A phylogenetic analysis of New Zealand giant and tree weta (Orthoptera : Anostostomatidae : Deinacrida and Hemideina) using morphological and genetic characters

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Morgan-Richards ◽  
George W. Gibbs
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypothesis ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Life Styles ◽  
Multiple Origins ◽  
Tree Weta ◽  
Genetic Characters

A phylogenetic analysis of New Zealand weta from the sub-family Deinacridinae is presented. Eighteen species were studied using 27 genetic characters (allozyme and cytogenetic) and 25 morphological characters. The combined data set produced a phylogenetic hypothesis with twelve well-supported nodes. Despite the great diversity of habitats and life styles exhibited by the eleven Deinacrida White species a well-supported bipartition separates them from the seven Hemideina Walker species. Six of the Hemideina species formed a monophyletic clade, with respect to H. broughi (Buller). Evolution of stridulatory ridges used for sound production in both defence and intraspecific communication appears to have occurred at least twice. Adaptation to the recent New Zealand alpine environment has also had multiple origins. Biogeographic interpretations from the phylogenetic hypothesis are discussed.

scholarly journals Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): from characters to taxonomy

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Marcos Mirande
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypothesis ◽  
Phylogenetic Information ◽  
Neotropical Fishes ◽  
Incertae Sedis ◽  
The Family ◽  
Taxonomic Implications

The family Characidae is the most diverse among Neotropical fishes. Systematics of this family are mainly based on pre-cladistic papers, and only recently a phylogenetic hypothesis for Characidae was proposed by the author. That phylogeny was based on 360 morphological characters studied for 160 species, including representatives of families related to Characidae. This paper is based on that phylogenetic analysis, with the analyzed characters described herein and documented, accompanied by comparisons of their definition and coding in previous papers. Synapomorphies of each node of the proposed phylogeny are listed, comparisons with previous classifications provided, and autapomorphies of the analyzed species listed. Taxonomic implications of the proposed classification and the position of the incertae sedis genera within Characidae are discussed. A discussion of the phylogenetic information of the characters used in the classical systematics of the Characidae is provided.

Classification, reconstructed phylogeny and geographical history of genera of Pilipalpinae (Coleoptera : Tenebrionoidea : Pyrochroidae)

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 563 ◽  
Author(s):  
DA Pollock
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Type Species ◽  
New Genera ◽  
Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Geological Evidence ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
Single Clade ◽  
History Of

The 12 genera of Pilipalpinae are classified on the basis of characters of larvae and adults. Three new genera and six new species are here described: Malagaethes, gen. nov. (type species M. lawrencei, sp. nov.); Ranomafana, gen. nov. (type species R. steineri, sp. nov.); Binburrum, gen. nov. (type species Techmessa ruficollis Champion); Binburrum angusticollis, sp. nov.; Binburrum concavifrons, sp. nov.; Cycloderus immaculicollis, sp. nov. and Cycloderus hirsutus, sp. nov. The following new synonymies of specific names are proposed (with valid names given first): Paromarteon constans Lea, 1917 = Eucistela cyanea Carter, 1922; Paromarteon mutabile Blackburn, 1897 = Paromarteon mutabile var. nigripenne Lea, 1920; Temnopalpus bicolor Blackburn, 1888 = Temnopalpus tricolor Lea, 1920; Pilipalpus dasytoides Fairmaire, 1876 = Copobaenus maculicollis Pic, 1942 and Pilipalpus danvini Abdullah, 19646; Exocalopus pectinatus Broun, 1893 = Exocalopus antennalis Broun, 1903. The following subspecies have been elevated to species rank: Paromarteon apicale Lea, Paromarteon fasciatum Lea and Paromarteon parvum Lea. Phylogenetic analysis of 30 structural characters of larvae and adults yielded the following set of incompletely resolved relationships among genera of Pilipalpinae: (((Paromarteon + ((Temnopalpus + Malagaethes) + Pilipalpus + (Ranomafana + (Incollogenius + ((Exocalopus + (Binburrum + (Cycloderus + Morpholycus)) + Techmessodes) + Techmessa))))). The data set contained much homoplasy and several reversals. The historical geographical relationships inferred from the reconstructed phylogeny were compared with geological evidence for the break-up of Pangaea and Gondwanaland. The ancestral stock of Pilipalpinae was widespread on Gondwanaland, and differentiated through its fragmentation. Remnant relict genera persisted on Madagascar, New Zealand, southern South America (Magellanica), and Australia. Brooks Parsimony Analysis was conducted on the data resulting in the following area relationships: (Holarctic + (Madagascar + (New Zealand + (Australia + Chile)))). This agrees generally with accepted geological evidence and is considered support for they hypothesised phylogeny. A single clade (Temnopalpus + Malagaethes) was in disagreement (homoplasous) with the area cladogram, indicating possible incongruence in the data. The area relationships of other Southern Hemisphere groups were compared with Pilipalpinae.

