Speciation of iron, copper and zinc in the Hawkesbury River

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 971 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Pik ◽  
JM Eckert ◽  
KL Williams
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Chelating Resin ◽  
Salinity Range ◽  
Hydrated Ions ◽  
Iron Copper ◽  
Copper And Zinc ◽  
Exchangeable Fraction ◽  
Particulate Form ◽  
Iron Fraction

A combination of membrane filtration, ion exchange, coprecipitation and thin-film X-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used to obtain data on the chemical speciation of iron, copper and zinc in surface waters, ranging in salinity from 0 to 30Ym, of the Hawkesbury River, N.S.W. Iron, the principal trace metal, was found mainly (>90%) in the particulate form. The dissolved (filterable) iron fraction was largely non-ion- exchangeable (colloidal) in the freshwater region and ion-exchangeable in saline waters (as hydrated ions or metal complexes that dissociate on the chelating resin column). Copper and zinc, by contrast, were almost entirely filterable over the whole salinity range, copper being 50-100% in the non-ion-exchangeable fraction, and zinc, 70-100% ion-exchangeable.

Viruses and Water: Problems, Detection, and Control

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 127-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Dizer ◽  
J. Dürkop ◽  
A. Grohmann ◽  
H. Kopecka ◽  
J. M. López-Pila
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Water Problems

Secondary effluent of wastewater treatment plants contains a high number of viruses and other pathogens, which pose a health risk to the population, (especially when receiv ng waters are used for bathing and swimming, or for growing shellfish. In areas with a high density of population, where drinking water supply is dependent on surface waters and contaminated rivers are the primary source of drinking water, failure of the filtration or of the disinfection step, or of any other “barriers” supposed to warrant safe potable water, will increase the risk of health hazard for the consumer. We have compared the efficiency of viral elimination in secondary effluent by flocculation, uv rradiation and membrane filtration taking naturally occurring, or additionally seeded f2 phages, as indicator for viruses. Flocculation decreased the number of phages present in secondary effluent by more than two logs. If combined with uv irradiation, the elimination reached five additional logs. Membrane filtration eliminated essentially all naturally occurring phages. Improvement of the quality of surface waters calls for a refinement of detection methods for viruses. We have found that the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) might be used for detecting viruses in surface waters.

Evaluation of iron, copper and zinc concentrations in commercial foods formulated for healthy cats

2021 ◽  
pp. 1098612X2110262
Author(s):  
Stacie Summers ◽  
Jonathan Stockman ◽  
Jennifer A Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Food Products ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Trace Mineral ◽  
Iron Copper ◽  
Copper And Zinc ◽  
Zinc Concentrations ◽  
Dry Food ◽  
Raw Foods ◽  
Mineral Concentrations

Objectives The aim of this study was to analyze iron, copper and zinc concentrations in commercial foods and compare among food formats (dry, canned, raw), foods marketed by age category (adult 1+ years and senior 7+ years) and foods intended for adult maintenance vs all life stages. Methods In total, 112 commercial non-therapeutic food products marketed for healthy adult and senior cats were purchased in the USA. Foods were analyzed for their proximate composition. Trace mineral concentrations were measured using inductively coupled argon plasma–optical emission spectroscopy and described on a calculated metabolizable energy basis using standard modified Atwater values. Results Measured iron (median 58.4 mg/1000 kcal [range 15.7–379.0]), copper (median 5.6 mg/1000 kcal [range 0.8–13.3]) and zinc (median 47.6 mg/1000 kcal [range 7.6–128.1]) concentrations were highly variable among cat foods. When all food products – regardless of their nutritional adequacy substantiation method – were compared with the Association of American Feed Control Officials regulatory minimums, 13/112 food products had a mineral deficiency, of which a majority (n = 11/13) were raw food products. Raw foods had significantly lower trace mineral concentrations compared with dry food products and, except for copper, canned food products. Cat foods marketed for senior cats had higher iron ( P = 0.019) and zinc ( P <0.0001) concentrations than foods marketed for adult cats. Foods intended for adult maintenance had higher iron ( P = 0.003) and zinc concentrations than foods intended for all life stages ( P <0.0001). Conclusions and relevance Iron, copper and zinc concentrations in commercial non-therapeutic foods for adult and senior cats are highly variable. A minority of foods – mainly raw food products – were deficient in these minerals. It is unknown if some foods with high trace mineral concentrations could have adverse effects as studies are needed to establish safe upper limits for dietary intake of trace minerals in healthy cats.

