scholarly journals Wheat pre-anthesis development as affected by photoperiod sensitivity genes (Ppd-1) under contrasting photoperiods

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas I. Pérez-Gianmarco ◽  
Gustavo A. Slafer ◽  
Fernanda G. González
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Time ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Genetic Constitution ◽  
Qualitative Response ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitive ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitivity Genes ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Developmental Responses ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance

Fine tuning wheat phenology is of paramount importance for adaptation. A better understanding of how genetic constitution modulates the developmental responses during pre-anthesis phases would help to maintain or even increase yield potential as temperature increases due to climate change. The photoperiod-sensitive cultivar Paragon, and four near isogenic lines with different combinations of insensitivity alleles (Ppd-A1a, Ppd-B1a, Ppd-D1a or their triple stack) were evaluated under short (12 h) and long (16 h) photoperiods. Insensitivity alleles decreased time to anthesis and duration of the three pre-anthesis phases (vegetative, early reproductive and late reproductive), following the Ppd-D1a > Ppd-A1a > Ppd-B1a ranking of strength. Stacking them intensified the insensitivity, but had no additive effect over that of Ppd-D1a. The late reproductive phase was the most responsive, even exhibiting a qualitative response. Leaf plastochron was not affected but spikelet plastochron increased according to Ppd-1a ranking of strength. Earlier anthesis resulted from less leaves differentiated and a fine tuning effect of accelerated rate of leaf appearance. None of the alleles affected development exclusively during any particular pre-anthesis phase, which would be ideal for tailoring time to anthesis with specific partitioning of developmental time into particular phases. Other allelic variants should be further tested to this purpose.

scholarly journals Interactions between two QTLs for time to anthesis on spike development and fertility in wheat

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanka A. Basavaraddi ◽  
Roxana Savin ◽  
Luzie U Wingen ◽  
Stefano Bencivenga ◽  
Alexandra M. Przewieslik-Allen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Effect ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Spike Development ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Leaf Appearance Rate ◽  
Allelic Status ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance

AbstractEarliness per se (Eps) genes are reported to be important in fine-tuning flowering time in wheat independently of photoperiod (Ppd) and vernalisation (Vrn). Unlike Ppd and Vrn genes, Eps have relatively small effects and their physiological effect along with chromosomal position are not well defined. We evaluated eight lines derived from crossing Paragon and Baj (late and early flowering respectively), vernalisation insensitive, to study the detailed effects of two newly identified QTLs, Eps-7D and Eps-2B and their interactions under field conditions. The effect of both QTLs were minor but their effect was modulated by the allelic status of the other. While the magnitude of effect of these QTLs on anthesis was similar, they are associated with very different profiles of pre-anthesis development which also depends on their interaction. Eps-7D affected both duration before and after terminal spikelet while not affecting final leaf number (FLN) so Eps-7D-early had a faster rate of leaf appearance. Eps-2B acted more specifically in the early reproductive phase and slightly altered FLN without affecting the leaf appearance rate. Both Eps-7D and 2B affected the spike fertility by altering the rate of floret development and mortality. The effect of the latter was very small but consistent in that the -late allele tended to produced more fertile florets.

Leaf appearance rate and associated characters in some Mexican and Australian wheats

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Syme
Keyword(s):  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Polygenic Control ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Leaf Appearance Rate ◽  
Backcross Populations ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance ◽  
High Yield Potential

Three Mexican cultivars of high yield potential were compared in four field sowings with three Australian varieties of similar flowering time. The cultivars had different numbers of leaves on the main stem, associated mainly with differences in rate of leaf appearance rather than duration of leaf production. The Mexican cultivars produced leaves more quickly throughout growth, and this was repeated under glasshouse conditions. A fast rate of leaf appearance was associated with more spikelets and with faster tillering. Analysis of parental, F1, F2 and backcross populations of one cross showed leaf production rate to be under polygenic control with moderate heritability.

scholarly journals Interactions between two QTLs for time to anthesis on spike development and fertility in wheat

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanka A. Basavaraddi ◽  
Roxana Savin ◽  
Luzie U. Wingen ◽  
Stefano Bencivenga ◽  
Alexandra M. Przewieslik-Allen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Effect ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Spike Development ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Leaf Appearance Rate ◽  
Allelic Status ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance

