scholarly journals Getting closer to a vaccine against malaria

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Robin F Anders
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Vaccine ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Early Case ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Global Eradication ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Early Case Detection

Despite recent progress in the control of malaria in several countries, this disease still kills nearly one million young children in sub-Saharan Africa each year and it contributes significantly to poverty in many of the poorest countries in the world. The effective use of existing control tools (insecticide-impregnated bed nets, residual insecticide spraying and early case detection with effective treatment) should eliminate malaria from additional regions but global eradication of malaria is not feasible without the development of a highly effective vaccine. The most advanced malaria vaccine, known as RTS,S, is likely to be licensed for use in the next few years. The protective efficacy of RTS,S is unlikely to exceed 50% but numerous other approaches to vaccinating against malaria are showing some promise and, consequently, there are good prospects that a second-generation malaria vaccine will be much more effective.

RTS,S/AS01, a vaccine targeting pre-erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-537
Author(s):  
Lorenz von Seidlein ◽  
Borimas Hanboonkunupakarn ◽  
Podjanee Jittmala ◽  
Sasithon Pukrittayakamee
Keyword(s):  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
European Medicines Agency ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Pivotal Phase ◽  
Malaria Epidemiology ◽  
Maximum Benefit ◽  
Sub Saharan

RTS,S/AS01 is the most advanced vaccine to prevent malaria. It is safe and moderately effective. A large pivotal phase III trial in over 15 000 young children in sub-Saharan Africa completed in 2014 showed that the vaccine could protect around one-third of children (aged 5–17 months) and one-fourth of infants (aged 6–12 weeks) from uncomplicated falciparum malaria. The European Medicines Agency approved licensing and programmatic roll-out of the RTSS vaccine in malaria endemic countries in sub-Saharan Africa. WHO is planning further studies in a large Malaria Vaccine Implementation Programme, in more than 400 000 young African children. With the changing malaria epidemiology in Africa resulting in older children at risk, alternative modes of employment are under evaluation, for example the use of RTS,S/AS01 in older children as part of seasonal malaria prophylaxis. Another strategy is combining mass drug administrations with mass vaccine campaigns for all age groups in regional malaria elimination campaigns. A phase II trial is ongoing to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the RTSS in combination with antimalarial drugs in Thailand. Such novel approaches aim to extract the maximum benefit from the well-documented, short-lasting protective efficacy of RTS,S/AS01.

scholarly journals The Search for a Schistosomiasis Vaccine: Australia’s Contribution

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 872
Author(s):  
Donald P. McManus
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Neglected Tropical Disease ◽  
Vaccine Research ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Invaluable Tool ◽  
Sub Saharan

Schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic flatworms of the genus Schistosoma, results in considerable human morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa, in particular, but also parts of the Middle East, South America, and Southeast Asia. The anti-schistosome drug praziquantel is efficacious and safe against the adult parasites of all Schistosoma species infecting humans; however, it does not prevent reinfection and the development of drug resistance is a constant concern. The need to develop an effective vaccine is of great importance if the health of many in the developing world is to be improved. Indeed, vaccination, in combination with other public health measures, can provide an invaluable tool to achieve lasting control, leading to schistosomiasis elimination. Australia has played a leading role in schistosomiasis vaccine research over many years and this review presents an overview of some of the significant contributions made by Australian scientists in this important area.

Poultry Production in Sub-Saharan Africa

1986 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 121-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Small Producers ◽  
Meat And Eggs

The importance of poultry as a source of meat and eggs in developing countries is generally recognised, but present levels of production and consumption in Africa are disappointing. This article reviews the factors involved and concludes that there is a need for research designed to improve the traditional methods of small producers rather than seeking to impose modern Western methods on communities too backward to make effective use of them.

Building an Environmental GIS Knowledge Infrastructure

2009 ◽  
pp. 778-796
Author(s):  
Inya Nlenanya
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Knowledge Discovery ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Conceptual Knowledge ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Geospatial Information ◽  
Knowledge Infrastructure ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Effective Use

Technologies such as geographic information systems (GIS) enable geospatial information to be captured, updated, integrated, and mapped easily and economically. These technologies create both opportunities and challenges for achieving wider and more effective use of geospatial information in stimulating and sustaining sustainable development through smart policy making. This chapter proposes a simple and accessible conceptual knowledge discovery interface that can be used as a tool to accomplish that. In addition, it addresses some issues that might make this knowledge infrastructure stimulate sustainable development with emphasis on sub-Saharan Africa.

