Root growth of lupins is more sensitive to waterlogging than wheat

In south-west Australia, winter grown crops such as wheat and lupin often experience transient waterlogging during periods of high rainfall. Wheat is believed to be more tolerant to waterlogging than lupins, but until now no direct comparisons have been made. The effects of waterlogging on root growth and anatomy were compared in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) and yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) using 1 m deep root observation chambers. Seven days of waterlogging stopped root growth in all species, except some nodal root development in wheat. Roots of both lupin species died back progressively from the tips while waterlogged. After draining the chambers, wheat root growth resumed in the apical region at a faster rate than well-drained plants, so that total root length was similar in waterlogged and well-drained plants at the end of the experiment. Root growth in yellow lupin resumed in the basal region, but was insufficient to compensate for root death during waterlogging. Narrow-leafed lupin roots did not recover; they continued to deteriorate. The survival and recovery of roots in response to waterlogging was related to anatomical features that influence internal oxygen deficiency and root hydraulic properties.

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Alleviatory effects of Silicon on the morphology, physiology, and antioxidative mechanisms of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) roots under cadmium stress in acidic nutrient solutions

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-80808-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Shafeeq ur Rahman ◽

Qi Xuebin ◽

Zhijuan Zhao ◽

Zhenjie Du ◽

Muhammad Imtiaz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Nutrient Solution ◽

Essential Element ◽

Cadmium Stress ◽

Wheat Seedling ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Wheat Root ◽

Vital Role ◽

Acidic Ph ◽

Wheat Roots

AbstractSilicon (Si), as a quasi-essential element, has a vital role in alleviating the damaging effects of various environmental stresses on plants. Cadmium (Cd) stress is severe abiotic stress, especially in acidic ecological conditions, and Si can demolish the toxicity induced by Cd as well as acidic pH on plants. Based on these hypotheses, we demonstrated 2-repeated experiments to unfold the effects of Si as silica gel on the root morphology and physiology of wheat seedling under Cd as well as acidic stresses. For this purpose, we used nine treatments with three levels of Si nanoparticles (0, 1, and 3 mmol L−1) derived from sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) against three concentrations of Cd (0, 50, and 200 µmol L−1) in the form of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) with three replications were arranged in a complete randomized design. The pH of the nutrient solution was adjusted at 5. The averages of three random replications showed that the mutual impacts of Si and Cd in acidic pH on wheat roots depend on the concentrations of Si and Cd. The collective or particular influence of low or high levels of Si (1 or 3 mM) and acidic pH (5) improved the development of wheat roots, and the collective influence was more significant than that of a single parallel treatment. The combined effects of low or high concentrations of Cd (50 or 200 µM) and acidic pH significantly reduced root growth and biomass while increased antioxidants, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents. The incorporation of Si (1 or 3 mmol L−1) in Cd-contaminated acidic nutrient solution promoted the wheat root growth, decreased ROS contents, and further increased the antioxidants in the wheat roots compared with Cd single treatments in acidic pH. The demolishing effects were better with a high level of Si (3 mM) than the low level of Si (1 Mm). In conclusion, we could suggest Si as an effective beneficial nutrient that could participate actively in several morphological and physiological activities of roots in wheat plants grown under Cd and acidic pH stresses.

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Yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus) tolerates waterlogging better than narrow-leafed lupin (L. angustifolius) I. Shoot and root growth in a controlled environment

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar99073 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 51 (6) ◽

pp. 701 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

C. L. Davies ◽

D. W. Turner ◽

M. Dracup

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Western Australia ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Lupinus Luteus ◽

Controlled Environment ◽

Yellow Lupin ◽

Legume Crop ◽

Leaf Dry Weight ◽

Better Than

We studied the adaptation of narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) and yellow lupin (L. luteus) to waterlogging because yellow lupin may have potential as a new legume crop for coarse-textured, acidic, waterlogging-prone areas in Western Australia. In a controlled environment, plants were waterlogged for 14 days at 28 or 56 days after sowing (DAS). Plants were more sensitive when waterlogged from 56 to 70 DAS than from 28 to 42 DAS, root growth was more sensitive than shoot growth, and leaf expansion was more sensitive than leaf dry weight accumulation. Waterlogging reduced the growth of narrow-leafed lupin (60–81%) more than that of yellow lupin (25–56%) and the response was more pronounced 2 weeks after waterlogging ceased than at the end of waterlogging. Waterlogging arrested net root growth in narrow-leafed lupin but not in yellow lupin, so that after 2 weeks of recovery the root dry weight of yellow lupin was the same as that of the control plants but in narrow-leafed lupin it was 62% less than the corresponding control plants. Both species produced equal amounts of hypocotyl root when waterlogged from 28 to 42 DAS but yellow lupin produced much greater amounts than narrow-leafed lupin when waterlogged from 56 to 70 DAS.

