How characean cells have contributed to the progress of plant membrane biophysics

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masashi Tazawa ◽  
Teruo Shimmen
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Large Cell ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
Free Cells ◽  
Operation Techniques ◽  
Plant Membranes ◽  
Membrane Physiology ◽  
Water And Ion Transport

Basic knowledge on plant membranes has been greatly indebted to internodal cells of charophytes, which are aquatic cryptogams mostly growing in fresh water and some in brackish water. The huge size of the internodal cell enables us to study water and ion transport in a single cell. Furthermore, the cell can be subjected to various kinds of cell operations such as preparation of cells having abnormal osmotic pressures, effusion of the steaming endoplasm, perfusion of the vacuole with artificial solutions, preparation of tonoplast-free cells and plasma membrane-permeabilised cells. Taking advantage of the large cell size and the cell operation techniques, various aspects of characterisations of plant membranes (plasma membrane, tonoplast, endomembranes) have been achieved using characean cells. The present article intends to depict unique contributions of characean cells to membrane physiology and biophysics in the last century, focusing on several topics and with historical perspectives.

vitreal cells and specialized phagocytes in the chick embryo retina: A TEM and SEM study

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-331
Author(s):  
M.A. Cuadros ◽  
M.J. Martinez-Guerrero ◽  
A. Rios
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Intimate Contact ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Sem Study ◽  
Free Cells

In the chick embryo retina (days 3-4 of incubation), coinciding with an increase in cell death, specialized phagocytes characterized by intense acid phosphatase activity have been described. In these preparations, all free cells in the vitreal humor (vitreal cells) were strongly labeled. Conventional TEM and SEM techniques were used to characterize them and attempt to determine their relationship with retinal phagocytes.Two types of vitreal cells were distinguished. The first are located at some distance from the basement membrane of the neuroepithelium, and are rounded, with numerous vacuoles and thin cytoplasmic prolongations. Images of exo- and or endocytosis were frequent; the cells showed a well-developed Golgi apparatus (Fig. 1) In SEM images, the cells was covered with short cellular processes (Fig. 3). Cells lying parallel to or alongside the basement membrane are elongated. The plasma membrane is frequently in intimate contact with the basement membrane. These cells have generally a large cytoplasmic expansion (Fig. 5).

scholarly journals Transport of d-fructose and d-galactose into isolated rat hepatocytes

1980 ◽  
Vol 192 (1) ◽  
pp. 373-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
J D Craik ◽  
K R Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Rat Hepatocytes ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Isolated Rat Hepatocytes ◽  
Free Cells ◽  
Isolated Rat

Transport of D-fructose and D-galactose across the plasma membrane of isolated rat hepatocytes was followed for the net entry of sugars into sugar-free cells at 20 degrees C. Initial rates of transport showed a Michaelis-Menten dependency on sugar concentration, and transport was inhibited by 3-O-methyl-D-glucose in the external medium.

ONLINE TRAINING ON THE INTRODUCTION AND HANDLING OF THE THREAT OF RATTLESNAKES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-34
Author(s):  
Agus Pambudi Dharma ◽  
Winarno Winarno
Keyword(s):  
Brackish Water ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Online Training ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Community Needs ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Venomous Snakes ◽  
Upper Jaw

Snakes are cold-blooded reptiles that are often found from the lowlands, headlands, soil, trees, freshwater, brackish water, to seawater, except in areas with low temperatures such as the poles. Rattlesnake bites continue to occur anytime and anywhere. Although, currently, there is a covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia. The community needs to know and identify some basic knowledge about snakes. This training was held on April 22, 2020. The method used in this training was demonstration and question and answered through the chat column on Instagram and YouTube accounts for 1 hour. The results of this online training provide additional information and knowledge to the broader community. Also, the number of participants who took part was more significant and scattered throughout Indonesia. Snakes with high venom have a pair of fangs in the upper jaw, and not all highly venomous snakes have triangular heads, such as Bungarus candidus (weling) and Bungarus fasciatus (welang).

