover and yellow serradella to superphosphate applications

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 777
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Ornithopus Compressus ◽  
The Relationship

The effect of superphosphate applications (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 kg P/ha to the soil surface) on the dry matter (DM) herbage production of dense swards of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum cv. Junee) and yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus cv. Tauro) was measured in a field experiment on deep, sandy soil in south-western Australia. The swards were defoliated with a reel mower at weekly intervals from 88 to 158 days after sowing, to a height of 2 cm for the first 9 cuts, 4 cm for the tenth cut and 5 cm for the eleventh cut. Yellow serradella was more productive than subterranean clover. Consequently, for the relationship between yield and the level of phosphorus (P) applied, yellow serradella supported larger maximum yields and required less P than subterranean clover, to produce the same DM herbage yield. Maximum yields of yellow serradella were 12-40% larger. To produce 70% of the maximum yield for yellow serradella at each harvest, yellow serradella required about 50% less P than subterranean clover. However, when yields were expressed as a percentage of the maximum yield measured for each species at each harvest, the relationship between yield and the level of P applied was similar for both species, and they had similar P requirements.

Pasture legume species differ in their capacity to acidify soil

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Tang ◽  
L. Barton ◽  
C. Raphael
Keyword(s):  
Acid Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Ash Alkalinity ◽  
Ornithopus Sativus ◽  
Excess Cations ◽  
Pasture Legume

The capacity of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Clare), medic (Medicago murex Willd. cv. Zodiac), serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot. line SP1/13), biserrula (Biserrula pelecinus L. line Mor99), and woolly clover (Trifolium tomentosum L.) to acidify soil under N2 fixation was compared in a pot experiment using a poorly buffered sandy soil. The amount of acid produced per kg shoot dry matter (specific acid production) varied betweefin species and with growth stages, ranging from 44 to 128 cmol/kg shoot. Subterranean clover and serradella acidied soil to a greater extent than woolly clover and medic, whereas biserrula acidified soil least. Irrespective of pasture species and growth stage, specific acid production correlated well with concentrations of excess cations and calcium in shoots. Furthermore, total excess cation, ash alkalinity, and calcium in shoots were all good indicators of total acid production across all of the species.

Seed yield and nutritive value of dry, mature subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. J. Ru ◽  
J. A. Fortune
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Zinc Content ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Wide Range

The nutritive value of 26 cultivars of dry, mature subterranean clover was evaluated at Shenton Park, Perth, Western Australia. The cultivars were divided into 3 maturity groups according to flowering time and each cultivar was sown in blocks comprising 4 replicates. The plots were grazed by sheep at 2-week intervals during the growing season. Dry mature plant material and soil were sampled in summer to examine the effect of grazing and cultivar on seed yield and nutritive value of feed residues. Cultivars heavily grazed in spring had a low herbage mass. There was no difference in seed yield and seed weight between heavily and lightly grazed cultivars. Dry matter digestibility and mineral content of dry residues was inconsistent for the 2 grazing treatments. The dry matter digestibility of dry, mature subterranean clover ranged from 40 to 56%, with a wide range of crude fibre, nitrogen and mineral content for the 26 cultivars. While most minerals in the dry residues were above the requirement for sheep, 7 cultivars had a zinc content less than the maintenance requirement for sheep. There was an imbalance for all cultivars in calcium: phosphorus with a range of 4–10: 1. Concurrent estimates on the yield and composition of seed indicated that seed can be resource of minerals for grazing animals in summer. Most cultivars had a seed yield over 100 g/m2 with that of 9 cultivars being over 130 g/m2. Seed was rich in nitrogen, sodium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, zinc and copper, and poor in sodium, calcium and manganese. However, there were no cultivars with an appropriate ratio of calcium and phosphorus. The imbalance in nitrogen and sulfur was a result of high nitrogen content with the ratio ranging from 19: 1 to 29: 1.

Effects of time and rate of paraquat application on yield and botanical composition of annual pastures containing subterranean clover in a Mediterranean climate

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (64) ◽  
pp. 556
Author(s):  
DW Barrett ◽  
GW Arnold ◽  
NA Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Minimum Loss ◽  
Major Species ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽  
Clover Content ◽  
Made In

Pastures containing subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and either Vulpia spp. or Bromus rigidus as the other major species were sprayed at 0, 0.07, 0.14 and 0.21 kg a.i. ha-1 of paraquat ion between June and early October in Western Australia. Spraying removed the grasses and produced pastures containing up to 95 per cent clover. Mid-winter applications were more effective in increasing clover content than those made in spring. These changes in botanical composition were evident in the year following spraying, but were less marked. Yields of dry matter were reduced by paraquat, especially 'in the period immediately following spraying. These losses tended to decline as the growing season progressed, but at the close they were still evident on the Bromus rigidus pasture sprayed in July. Yields at the end of the subsequent season were similar on all treatments. Paraquat applied in mid-August at 0.14 kg a.i. ha-1 to both pastures produced the greatest change in botanical composition with the minimum loss of yield. The concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium were higher in mature herbage on paraquat treatments. Total yields of nutrients were similar between treatments because of reduced dry matter yield.

The performance of subterranean, rose, and cupped clovers under set-stocking

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (59) ◽  
pp. 608 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter ◽  
GB Taylor ◽  
GW Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Gravelly Soil ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
The Rose ◽  
Clover Pasture

Pasture swards of the annual clovers Trifolium subterraneum (CV. Geraldton), T. hirtum (CV. Kondinin), and T. cherleri (CV. Yamina), and a mixture of all three were sown on a gravelly soil at Bakers Hill, Western Australia, in 1964. All pastures were set-stocked at 5 sheep ha-l from April 1965-April 1968, and at 8 sheep ha-1 from April 1968-March 1970. From 1966 onwards the amount of pasture dry matter on offer in July and September was two to four times as great on the subterranean clover pasture as on rose or cupped clover pastures. Moreover, the subterranean clover pasture resisted invasion by volunteer annuals more strongly. The mixed clover pasture was dominated by subterranean clover by 1966, and remained so thereafter. For the first four seasons of grazing, wool production was consistently higher (on average, 14 per cent higher) on rose clover than on subterranean clover pasture, and slightly lower still on cupped clover. In the fifth season, when grazing pressure was higher than previously, the rose and cupped clovers 'crashed', and subterranean clover produced most wool. We argue that the higher wool production on rose clover during 1965-1969 was due to some factor additional to digestible organic matter intake.

The effect of time of application of superphosphate on seasonal yield of dry matter from annual pasture

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (57) ◽  
pp. 392 ◽  
Author(s):  
AA McGowan ◽  
IH Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Phosphorus Requirement ◽  
June July

The effect of time of application of superphosphate on the dry matter produced from a subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum)annual grass pasture was studied. Treatments involved an annual topdressing of superphosphate, at 125 kg ha-1, in a particular month of the year, for each of the twelve months ; there was also an unfertilized control. In winter, dry matter yield was increased by 350-1190 kg ha-1 when superphosphate was applied at any time of the year. Winter yields were higher after application in January to May (mean 1570 kg ha-1) than in October to December (mean 1190 kg ha-1) or in June-July (mean 1230 kg ha-1). In spring, the greatest increases in dry matter yield were from topdressing in August or September (1600 and 1210 kg ha-1 respectively). Spring yields following application in other months were smaller but usually significantly greater than the yield of unfertilized pasture. The response to autumn application of superphosphate was much greater in winter than in spring. This was not due to a lower phosphorus requirement by the pasture in spring than in winter.

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