AbstractEarliness per se (Eps) genes are reported to be important in fine-tuning flowering time in wheat independently of photoperiod (Ppd) and vernalisation (Vrn). Unlike Ppd and Vrn genes, Eps have relatively small effects and their physiological effect along with chromosomal position are not well defined. We evaluated eight lines derived from crossing two vernalisation insensitive lines, Paragon and Baj (late and early flowering respectively), to study the detailed effects of two newly identified QTLs, Eps-7D and Eps-2B and their interactions under field conditions. The effect of both QTLs was minor and was affected by the allelic status of the other. While the magnitude of effect of these QTLs on anthesis was similar, they are associated with very different profiles of pre-anthesis development which also depends on their interaction. Eps-7D affected both duration before and after terminal spikelet while not affecting final leaf number (FLN) so Eps-7D-early had a faster rate of leaf appearance. Eps-2B acted more specifically in the early reproductive phase and slightly altered FLN without affecting the leaf appearance rate. Both QTLs affected the spike fertility by altering the rate of floret development and mortality. The effect of Eps-2B was very small but consistent in that -late allele tended to produce more fertile florets.

Growth and Developmental Responses of Perennial Ryegrass Grown at Constant Temperature. II. Influence of Light and Temperature on Leaf, Tiller and Root Appearance

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
WF Hunt ◽  
VJ Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Exponential Growth Phase ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Developmental Responses ◽  
Root Axis ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance

Spaced plants of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv. Grasslands Ruanui) were grown in nutrient solution under six levels of irradiance at six temperatures (7-33°C). Response curves to light and temperature of leaf, tiller and root appearance rates were determined during the exponential growth phase. Appearance rate responses showed saturation-type kinetics with irradiance, the shape of the response curve being temperature dependent. Light-saturated appearance rates increased with temperature over the 7-17°C range, but were independent of temperature above 20°C. No apparent optimum temperature was found for leaf appearance, root appearance or tillering in the 7-33°C range. The ratios for both tillering/leaf appearance and root appearance/leaf appearance (light-saturated) were notable for their insensitivity to temperature. The results indicate that light and temperature determined the rate of leaf appearance through effects on the rate of assimilate supply and utilization at the stem apex. Leaf appearance rates determined the potential rates for tiller and root axis production through determining the sites available. Low irradiance combined with high temperature reduced tillering below the potential but did not reduce root production.

scholarly journals Photoperiod-sensitivity genes (Ppd-1): Quantifying their effect on the photoperiod response model in wheat

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas I Pérez-Gianmarco ◽  
Alan D Severini ◽  
Fernanda G González
Keyword(s):  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitivity ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Photoperiod Response ◽  
Potential Development ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitive ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitivity Genes

Abstract Coupling anthesis date to the best environment is critical for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) adaptation and yield potential. Development to anthesis is controlled by temperature and photoperiod. Response to photoperiod is chiefly modulated by Ppd-1 genes, but their effect on the quantitative response of i) time to anthesis, and ii) pre-anthesis phases to photoperiod remains largely unknown. A photoperiod-sensitive spring cultivar, Paragon, and near-isogenic lines of it carrying different combinations of Ppd-1a insensitivity alleles were tested under a wide range of photoperiods, including switches in photoperiod at the onset of stem elongation. Using multimodel inference we found that Ppd-1a alleles reduced photoperiod sensitivity from a) emergence to anthesis and b) emergence to onset of stem elongation, both in a less than additive manner, while threshold photoperiod and intrinsic earliness were unaffected. Sensitivity to current photoperiod from onset of stem elongation to flag leaf and from then to anthesis was milder than for previous phases and was not related to variability in Ppd-1. But ‘memory’ effects of previously experienced photoperiod on the duration from onset of stem elongation to flag leaf, was. The characterisation and quantification provided here of Ppd-1 allelic combinations’ effects on development should help increase genotype-to-phenotype models’ accuracy for predicting wheat phenology.

scholarly journals Effects of nitrogen on development and growth of the leaves of vegetables. 3. Appearance and expansion growth of leaves of spinach

1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-260
Author(s):  
H. Biemond
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Mature Leaf ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance ◽  
Main Factor