A new pleurostomatid ciliate, Amphileptus salignus n. sp. (Protozoa, Ciliophora), from mangrove wetlands in southern China

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 3048 (1) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
RUIMIN CHEN ◽  
XIAOFENG LIN ◽  
ALAN WARREN
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Large Cell ◽  
Live Cells ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Mangrove Wetlands ◽  
Protozoa Ciliophora ◽  
Contractile Vacuoles

The morphology and infraciliature of a new brackish water pleurostomatid ciliate, Amphileptus salignus n. sp., collected from mangrove wetlands in southern China were investigated using observations of live cells and the protargol impregnation method. Amphileptus salignus can be separated from its congeners by its large cell size, the presence of 4 left and 24–29 right somatic kineties, two kinds of extrusomes, the number and location of contractile vacuoles, and its habitat.

scholarly journals Fluorescence Microscopy-Based Quantitation of GLUT4 Translocation: High Throughput or High Content?

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 7964
Author(s):  
Verena Stadlbauer ◽  
Peter Lanzerstorfer ◽  
Cathrina Neuhauser ◽  
Florian Weber ◽  
Flora Stübl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Fluorescence Microscopy ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Large Cell ◽  
Live Cells ◽  
Glut4 Translocation ◽  
Plasma Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Innovative Strategy ◽  
Insulin Mimetic

Due to the global rise of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in combination with insulin resistance, novel compounds to efficiently treat this pandemic disease are needed. Screening for compounds that induce the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) from the intracellular compartments to the plasma membrane in insulin-sensitive tissues is an innovative strategy. Here, we compared the applicability of three fluorescence microscopy-based assays optimized for the quantitation of GLUT4 translocation in simple cell systems. An objective-type scanning total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy approach was shown to have high sensitivity but only moderate throughput. Therefore, we implemented a prism-type TIR reader for the simultaneous analysis of large cell populations grown in adapted microtiter plates. This approach was found to be high throughput and have sufficient sensitivity for the characterization of insulin mimetic compounds in live cells. Finally, we applied confocal microscopy to giant plasma membrane vesicles (GPMVs) formed from GLUT4-expressing cells. While this assay has only limited throughput, it offers the advantage of being less sensitive to insulin mimetic compounds with high autofluorescence. In summary, the combined implementation of different fluorescence microscopy-based approaches enables the quantitation of GLUT4 translocation with high throughput and high content.

Effects of Nppb and Niflumic Acid on Outward K+ and Cl- Currents Across the Plasma Membrane of Wheat Root Protoplasts

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 527 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Garrill ◽  
SD Tyerman ◽  
GP Findlay ◽  
PR Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Wheat Root ◽  
Niflumic Acid ◽  
Channel Blockers ◽  
Anion Channels ◽  
Intact Cells ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Plant Membranes ◽  
O 10

We have tested the effects of the reported Cl- channel blockers NPPB (5-nitro-2-(3- phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid) and niflumic acid (trifluoromethyl-3-phenylamino-2-nicotinic acid) on the slow-activating K+ (IKK.out) and fast-activating Cl- (IClCl.out) outward rectifying currents across the plasma membrane of wheat root protoplasts. Both compounds display a greater potency against IKK.out(half maximal inhibition (IC50) values of 8.7 μM for NPPB and 5.3 μM for niflumic acid with [K+]o= 10 mM) than against IClCl.out(IC50 values of 150 and 100 μM respectively). Single-channel studies using detached patches show that these blockers reduce the percentage of time that IKK.out out channels are in their open state. The data show that caution is necessary when using these compounds on intact cells to ascribe physiological functions to anion channels in plant membranes.

