The evolutionary history of Lipsothrix Loew (Diptera : Tipuloidea) inferred through systematic revision and historical biogeographical analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 239
Author(s):  
Matthew Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Indian Plate ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
Systematic Revision ◽  
Ancestral Area ◽  
Western Palearctic ◽  
History Of ◽  
Biogeographical Analysis ◽  
Dispersal Events ◽  
One New Species

The evolutionary history of the crane fly genus Lipsothrix Lowe, 1873 was examined through a systematic revision of specimens maintained in natural history collections, parsimony analysis using TNT based on immature and adult morphology, and dispersal–vicariance analyses in RASP (Bayesian and S-DIVA). The genus Lipsothrix was found to contain 29 valid species, one subspecies (L. nobilis iranica) and three species maintained but in need of further evaluation (Lipsothrix burmica, L. heitfeldi, L. yakushimae). One species complex (L. shasta complex) was further resolved using ordination and cluster analyses. One new species is described, L. nullusarma, sp. nov., and three species are synonymised (L. fulva, L. mirifica, L. yamamotoana omogoensis). Phylogenetic analysis recovered a strongly supported and monophyletic Lipsothrix. The historical biogeographical analyses of Lipsothrix inferred an ancestral area in the Western Palearctic region that likely dates to the Eocene. One, or several, dispersal events occurred from the Western Palearctic before major diversification events occurred in the Oriental and Eastern Palearctic + Nearctic regions. Two major paleogeographical developments occurring in the Oriental and Eastern Palearctic + Nearctic regions are largely responsible for Lipsothrix diversification, the collision of the Indian plate with Asia and the rise of the trans-Beringian land bridges during the Tertiary and Quaternary.

Systematic revision of the living African Slender-snouted Crocodiles (Mecistops Gray, 1844)

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4504 (2) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
MATTHEW H. SHIRLEY ◽  
AMANDA N. CARR ◽  
JENNIFER H. NESTLER ◽  
KENT A. VLIET ◽  
CHRISTOPHER A. BROCHU
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
West African ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Systematic Revision ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Living Species ◽  
African Form

Molecular and morphological evidence has shown that the African slender-snouted, or sharp-nosed, crocodile Mecistops cataphractus (Cuvier, 1824) is comprised of two superficially cryptic species: one endemic to West Africa and the other endemic to Central Africa. Our ability to characterize the two species is compromised by the complicated taxonomic history of the lineage and overlapping ranges of variation in distinguishing morphological features. The name M. cataphractus was evidently originally based on West African material, but the holotype is now lost. Although types exist for other names based on the West African form, the name M. cataphractus is sufficiently entrenched in the literature, and other names sufficiently obscure, to justify retypification. Here, we designate a neotype for M. cataphractus and restrict it to West Africa. We resurrect M. leptorhynchus as a valid species from Central Africa and identify exemplary referred specimens that, collectively, overcome the obscurity and diagnostic limits of the extant holotype. We additionally indicate suitable neotype material in the event the holotype is lost, destroyed, or otherwise needing replacement, and we rectify the previously erroneous type locality designation. We provide a revised diagnosis for crown Mecistops, and revise and update previous descriptions of the two living species, including providing both more complete descriptions and discussion of diagnostic characters. Finally, we provide considerable discussion of the current state of knowledge of these species’ ecology, natural history, and distribution. 

scholarly journals The phylogeny and systematics of Xiphosura

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10431
Author(s):  
James C. Lamsdell
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Systematic Revision ◽  
Ecological History ◽  
Living Fossils ◽  
Modern Species ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
History Of ◽  
Taxonomic Framework