scholarly journals Application of quantitative real-time PCR compared to filtration methods for the enumeration of Escherichia coli in surface waters within Vietnam

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierangeli G. Vital ◽  
Nguyen Thi Van Ha ◽  
Le Thi Hong Tuyet ◽  
Kenneth W. Widmer
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Quantitative Real Time Pcr ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Filtration Method

Surface water samples in Vietnam were collected from the Saigon River, rural and suburban canals, and urban runoff canals in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, and were processed to enumerate Escherichia coli. Quantification was done through membrane filtration and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Mean log colony-forming unit (CFU)/100 ml E. coli counts in the dry season for river/suburban canals and urban canals were log 2.8 and 3.7, respectively, using a membrane filtration method, while using Taqman quantitative real-time PCR they were log 2.4 and 2.8 for river/suburban canals and urban canals, respectively. For the wet season, data determined by the membrane filtration method in river/suburban canals and urban canals samples had mean counts of log 3.7 and 4.1, respectively. While mean log CFU/100 ml counts in the wet season using quantitative PCR were log 3 and 2, respectively. Additionally, the urban canal samples were significantly lower than those determined by conventional culture methods for the wet season. These results show that while quantitative real-time PCR can be used to determine levels of fecal indicator bacteria in surface waters, there are some limitations to its application and it may be impacted by sources of runoff based on surveyed samples.

Iron, copper, and zinc status in rats fed supplemental nickel

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Oosting ◽  
A. G. Lemmens ◽  
G. J. Van Den Berg ◽  
A. C. Beynen
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Status ◽  
Iron Copper ◽  
Copper And Zinc

scholarly journals Concentration of Trace Metals (Lead, Iron, Copper and Zinc) In Crops Harvested in Some Oil Prospecting Locations in River State, Nigeria

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 01-21
Author(s):  
Alexander Hart ◽  
◽  
Oboh CA ◽  
Barimalaa IS ◽  
TG Sokari
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
State University ◽  
Industrial Base ◽  
Iron Copper ◽  
Copper And Zinc ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
Zinc Concentrations ◽  
Hibiscus Esculentus ◽  
High Level ◽  
Rivers State

Concentrations of the trace metals lead, iron, copper and zinc were estimated in crops harvested in some oil prospecting locations in Rivers State, Nigeria. The locations were; Agbada-Aluu (AA), Ebocha (EB), Idu Ekpeye (IE), Obagi (OB) and Trans Amadi Layout (TA), with the Teaching and Research Farm of Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt as control. Crops investigated were cassava (Manihot esculenta), cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta), okra (Hibiscus esculentus), pumpkin leaves (Telfairia occidentalis) and waterleaf (Talinum traingulare). Results of the mean lead concentrations were from 1.1µg/g in cocoyam to 9.1 µg/g in okro, showing higher trends in the industrialized areas. While cocoyam had the lowest lead concentration, the concentration rest of the crops did not differ significantly from one another. Crops from locations TA, OB, IE and EB had significantly higher concentrations of lead, although IE, AA and TF were not significantly different from one another. Mean concentrations of iron were between 40 µg/g in cassava from TF, and 651 µg/g in pumpkin leaves from TA - the industrial base of Rivers State - reflecting a high level of pollution from the various industries in that location. Differences in concentration of iron in crops showed pumpkin leaves to have the highest level of iron, followed by the other green vegetables – waterleaf and okra - although no significant differences occurred between okra, cocoyam and cassava. Copper concentrations were between 4.4 µg/g in cocoyam from locations TF and 23 µg/g in pumpkin leaves from TA. Pumpkin leaves had the highest concentrations of copper, followed by okra, then waterleaf, with cocoyam and cassava having the least significant levels. Zinc concentrations in crops were between 29 µg/g in cocoyam from TF to 240 µg/g in pumpkin leaves from EB. Pumpkin leaves and okra contained the highest levels of the metal, followed by waterleaf, then cassava and finally cocoyam. In terms of location, TA, OB and EB had the highest concentrations in crops, the least occurring in TF and AA. These results reflect higher concentrations of metals in crops from the industrialized locations, with the green vegetables, particularly pumpkin leaves, having the highest uptake, while cocoyam invariably had the least. These findings give cause for concern, particularly as heavy metals are bio-accumulative in the system and portend a serious health risk to man and animals.