Comparing the fit of stratigraphic and morphologic data in phylogenetic analysis

Paleobiology ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Clyde ◽  
Daniel C. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Retention Indices ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypothesis ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses ◽  
Morphologic Data

Stratigraphic data are compared to morphologic data in terms of their fit to phylogenetic hypotheses for 29 data sets taken from the literature. Stratigraphic fit is measured using MacClade's stratigraphic character, which tracks the number of independent discrepancies between observed order and the order of occurrence that would be expected on the basis of a given phylogenetic hypothesis. Acceptance of a phylogenetic hypothesis despite such discrepancies requires ad hoc hypotheses concerning differential probabilities of preservation and recovery. These stratigraphic ad hoc hypotheses are treated as logically equivalent to morphologic ad hoc hypotheses of homoplasy. The retention index is used to compare the number of stratigraphic and morphologic ad hoc hypotheses required by given phylogenetic hypotheses. Each data set is subjected to five analyses, varying in the constraints imposed on the structure of the phylogenetic tree against which fit is measured. Analyses 1–4 compare the stratigraphic and morphologic retention indices using phylogenetic trees consistent with the morphologically most-parsimonious cladogram reported in the original study. Analysis 5 compares retention indices using the overall (stratigraphically and morphologically) most-parsimonious phylogenetic tree, which may be, but is not necessarily, consistent with the reported cladogram. Proceeding from Analysis 1 to Analysis 5, stratigraphic data are allowed greater influence in determining the structure of phylogenetic trees, with the trees in Analysis 1 derived without reference to the stratigraphic character and the trees in Analysis 5 derived from full interaction of stratigraphic and morphologic characters. Morphologic and stratigraphic retention indices for these 29 studies cannot be statistically distinguished in comparisons 3–5, suggesting very similar degrees of fit. The values of these retention indices are high, indicating a generally high level of congruence under these phylogenetic hypotheses. Significant gains (49%) in stratigraphic fit can be realized without significant loss (4%) in morphologic fit as the stratigraphic and morphologic evidence are both allowed to participate in constraining the structure of phylogenetic hypotheses. These results suggest that arguments based on alleged “noisiness” of stratigraphic data offer inadequate grounds for ignoring stratigraphic order in phylogenetic analysis. In terms of congruence, stratigraphic and morphologic data perform about equally well.

scholarly journals Restructuring the Ancorabolidae Sars (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) and Cletodidae T. Scott, with a new phylogenetic hypothesis regarding the relationships of the Laophontoidea T. Scott, Ancorabolidae and Cletodidae

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-498
Author(s):  
Kai Horst George
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypothesis ◽  
The Family ◽  
Swimming Leg

Uncovering the systematics of CopepodaHarpacticoida, the second-most abundant component of the meiobenthos after Nematoda, is of major importance for any further research dedicated especially to ecological and biogeographical approaches. Based on the evolution of the podogennontan first swimming leg, a new phylogenetic concept of the Ancorabolidae Sars and Cletodidae T. Scott sensu Por (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) is presented, using morphological characteristics. It confirms the polyphyletic status of the Ancorabolidae and its subfamily Ancorabolinae Sars and the paraphyletic status of the subfamily Laophontodinae Lang. Moreover, it clarifies the phylogenetic relationships of the so far assigned members of the family. An exhaustive phylogenetic analysis was undertaken using 150 morphological characters, resulting in the establishment of a now well-justified monophylum Ancorabolidae. In that context, the Ancorabolus-lineage sensu Conroy-Dalton and Huys is elevated to sub-family rank. Furthermore, the membership of Ancorabolina George in a rearranged monophylum Laophontodinae is confirmed. Conversely, the Ceratonotus-group sensu Conroy-Dalton is transferred from the hitherto Ancorabolinae to the Cletodidae. Within these, the Ceratonotus-group and its hypothesised sister-group Cletodes Brady are combined to form a monophyletic subfamily Cletodinae T. Scott, subfam. nov. Consequently, it was necessary to restructure the Ancorabolidae, Ancorabolinae and Laophontodinae and extend the Cletodidae to include the displacement and exclusion of certain taxa. Moreover, comparison of the Ancorabolidae, Cletodidae, Laophontoidea and other Podogennonta shows that the Ancorabolidae and Cletodidae form sister-groups in a monophylum Cletodoidea Bowman and Abele, which similarly has a sister-group-relationship with the Laophontoidea T. Scott. According to the present study, both taxa constitute a derived monophylum within the Podogennonta Lang.