In a series of greenhouse and field trials, spinach cv. Trias plants were supplied with different amounts of N fertilizer in various split applications. Rates of leaf emergence and expansion were recorded, as well as final leaf size. The rate of leaf appearance varied between 0.16 and 0.57/day across experiments, but was hardly affected by N treatment. The rate of leaf expansion and mature leaf area increased with leaf number, reaching maximum values at leaf pair 3+4 or 5+6 and decreasing subsequently. Both characteristics were positively correlated with N supply. The duration of expansion was not influenced by N treatments and varied between 15 and 30 days in most experiments. The rate of leaf expansion was the main factor determining mature leaf size. Specific leaf area over all green leaves slowly decreased with time in most experiments and was around 300 cmsuperscript 2/g. As the differences in the number of leaves were small, the differences in total green leaf area per plant resulted from differences in the areas of individual mature leaves.

Effect of Corn-Induced Shading and Temperature on Rate of Leaf Appearance in Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.)

Weed Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 590-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephane M. Mclachlan ◽  
Clarence J. Swanton ◽  
Stephan F. Weise ◽  
Matthijs Tollenaar
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Field Temperature ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance

Leaf development and expansion are important factors in determining the outcome of crop-weed interference. The comparative effects of temperature and corn canopy-induced shading on the rate of leaf appearance (RLA) of redroot pigweed were quantified in this study. Growth cabinet results indicated a linear increase in RLA with increased temperature. Weed RLA was predicted utilizing both this function and field temperature data. The ratio of observed to predicted RLA of redroot pigweed grown in field experiments decreased in 1990 and 1991 as shading increased with increased corn density and delayed weed planting date. Results indicated that RLA is substantially affected by canopy-induced shading in addition to temperature.

scholarly journals Developmental genetics of leaf formation in Lolium: 1. Basic Patterns of Leaf Development in L. Multiflorum and L. Perenne

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. R. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Developmental Genetics ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Leaf Elongation ◽  
Leaf Formation ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance

1. Repeated measurements on the growth of individual leaves in seedlings and young plants of ryegrass combined with dissections of the apex of the shoot and of very young leaves have shown that the basic pattern of leaf formation is very similar in Lolium multiflorum and L. perenne.2. The initial growth rate of a leaf primordium is low but increases suddenly at a point when the primordium is somewhat longer than the apex and about 1 mm. in length. After this transition, which I have called the unfolding of the leaf, the rate of elongation is faster and more or less linear until the leaf is nearly mature.3. The time of unfolding of a leaf is very closely associated with the time of maturity of the next older leaf on the same side of the apex. Thus a leaf ceases growth when the next younger leaf immediately above it starts elongating rapidly, though which is cause and which is effect is it not possible to say.4. This close relationship between duration of leaf elongation and rate of unfolding of successive leaves holds for both species in two seasons. It leads one to predict that selection for increased leaf size, in so far as it is a result of greater duration of leaf elongation, is likely to be accompanied by a slower rate of leaf appearance, and conversely that selection for rate of leaf appearance is likely to result in smaller leaves.

The effect of leaf removal on flowering time in subterranean clover

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 893 ◽  
Author(s):  
WJ Collins ◽  
Y Aitken
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Leaf Removal ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance

The removal of fully expanded leaves delayed flowering by up to 30 days in subterranean clover cv. Mt. Barker sown in winter at Melbourne (38�S.). This effect on flowering was attributable partly to a delay in flower initiation and partly to a slower rate of leaf appearance after flower initiation. Thus leaf removal may be added to the factors already known to influence flower initiation in subterranean clover. When plants were grown under a 24 hr photoperiod. leaf removal had no effect on flower initiation; the slight delay that leaf removal caused in flowering was therefore due entirely to its effect in reducing the rate of leaf appearance. In other experiments leaf removal delayed the time of flower initiation but had no effect on the rate of leaf appearance. The effect of leaf removal on the time of flowering on the main shoot in lateral-dominant plants (as occur in the field) was qualitatively the same as in plants from which the laterals had been removed. Grazing management of subterranean clover which results in severe defoliation during early growth may delay flowering to such an extent that seed production is reduced substantially, and persistence thereby prejudiced.

Rate of Leaf Appearance in Crimson Clover

Crop Science ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 237-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Twain J. Butler ◽  
Gerald W. Evers ◽  
Mark A. Hussey ◽  
Larry J. Ringer
Keyword(s):  
Crimson Clover ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance
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