scholarly journals Levels of Elements in Milk and Yoghurt

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-56
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Cadmium Concentration ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Iron Copper ◽  
Copper And Zinc ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Standard Level ◽  
Aluminum Cans

This study aimed to know the concentration of elements content in dairy products. Nine samples collected from the local market in Baghdad, two samples of milk and seven of yoghurt.The results were followed: The ratio of Aluminum In Aluminum cans That is used for storage milk and industrialize yoghurt is about 95.5% ,this ratio is against [1] which said that pureness of Aluminum used in Aluminum cans should not be less than 98-99% . and the ratio of Cadmium reached to 0.001% which is also against [1] which assure that the Aluminum cans should be clean from that element, mean while the concentration of Iron, Copper and Zinc were within the standard level. The highest concentration of Iron was in treatment B2(canon yoghurt)it was 9.95 mg/L while the lowest concentration 4.1 mg/L was in treatment B1 (lab yoghurt). The highest concentration of Copper appeared in treatment B5 it was 4.63 mg/L while the lowest concentration 0.21 mg/L was in treatment B7. The results of this study illustrate that the increase of Zinc in all treatments. The highest level reached to 17.27 mg/L in B3 treatment (Al-washash yoghurt) and 5.18 mg/L as a lowest concentration in B1 treatment (lab yoghurt). The analytic results showed that all of the treatments were cleaned from lead. The highest concentration of Cadmium reached to 0.070 mg/L in B5 treatment (dragh yoghurt) and the lowest concentration reached to 0.023 mg/L was in B4 (Arbeel yoghurt) while treatment B1(lab yoghurt) and B7(kadmiaa yoghurt) were clean from Cadmium concentration when receipt.

scholarly journals Effect of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy on Brain Iron, Copper, and Zinc in Alzheimer's Disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Schrag ◽  
Andrew Crofton ◽  
Matthew Zabel ◽  
Arshad Jiffry ◽  
David Kirsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy ◽  
Amyloid Angiopathy ◽  
Brain Iron ◽  
Iron Copper ◽  
Copper And Zinc ◽  
Cerebral Amyloid

scholarly journals Serum Iron Levels and Copper-to-Zinc Ratio in Sickle Cell Disease

Medicina ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 180
Author(s):  
Charles Antwi-Boasiako ◽  
Gifty Dankwah ◽  
Robert Aryee ◽  
Charles Hayfron-Benjamin ◽  
Alfred Doku ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Sickle Cell Disease ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Zinc Homeostasis ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Cell Disease ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption ◽  
Iron Copper ◽  
Copper And Zinc

Background and Objectives: Altered copper and zinc homeostasis may influence the antioxidant defense system and consequently lead to oxidative stress and associated complications in sickle cell disease (SCD) patients. Iron levels have been reported to increase in sickle cell patients due to frequent blood transfusion, chronic intravenous haemolysis and increased absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract. These elevated levels of iron may also lead to extensive oxidative damage. The current study evaluated serum levels of iron, copper and zinc in SCD patients and “healthy” controls. Materials and Methods: The study was a cross-sectional one, comprising 90 SCD patients with Haemoglobin SS and Haemoglobin SC genotypes and 50 HbAA “healthy” controls. Serum levels of iron, copper and zinc were measured using a Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (Variant 240FS manufactured by VARIAN Australia Pty Ltd, VIC, Australia). Copper and zinc ratios were calculated and analyzed. Results: Serum levels of iron and copper were significantly elevated in the SCD patients, compared to their “healthy” counterparts (p < 0.001). These levels were further increased in patients with haemoglobin SS in vaso-occlusive crises (HbSS VOCs). Serum zinc levels were, however, significantly lower in the SCD patients, particularly during vaso-occlusion. The copper-to-zinc ratio was also found to be significantly higher in the SCD patients. Conclusion: Elevated copper-to-zinc ratio may be a biomarker of sickle cell oxidative stress and associated complications. The ratio may also be informative for the management of sickle cell oxidative burden. The significantly lower levels of zinc in the SCD patients may warrant zinc supplementation.

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