scholarly journals Introducing the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring in Sub-Saharan Africa: What Can We Learn from Oral PrEP?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neeraja Bhavaraju ◽  
Kathleen Shears ◽  
Katie Schwartz ◽  
Saiqa Mullick ◽  
Patriciah Jeckonia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scale Up ◽  
Vaginal Ring ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Prevention Method ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Method Mix ◽  
Oral Prep

Abstract Purpose of review Clinical trials have found that the dapivirine vaginal ring (DVR) is safe to use and effective at reducing women’s risk of acquiring HIV infection. As countries prepare for the introduction of this novel long-acting, woman-controlled prevention method, an examination of key learnings from oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) delivery will help programs leverage successful innovations and approaches to support DVR scale-up and expand the method mix for HIV prevention. Recent findings Intensive efforts over the past 5 years have yielded lessons on how to facilitate access to oral PrEP; expand service delivery for PrEP; address the knowledge, attitudes, and skills providers need to support PrEP initiation and effective use; develop messaging that builds community and partner support and combats stigma; and understand the cyclical nature of PrEP use. Summary Evidence from oral PrEP introduction and scale-up can help inform and expedite DVR introduction.

scholarly journals Establishing a Robust Manufacturing Platform for Recombinant Veterinary Vaccines: An Adenovirus-Vector Vaccine to Control Newcastle Disease Virus Infections of Poultry in Sub-Saharan Africa

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Farnós ◽  
Esayas Gelaye ◽  
Khaled Trabelsi ◽  
Alice Bernier ◽  
Kumar Subramani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Hek293 Cells ◽  
Productive Infection ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Vectored Vaccine

Developing vaccine technology platforms to respond to pandemic threats or zoonotic diseases is a worldwide high priority. The risk of infectious diseases transmitted from wildlife and domestic animals to humans makes veterinary vaccination and animal health monitoring highly relevant for the deployment of public health global policies in the context of “one world, one health” principles. Sub-Saharan Africa is frequently impacted by outbreaks of poultry diseases such as avian influenza and Newcastle Disease (ND). Here, an adenovirus-vectored vaccine technology platform is proposed for rapid adaptation to ND or other avian viral threats in the region. Ethiopian isolates of the Newcastle Disease virus (NDV) were subjected to sequence and phylogenetic analyses, enabling the construction of antigenically matched vaccine candidates expressing the fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) proteins. A cost-effective vaccine production process was developed using HEK293 cells in suspension and serum-free medium. Productive infection in bioreactors (1–3 L) at 2 × 106 cells/mL resulted in consistent infectious adenoviral vector titers of approximately 5–6 × 108 TCID50/mL (approximately 1011VP/mL) in the harvest lysates. Groups of chickens were twice immunized with 1 × 1010 TCID50 of the vectors, and full protection against a lethal NDV challenge was provided by the vector expressing the F antigen. These results consolidate the basis for a streamlined and scalable-vectored vaccine manufacturing process for deployment in low- and medium-income countries.

scholarly journals Determinants of Ownership and Utilization of Insecticide-Treated Bed Nets for Malaria Control in Eastern Ethiopia

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sibhatu Biadgilign ◽  
Ayalu Reda ◽  
Haji Kedir
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Mosquito Net ◽  
Previous Night ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Insecticide Treated Bed Nets

Background. Malaria remains a major cause of mortality and morbidity in the world, and particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.Objectives. The aim of this study was to determine ownership and utilization of ITNs among households with children under five in the previous night.Methods. A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in Gursum district in Eastern Ethiopia. A total of 335 households were surveyed using a pretested structured questionnaire administered though house-to-house interviews.Results. Household ownership for at least one mosquito net and use of nets were 62.4% (95% CI 57.2–67.6%) and 21.5% (95% CI 17.1–25.9%), respectively. Households who received or were told about ITN in the last 6 months were three times more likely to have used it than those who were not (OR 3.25; 95% CI 1.5–7.10). Households whose heads were engaged as a farmer (adjusted OR 0.137; 95% CI: 0.04–0.50) and housewife (OR 0.26; 95% CI: 0.08–0.82) were less likely to use ITN than those of other occupations.Conclusion. The findings indicate low ITN ownership and utilization among the households. Intensive health education and community mobilization effort should be employed to increase the possession and proper utilization of insecticide treated bed nets.

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