scholarly journals CHARACTER ASSESSMENT, GENUS LEVEL BOUNDARIES, AND PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES OF THE FAMILY RHACOPHORIDAE:

2000 ◽  
pp. 1-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffery A. Wilkinson ◽  
Robert C. Drewes
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypothesis ◽  
Genus Level ◽  
The Family ◽  
Character Assessment

The first comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the family Rhacophoridae was conducted by Liem (1970) scoring 81 species for 36 morphological characters. Channing (1989), in a reanalysis of Liem’s study, produced a phylogenetic hypothesis different from that of Liem. We compared the two studies and produced a third phylogenetic hypothesis based on the same characters. We also present the synapomorphic characters from Liem that define the major clades and each genus within the family. Finally, we summarize intergeneric relationships within the family as hypothesized by other studies, and the family’s current status as it relates to other ranoid families.

scholarly journals Molecular and Phylogenetic Analysis of Family Aeshnidae of Hazara Region, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (01) ◽  
pp. 109-116
Author(s):  
Sardar Azhar Mehmood
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Evolutionary Rate ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Mitochondrial Genes ◽  
Bootstrap Support ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Single Genus ◽  
Shared Genetic

Current study was conducted on family Aeshnidae from Hazara region of Pakistan. During the survey a total of 125 members were collected and identified into 2 species under single genus. The present study focuses on molecular characterizations and phylogenetics of family Aeshnidae. Phylogenies of the analyzed taxa were elaborated with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian analysis. We sequenced both mitochondrial genes i.e., COI and 16S rRNA, separate and combined CO1+16S data sets revealed evolutionary relationship within Aeshnidae at the species and genera level. Mean Pairwise Distances (MPD) of each species were ranged from 0.00 to 84.60%. Evolutionary rate differences among two categories Gamma distribution and Invariant were recorded as 0.07 and 1.20 substitutions per site. DNA based identification using CO1, 16S and combined CO1+16S data set, for all Aeshnidae species shared genetic similarities having bootstrap values MLB=70–100%, MPB= 52–100% and BPP=0.75–1% respectively. The analysis of the combined (COI+16S) data set produced trees with complete stronger bootstrap support than analyses of either gene alone. These findings had shown that the taxonomic position of Aeshnidae species based on morphological characters could be verified, further improved and confirmed by the use of modern molecular biological tools which involve the nucleotide sequences of genes used in phylogenetic investigations. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

Preliminary considerations on phylogeny of Simuliidae Genera from Southern Hemisphere (Insecta, Diptera)

Zootaxa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 1643 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
LEONARDO H. GIL-AZEVEDO ◽  
MARILZA MAIA-HERZOG
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Data Matrix ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypothesis

In this paper, the first phylogenetic hypothesis for the 13 Southern Hemisphere genera of Simuliidae is proposed, through a cladistic approach. In order to investigate the position of those genera representatives of five Northern Hemisphere genera were also included in the analyses as outgroups. The study was based on a data matrix with 33 terminal taxa and 119 morphological characters of adult, pupa and larva. The phylogenetic analysis under equal weights resulted in four most parsimonious trees, with similar topologies and 349 steps (CI = 49; RI = 68). The analyses showed that all Southern Hemisphere genera of Simuliidae are closer to Simuliini than to Prosimuliini. According to our analyses, Araucnephia Wygodzinsky & Coscarón and Paracnephia Rubtsov are polyphyletic, and Gigantodax Enderlein and Crozetia Davies are monophyletic. It is possible also to recognize the following groups (A. iberaensis Coscarón & Coscarón-Arias + Lutzsimulium s.l. d’Andretta & d’Andretta); ((Simulium Latreille + Metacnephia Crosskey) (Cnesiamima Wygodzinsky & Coscarón (Paraustrosimulium Wygodzinsky & Coscarón + Austrosimulium Tonnoir))); and ((Paracnephia of Australia + Cnesia Enderlein) (Pedrowygomyia Coscarón & Miranda-Esquivel + Gigantodax Enderlein)).