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The Effect of Different Fertilization Treatments on Wheat Root Depth and Length Density Distribution in a Long-Term Experiment

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10091355 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1355

Author(s):

Pavel Svoboda ◽

Gabriela Kurešová ◽

Ivana Raimanová ◽

Eva Kunzová ◽

Jan Haberle

Keyword(s):

Density Distribution ◽

Root Length ◽

Root Length Density ◽

Resource Depletion ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Wheat Root ◽

Root Depth ◽

Wheat Roots ◽

Climate Conditions ◽

Long Term Experiment

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sixty years of contrasting fertilization treatments on the roots of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at sites with different soil and climate conditions. The depth and length density distribution of the wheat roots were determined between 2014 and 2016 in a crop rotation experiment established in 1955 at three sites: Lukavec, Čáslav, and Ivanovice (Czech Republic). Three fertilization treatments were examined: Zero fertilization (N0), organic (ORG) fertilization, and mineral (MIN) fertilization. The fertilization, site, and year all had a significant effect on the total root length (TRL). The average TRL per square meter reached 30.2, 37.0, and 46.1 km with the N0, ORG, and MIN treatments at Lukavec, respectively, which was the site with the lightest soil and the coldest climate. At Čáslav and Ivanovice (warmer sites with silt and loamy soils), the average TRL per square meter reached 41.2, 42.4, and 47.7 km at Čáslav and 49.2, 55.3, and 62.9 km at Ivanovice with the N0, MIN, and ORG treatments, respectively. The effect of fertilization on the effective root depth (EfRD), the depth at which the root length density dropped below 2.0 cm cm−3, was significant, while the maximum root depth (RMD) was only marginally affected. With the sites and years averaged, the MIN-treated plants showed a greater EfRD (102.2 cm) in comparison to the N0 (81.8 cm) and ORG (93.5 cm) treatments. The N0 treatment showed no signs of an adaptive reaction to the root system, with potential improvement for nutrient acquisition, while optimal fertilization contributed to the potential for resource depletion from the soil profile.

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The contrasting influence of short-term hypoxia on the hydraulic properties of cells and roots of wheat and lupin

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/fp09172 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 183 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Helen Bramley ◽

Neil C. Turner ◽

David W. Turner ◽

Stephen D. Tyerman

Keyword(s):

Hydraulic Conductivity ◽

Water Flow ◽

Hydraulic Properties ◽

Turgor Pressure ◽

Lupinus Luteus ◽

Yellow Lupin ◽

Cortical Cells ◽

Crop Species ◽

Wheat Roots ◽

Root Cells

Little is known about water flow across intact root cells and roots in response to hypoxia. Responses may be rapid if regulated by aquaporin activity, but only if water crosses membranes. We measured the transport properties of roots and cortical cells of three important crop species in response to hypoxia (0.05 mol O2 m–3): wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) and yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.). Hypoxia influenced solute transport within minutes of exposure as indicated by increases in root pressure (Pr) and decreases in turgor pressure (Pc), but these effects were only significant in lupins. Re-aeration returned Pr to original levels in yellow lupin, but in narrow-leafed lupin, Pr declined to zero or lower values without recovery even when re-aerated. Hypoxia inhibited hydraulic conductivity of root cortical cells (Lpc) in all three species, but only inhibited hydraulic conductivity of roots (Lpr) in wheat, indicating different pathways for radial water flow across lupin and wheat roots. The inhibition of Lpr of wheat depended on the length of the root, and inhibition of Lpc in the endodermis could account for the changes in Lpr. During re-aeration, aquaporin activity increased in wheat roots causing an overshoot in Lpr. The results of this study demonstrate that the roots of these species not only vary in hydraulic properties but also vary in their sensitivity to the same external O2 concentration.