Xiphosurans are aquatic chelicerates with a fossil record extending into the Early Ordovician and known from a total of 88 described species, four of which are extant. Known for their apparent morphological conservatism, for which they have gained notoriety as supposed ‘living fossils’, recent analyses have demonstrated xiphosurans to have an ecologically diverse evolutionary history, with several groups moving into non-marine environments and developing morphologies markedly different from those of the modern species. The combination of their long evolutionary and complex ecological history along with their paradoxical patterns of morphological stasis in some clades and experimentation among others has resulted in Xiphosura being of particular interest for macroevolutionary study. Phylogenetic analyses have shown the current taxonomic framework for Xiphosura—set out in the Treatise of Invertebrate Paleontology in 1955—to be outdated and in need of revision, with several common genera such as Paleolimulus Dunbar, 1923 and Limulitella Størmer, 1952 acting as wastebasket taxa. Here, an expanded xiphosuran phylogeny is presented, comprising 58 xiphosuran species as part of a 158 taxon chelicerate matrix coded for 259 characters. Analysing the matrix under both Bayesian inference and parsimony optimisation criteria retrieves a concordant tree topology that forms the basis of a genus-level systematic revision of xiphosuran taxonomy. The genera Euproops Meek, 1867, Belinurus König, 1820, Paleolimulus, Limulitella, and Limulus are demonstrated to be non-monophyletic and the previously synonymized genera Koenigiella Raymond, 1944 and Prestwichianella Cockerell, 1905 are shown to be valid. In addition, nine new genera (Andersoniella gen. nov., Macrobelinurus gen. nov., and Parabelinurus gen. nov. in Belinurina; Norilimulus gen. nov. in Paleolimulidae; Batracholimulus gen. nov. and Boeotiaspis gen. nov. in Austrolimulidae; and Allolimulus gen. nov., Keuperlimulus gen. nov., and Volanalimulus gen. nov. in Limulidae) are erected to accommodate xiphosuran species not encompassed by existing genera. One new species, Volanalimulus madagascarensis gen. et sp. nov., is also described. Three putative xiphosuran genera—Elleria Raymond, 1944, Archeolimulus Chlupáč, 1963, and Drabovaspis Chlupáč, 1963—are determined to be non-xiphosuran arthropods and as such are removed from Xiphosura. The priority of Belinurus König, 1820 over Bellinurus Pictet, 1846 is also confirmed. This work is critical for facilitating the study of the xiphosuran fossil record and is the first step in resolving longstanding questions regarding the geographic distribution of the modern horseshoe crab species and whether they truly represent ‘living fossils’. Understanding the long evolutionary history of Xiphosura is vital for interpreting how the modern species may respond to environmental change and in guiding conservation efforts.

scholarly journals The first definitive Middle Jurassic atoposaurid (Crocodylomorpha, Neosuchia), and a discussion on the genus Theriosuchus

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark T. Young ◽  
Jonathan Tennant ◽  
Stephen L. Brusatte ◽  
Thomas J. Challands ◽  
Nicholas C. Fraser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Jurassic ◽  
Late Jurassic ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
History Of ◽  
Isle Of Skye ◽  
Broad Scale

Atoposaurids were a clade of semiaquatic crocodyliforms known from the Late Jurassic to the latest Cretaceous. Tentative remains from Europe, Morocco, and Madagascar may extend their range into the Middle Jurassic. Here we report the first unambiguous Middle Jurassic (late Bajocian–Bathonian) atoposaurid: an anterior dentary from the Isle of Skye, Scotland, UK. A comprehensive review of atoposaurid specimens demonstrates that this dentary can be referred to Theriosuchus based on several derived characters, and differs from the five previously recognized species within this genus. Despite several diagnostic features, we conservatively refer it to Theriosuchus sp., pending the discovery of more complete material. As the oldest known definitively diagnostic atoposaurid, this discovery indicates that the oldest members of this group were small-bodied, had heterodont dentition, and were most likely widespread components of European faunas. Our review of mandibular and dental features in atoposaurids not only allows us to present a revised diagnosis of Theriosuchus, but also reveals a great amount of variability within this genus, and indicates that there are currently five valid species that can be differentiated by unique combinations of dental characteristics. This variability can be included in future broad-scale cladistics analyses of atoposaurids and closely related crocodyliforms, which promise to help untangle the complicated taxonomy and evolutionary history of Atoposauridae.

scholarly journals Ancient crested penguin constrains timing of recruitment into seabird hotspot

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1932) ◽  
pp. 20201497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel B. Thomas ◽  
Alan J. D. Tennyson ◽  
R. Paul Scofield ◽  
Tracy A. Heath ◽  
Walker Pett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Ancestral Area ◽  
Total Group ◽  
Late Neogene ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dietary Shifts ◽  
A New Species

New Zealand is a globally significant hotspot for seabird diversity, but the sparse fossil record for most seabird lineages has impeded our understanding of how and when this hotspot developed. Here, we describe multiple exceptionally well-preserved specimens of a new species of penguin from tightly dated (3.36–3.06 Ma) Pliocene deposits in New Zealand. Bayesian and parsimony analyses place Eudyptes atatu sp. nov. as the sister species to all extant and recently extinct members of the crested penguin genus Eudyptes . The new species has a markedly more slender upper beak and mandible compared with other Eudyptes penguins. Our combined evidence approach reveals that deep bills evolved in both crested and stiff-tailed penguins ( Pygoscelis ) during the Pliocene. That deep bills arose so late in the greater than 60 million year evolutionary history of penguins suggests that dietary shifts may have occurred as wind-driven Pliocene upwelling radically restructured southern ocean ecosystems. Ancestral area reconstructions using BioGeoBEARS identify New Zealand as the most likely ancestral area for total-group penguins, crown penguins and crested penguins. Our analyses provide a timeframe for recruitment of crown penguins into the New Zealand avifauna, indicating this process began in the late Neogene and was completed via multiple waves of colonizing lineages.