Phylogenetic relationships of the Australian Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera)

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faye Christidis
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Sister Group Relationship

Phylogenetic relationships among the Australian Leptophlebiidae genera and selected genera from South America and New Zealand were investigated using a cladistic analysis of 43 morphological characters. The outcomes of this analysis were largely consistent with the higher-level relationships previously proposed by Pescador and Peters (1980). The monophyly of the Meridialaris lineage (comprising Austrophlebioides, Tillyardophlebia, Kirrara, ‘WT sp. 1’ and ‘WT sp. 2’ from Australia, Meridialaris from South America and Deleatidium and Atalophlebioides from New Zealand) was strongly supported, as was the monophyly of the Nousia lineage (Nyungara, Nousia and Koorrnonga). However, Australian genera assigned to the Hapsiphlebia lineage (Atalophlebia, Kalbaybaria, Ulmerophlebia, Jappa and Atalomicria) did not form a monophlyletic group. There was support for a sister-group relationship between the Dactylophlebia and Meridialaris lineages, and for the placement of Garinjuga (Penaphlebia lineage) as the sister-group to a large clade comprising genera of the Nousia, Dactylophlebia and Meridialaris lineages. The phylogenetic analysis provided some clarification of the affinities of Neboissophlebia, Bibulmena, Loamaggalangta and Kaninga. These genera appear to belong to lineages not recognised previously among the Gondwanan Leptophlebiidae.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic relationships based on morphological data and taxonomy of the genus Salvadora Baird & Girard, 1853 (Reptilia, Colubridae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 764 ◽  
pp. 85-118
Author(s):  
Carlos A. Hernández-Jiménez ◽  
Oscar Flores-Villela ◽  
Aranzazú Aguilar-Bremauntz ◽  
Jonathan A. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypothesis ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Parsimony Criterion ◽  
Entire Distribution

The genus Salvadora has not been subjected to a modern phylogenetic analysis. Described in 1853, its taxonomic history is complex and confusing. In this study, we evaluate the monophyly of the genus and present the first phylogenetic hypothesis based on an analysis of 66 qualitative and quantitative morphological characters of over 1000 specimens representing all described taxa across their entire distribution. Morphological characters were processed in Fast Morphology for subsequent phylogenetic analysis in PAUP under the maximum parsimony criterion. We obtained a single tree in which Salvadora appears as a monophyletic group with two clearly defined geographic species groups: a southern mexicana group and a northern grahamiae group. Based on our phylogenetic hypothesis, we evaluate the taxonomic status of all described taxa. Additionally, we include a diagnosis for all species, distribution maps, and an illustrated dichotomous taxonomic key of the genus.

Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Helicopha Mosely (Trichoptera: Helicophidae), with description of five new species from New Caledonia

2003 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kjell Arne Johanson
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
New Species ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractFive new Helicopha species are described from New Caledonia: H. paniensis sp.n., H. amieuensis sp.n., H. einap sp.n., H. ramea sp.n. and H. dognyensis sp.n. The new species are all endemic to New Caledonia and described herein. Distributional data is included on maps for all eight New Caledonian Helicopha species. A key to the males of New Caledonian Helicophidae is presented. Phylogenetic analyses performed on morphological characters of the males of Helicophidae species show that the New Caledonia Helicopha are monophyletic, but the relationship between the Australian and New Caledonian Helicopha species is at present not fully understood. Analyzing with equally weighted characters leaves the Australian Helicopha as the sistergroup to the New Caledonian Helicopha. When characters are weighted using implied weights and concavity constant of 2, the New Zealand Zelolessica split the New Caledonian and Australian Helicopha, leaving Helicopha paraphyletic. The monotypic New Caledonian genus Briama is closely related to Helicopha in all results.

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