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Diffusion of Carbon Compounds Away from Wheat Roots

Australian Journal of Biological Sciences ◽

10.1071/bi9691287 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 22 (5) ◽

pp. 1287 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

AD Rovira

Keyword(s):

Broad Bean ◽

French Bean ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Root Tip ◽

Apical Region ◽

Basal Region ◽

Wheat Roots ◽

Root Zones ◽

Carbon Compounds ◽

Intact Roots

The exudation of organic compounds from intact roots has been reported for many plant species, but most of these results record only the water-soluble exudates and provide no information on the sites of the exudation. Pearson and Parkinson (1961) and Schroth and Snyder (1961) reported greater exudation of compounds which reacted with ninhydrin and silver nitrate from the root tip and the elongating zone of the roots of seedlings of broad bean and French bean than from the older parts of the roots; while McDougall (1968) has reported greater exudation of 14C-labelled compounds from the lateral root zones of wheat than from the tip region. Bowen (1968) found that with Pinus radiata seedlings proportionately greater loss of 36Cl occurred from the apical region of the roots than from the basal region.

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Modeling root system growth around obstacles

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-72557-8 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Wencheng Jin ◽

Jayde Aufrecht ◽

Fernando Patino-Ramirez ◽

Heidy Cabral ◽

Chloé Arson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Root System ◽

Time Lapse ◽

Wheat Root ◽

Root System Architecture ◽

Main Axis ◽

Wheat Roots ◽

Wheat Seedlings ◽

Proposed Model ◽

3D Printed

Abstract State-of-the-Art models of Root System Architecture (RSA) do not allow simulating root growth around rigid obstacles. Yet, the presence of obstacles can be highly disruptive to the root system. We grew wheat seedlings in sealed petri dishes without obstacle and in custom 3D-printed rhizoboxes containing obstacles. Time-lapse photography was used to reconstruct the wheat root morphology network. We used the reconstructed wheat root network without obstacle to calibrate an RSA model implemented in the R-SWMS software. The root network with obstacles allowed calibrating the parameters of a new function that models the influence of rigid obstacles on wheat root growth. Experimental results show that the presence of a rigid obstacle does not affect the growth rate of the wheat root axes, but that it does influence the root trajectory after the main axis has passed the obstacle. The growth recovery time, i.e. the time for the main root axis to recover its geotropism-driven growth, is proportional to the time during which the main axis grows along the obstacle. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons between experimental and numerical results show that the proposed model successfully simulates wheat RSA growth around obstacles. Our results suggest that wheat roots follow patterns that could inspire the design of adaptive engineering flow networks.

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Surface application of lime ameliorates subsoil acidity and improves root growth and yield of wheat in an acid soil under no-till system

Scientia Agricola ◽

10.1590/s0103-90162006000500013 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 63 (5) ◽

pp. 502-509 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Eduardo Fávero Caires ◽

José Cristovão Leal Corrêa ◽

Susana Churka ◽

Gabriel Barth ◽

Fernando José Garbuio

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Acid Soil ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Wheat Root ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

No Till ◽

Subsurface Layers ◽

Crop Root

Crop root growth and grain yield can be affected by chemical modifications in the soil profile due to surface lime application. A field trial was carried out on a loamy dystrophic Typic Hapludox at Ponta Grossa, State of Paraná, Brazil, to evaluate root growth and grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. CD 104, moderately susceptible to Al), about 10 years after surface liming (0, 2, 4, and 6 Mg ha-1) and three years after surface re-liming (0 and 3 Mg ha-1), in a long-term no-till cultivation system. Soil acidity limited wheat root growth and yield severely, probably as a result of extended water deficits during the vegetative stage. Surface liming caused increases up to 66% in the root growth (0-60 cm) and up to 140% in the grain yield. Root density and grain yield were correlated positively with soil pH and exchangeable Ca2+, and negatively with exchangeable Al3+ and Al3+ saturation, in the surface and subsurface layers.