Phylogeny and evolutionary history of the Sombre Tit, Poecile lugubris in the western Palearctic (Aves, Paridae)

2021 ◽  
pp. 107343
Author(s):  
Somayeh Pourebrahimi ◽  
Omid Mirshamsi ◽  
Seyed Mahmoud Ghasempouri ◽  
Faezeh Yazdani Moghaddam ◽  
Mansour Aliabadian
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Western Palearctic ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals Complex interplay of ancient vicariance and recent patterns of geographical speciation in north-western North American temperate rainforests explains the phylogeny of jumping slugs (Hemphillia spp.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 127 (4) ◽  
pp. 876-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M Rankin ◽  
Thomas Wilke ◽  
Michael Lucid ◽  
William Leonard ◽  
Anahí Espíndola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Complex Interplay ◽  
Ancestral Area ◽  
Genetic Lineages ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
History Of ◽  
Biogeographical Analysis ◽  
Temperate Rainforests ◽  
North Western

AbstractThe history of the currently disjunct temperate rainforests of the Pacific Northwest of North America has shaped the evolution and diversity of endemics. This study focuses on how geological and climatic perturbations have driven speciation in the area by isolating lineages. We investigated the phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography of the endemic jumping slugs (genus Hemphillia) using a multi-locus phylogeny. We evaluated the spatial distribution and divergence times of major lineages, generated ancestral area probabilities and inferred the biogeographical history of the genus. Our study revealed eight genetic lineages that formed three clades: one clade consisting of two Coast/Cascade lineages, and two reciprocally monophyletic clades that each contain a Coast/Cascade and two Rocky Mountains taxa. The results of the biogeographical analysis suggest that the ancestral range of the genus occupied Coast/Cascade habitats and then spread across into Northern Rocky Mountain interior habitats with subsequent fragmentations isolating coastal and inland lineages. Finally, there have been more recent speciation events among three lineage pairs that have shaped shallow structures of all clades. We add to our knowledge of the biogeographical history of the region in that we discovered diversification and speciation events that have occurred in ways more complex than previously thought.

scholarly journals Review of the effusus group of the Lanternfly genus Pyrops Spinola, 1839, with one new species and notes on trophobiosis (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae)

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jérôme Constant
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
History Of ◽  
Unidentified Species ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
One New Species

The species group effusus of the genus Pyrops Spinola, 1839 is reviewed and the nomenclatural history of the genus Pyrops is briefly summarized. One new species from eastern Borneo, Pyrops synavei sp. nov., is described. P. gunjii (Satô & Nagai, 1994) stat. nov. is proposed as a valid species instead of a subspecies of P. whiteheadi (Distant, 1889). P. maquilinganus (Baker, 1925) is removed from the effusus group and placed back into the candelaria group. P. cyanirostris (Guérin-Méneville, 1845) is removed from the group and not attributed to any of the currently defined species groups. An illustrated key to the species of the group with the addition of P. intricatus (Walker, 1857) and a distribution map are given. The effusus group is restricted to Borneo and adjacent Laut Island and presently contains 4 species: P. effusus (Distant, 1891), P. gunjii (Satô & Nagai, 1994) stat.nov., P. synavei sp. nov. and P. whiteheadi (Distant, 1889). Trophobiosis observations with the gecko Gehyra mutilata (Wiegmann, 1835) (Reptilia: Squamata: Gekkonidae) and two species of cockroaches (Insecta: Blattodea), one Dorylaea sp. and an unidentified species of Pseudophyllodromiinae, are reported and illustrated for P. whiteheadi; observation with a cockroach, Dorylaea sp., is reported for P. intricatus.

Phylogenetic and biogeographical analysis of the New Zealand Helicopsyche von Siebold (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kjell Arne Johanson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Ancestral Area ◽  
Distribution Ranges ◽  
Minimum Age ◽  
History Of ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Biogeographical Analysis ◽  
Von Siebold

AbstractThe phylogenetic relationship between the seven known New Zealand Helicopsyche von Siebold, 1856 species is outlined. The New Zealand Helicopsyche comprises Helicopsyche albescens Tillyard, 1924, Helicopsyche poutini McFarlane, 1964, Helicopsyche howesi Tillyard, 1924, Helicopsyche zealandica Hudson, 1904, Helicopsyche haurapango Johanson, 1999, Helicopsyche torinoJohanson, 1999, and Helicopsyche cuvieri Johanson, 1999 and the cladistic analysis revealed a single most parsimonious tree, ((albescens, (poutini, howesi)), (zealandica, (haurapango, (torino, cuvieri)))). The basal species in the two species groups formed, H. zeczlandica and H. albescens, are widely distributed in both North Island and South Island, while the derived species have more restricted distribution ranges and sister clades form non-overlapping distributions. New Zealand was divided into four and five separate geographical entities based on a) distribution patterns from the Helicopsyche and primitive Lepidoptera and b) distribution patterns from the Helicopsyche alone, respectively. To map the history of Helicopsyche in New Zealand reconciliation using COMPONENT 2.0 and Dispersal-Vicariance analysis by DIVA 1.1 was applied in the search for a reduced area cladogram and ancestral areas, respectively. The results indicate that the southernmost part was part of the ancestral area, and that the division of the earliest ancestor has a minimum age of 10 million years.

scholarly journals Evolutionary history of field mice (Murinae: Apodemus), with emphasis on morphological variation among species in China and description of a new species

2019 ◽  
Vol 187 (2) ◽  
pp. 518-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deyan Ge ◽  
Anderson Feijó ◽  
Jilong Cheng ◽  
Liang Lu ◽  
Rongrong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Guizhou Province ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Ancestral Area ◽  
History Of ◽  
Living Species ◽  
Field Mice ◽  
A New Species

AbstractMice of the genus Apodemus are widely distributed across Eurasia. Several species of this genus are hosts of important zoonotic diseases and parasites. The evolutionary history and dispersal routes of these mice remain unclear and the distribution of these species in China was poorly explored in previous studies. We here investigate the divergence times and historical geographical evolution of Apodemus and study the taxonomy of species in China by integrating molecular and morphological data. The crown age of this genus is dated to the Late Miocene, approximately 9.84 Mya. Western and Central Asia were inferred as the most likely ancestral area of this genus. Moreover, we recognize nine living species of Apodemus in China: Apodemus uralensis, A. agrarius, A. chevrieri, A. latronum, A. peninsulae, A. draco, A. ilex, A. semotus and A. nigrus sp. nov., the last from the highlands (elevation > 1984 m) of Fanjing Mountain in Guizhou Province and Jinfo Mountain in Chongqing Province. This new species diverged from A. draco, A. semotus and A. ilex approximately 4.53 Mya. The discovery of A. nigrus highlights the importance of high mountains as refugia and ‘isolated ecological islands’ for temperate species in south-eastern China.

scholarly journals The Phylogenetic Relationships of Tiaronthophagus n.gen. (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Onthophagini) Evaluated by Phenotypic Characters

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Angela Roggero ◽  
Philippe Moretto ◽  
Enrico Barbero ◽  
Claudia Palestrini
Keyword(s):  
New Genus ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Ancestral Area ◽  
Phenotypic Characters ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Present Distribution ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Biogeographical Analysis ◽  
Dispersal Events

A necro-coprophagous new genus tha is widespread in the whole Sub-Saharan Africa was identified within the tribe Onthophagini and named Tiaronthophagus n.gen. The new genus, which is well characterized by an exclusive set of characters, comprises, at present, 26 species. Twenty species were formerly included in the genus Onthophagus and six were identified and here described as new species: Tiaronthophagus angolensis n.sp., T. jossoi n.sp., T. katanganus n.sp., T. rolandoi n.sp., T. saadaniensis n.sp., and T. zambesianus n.sp. A phylogenetic analysis that is based on a combined matrix, including discrete and landmark characters, was done. The landmark characters were tested using the geometric morphometrics techniques before their inclusion in the matrix. One single, fully resolved tree was obtained, with Tiaronthophagus constituting a distinct, monophyletic clade within Onthophagini, which was clearly separated from the other genera examined here. The biogeographical analysis identified the Central Africa as the ancestral area of the new genus and it mainly accounted for dispersal events leading to the present distribution. The generic rank that is assigned to the taxon is supported by the results of the morphological, phylogenetic, and biogeographical analyses, and by the comparison to the outgroups.

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