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Effectiveness of complex inoculation of spring wheat with N[2] -fi xing bacteria Azospirillum brasilense and mold-antagonist Chaetomium cochliodes

Agricultural science and practice ◽

10.15407/agrisp1.03.057 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 57-61

Author(s):

E. Kopylov

Keyword(s):

Spring Wheat ◽

Root Zone ◽

Wheat Root ◽

Root Surface ◽

Atmospheric Nitrogen ◽

Rhizospheric Soil ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Wheat Roots ◽

Chlorophyll A And B ◽

Polymerase Chain

Aim. To study the specifi cities of complex inoculation of spring wheat roots with the bacteria of Azospirillum genus and Chaetomium cochliodes Palliser 3250, and the isolation of bacteria of Azospirillum genus, capable of fi xing atmospheric nitrogen, from the rhizospheric soil, washed-off roots and histoshere. Materials and meth- ods. The phenotypic features of the selected bacteria were identifi ed according to Bergi key. The molecular the polymerase chain reaction and genetic analysis was used for the identifi cation the bacteria. Results. It has been demonstrated that during the introduction into the root system of spring wheat the strain of A. brasilensе 102 actively colonizes rhizospheric soil, root surface and is capable of penetrating into the inner plant tissues. Conclusions. The soil ascomucete of C. cochliodes 3250 promotes better settling down of Azospirillum cells in spring wheat root zone, especially in plant histosphere which induces the increase in the content of chlorophyll a and b in the leaves and yield of the crop.

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Effect of 24-epibrassinolide on localization of ABA, AZP, and dehydrins in wheat plant roots during dehydration

Biomics ◽

10.31301/2221-6197.bmcs.2020-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 329-336

Author(s):

A.R. Lubyanova ◽

F.M. Shakirova ◽

M.V. Bezrukova

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Wheat Germ ◽

Wheat Plant ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Immunohistochemical Localization ◽

Plant Roots ◽

Wheat Roots ◽

Wheat Seedlings ◽

Apoplastic Barrier ◽

Protective Proteins

We studied the immunohistochemical localization of abscisic acid (ABA), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and dehydrins in the roots of wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.) during 24-epibrassinolide-pretreatment (EB-pretreatment) and PEG-induced dehydration. It was found coimmunolocalization of ABA, WGA and dehydrins in the cells of central cylinder of basal part untreated and EB-pretreated roots of wheat seedlings under normal conditions and under osmotic stress. Such mutual localization ABA and protective proteins, WGA and dehydrins, indicates the possible effect of their distribution in the tissues of EB-pretreated wheat roots during dehydration on the apoplastic barrier functioning, which apparently contributes to decrease the water loss under dehydration. Perhaps, the significant localization of ABA and wheat lectin in the metaxylem region enhances EB-induced transport of ABA and WGA from roots to shoots under stress. It can be assumed that brassinosteroids can serve as intermediates in the realization of the protective effect of WGA and wheat dehydrins during water deficit.

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Persistent directional growth capability in Arabidopsis thaliana pollen tubes after nuclear elimination from the apex

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-021-22661-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kazuki Motomura ◽

Hidenori Takeuchi ◽

Michitaka Notaguchi ◽

Haruna Tsuchi ◽

Atsushi Takeda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽

Pollen Tube ◽

Sperm Cell ◽

Pollen Tubes ◽

Vegetative Nucleus ◽

Sperm Cells ◽

Apical Region ◽

Basal Region ◽

Specific Expression ◽

Directional Growth

AbstractDuring the double fertilization process, pollen tubes deliver two sperm cells to an ovule containing the female gametes. In the pollen tube, the vegetative nucleus and sperm cells move together to the apical region where the vegetative nucleus is thought to play a crucial role in controlling the direction and growth of the pollen tube. Here, we report the generation of pollen tubes in Arabidopsis thaliana whose vegetative nucleus and sperm cells are isolated and sealed by callose plugs in the basal region due to apical transport defects induced by mutations in the WPP domain-interacting tail-anchored proteins (WITs) and sperm cell-specific expression of a dominant mutant of the CALLOSE SYNTHASE 3 protein. Through pollen-tube guidance assays, we show that the physiologically anuclear mutant pollen tubes maintain the ability to grow and enter ovules. Our findings provide insight into the sperm cell delivery mechanism and illustrate the independence of the tip-localized vegetative nucleus from directional growth control of the pollen tube.

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