The organic anion transport inhibitor, probenecid, inhibits the transport of Lucifer Yellow at the plasma membrane and the tonoplast in suspensioncultured plant cells

1991 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 545-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
LOUISE COLE ◽  
JULIAN COLEMAN ◽  
ANNE KEARNS ◽  
GARETH MORGAN ◽  
CHRIS HAWES
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Lucifer Yellow ◽  
Organic Anion ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Fluid Phase ◽  
Cell Suspension Cultures ◽  
Carrot Cells ◽  
Anion Transporters ◽  
Plant Cell Suspension Cultures ◽  
Plant Membranes

In this paper we report on the uptake of the membrane-impermeant fluorescent probe Lucifer Yellow CH (LY-CH) into the vacuolar system of plant cell suspension cultures. LY-CH is internalised into vacuoles of maize cells at a faster ‘rate’ than carrot cells and in each case, the probe is also trapped at the cell wall. In the presence of the uricosuric drug probenecid, the vacuolar uptake of LY-CH by carrot and maize cells is inhibited and in some cells internalisation of probe is blocked at the plasma membrane. In electroporated carrot cells, LY-CH is sequestered slowly from the cytoplasm into vacuoles by a probenecid-inhibitable transport process. These results are compared with the effects of probenecid on the sequestration of LY-CH from the cytoplasm into the lysosomal system of fibroblasts. In view of the above findings and recent evidence for the putative uptake of LY-CH by fluid-phase endocytosis in plant cells, the possibility that LY-CH is transported across plant membranes via probenecidinhibitable organic anion transporters is discussed

scholarly journals Modulation of Ion Transport Across Plant Membranes by Polyamines: Understanding Specific Modes of Action Under Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Pottosin ◽  
Miguel Olivas-Aguirre ◽  
Oxana Dobrovinskaya ◽  
Isaac Zepeda-Jazo ◽  
Sergey Shabala
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Plant Mitochondria ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Ionic Homeostasis ◽  
Docking Analysis ◽  
Channel One ◽  
Plant Membranes ◽  
Sv Channel

This work critically discusses the direct and indirect effects of natural polyamines and their catabolites such as reactive oxygen species and γ-aminobutyric acid on the activity of key plant ion-transporting proteins such as plasma membrane H+ and Ca2+ ATPases and K+-selective and cation channels in the plasma membrane and tonoplast, in the context of their involvement in stress responses. Docking analysis predicts a distinct binding for putrescine and longer polyamines within the pore of the vacuolar TPC1/SV channel, one of the key determinants of the cell ionic homeostasis and signaling under stress conditions, and an additional site for spermine, which overlaps with the cytosolic regulatory Ca2+-binding site. Several unresolved problems are summarized, including the correct estimates of the subcellular levels of polyamines and their catabolites, their unexplored effects on nucleotide-gated and glutamate receptor channels of cell membranes and Ca2+-permeable and K+-selective channels in the membranes of plant mitochondria and chloroplasts, and pleiotropic mechanisms of polyamines’ action on H+ and Ca2+ pumps.

Involvement of receptor potentials and action potentials in mechano-perception in plants

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teruo Shimmen
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Receptor Potential ◽  
Large Cell ◽  
Carnivorous Plants ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Electrophysiological Studies ◽  
Motor Cells ◽  
Plant Membranes

The rapid turgor movements of Mimosa pudica and some carnivorous plants have long stimulated the interest of botanists. In addition, it is becoming evident that slower responses of plants to mechanical stimuli, such as coiling of tendrils and thigmomorphogenesis, are common phenomena. Electrophysiological studies on mechano-perception have been carried out in M. pudica and carnivorous plants, and have established that the response to mechanical stimulation is composed of three steps: perception of the stimulus, transmission of the signal, and induction of movement in motor cells. The first step is due to the receptor potential, the second and third steps are mediated by the action potential. In this article, the mechanisms of responses to mechanical stimuli of these plants are considered. Since higher plants are composed of complex tissues, detailed analysis of electrical phenomena is rather difficult, and so the mechanism for generating the receptor potential had not yet been studied. Characean cells have proved to be more amenable to the study of the electrophysiology of plant membranes because of their large cell size and the ease by which single cells can be isolated. Recent progress in studies of the receptor potential in characean cells is also discussed.

scholarly journals Principles and Modes of Distillation in Desalination Process

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abubakar Sadiq Isah ◽  
Husna Takaijudin ◽  
Balbir Singh Mahinder Singh
Keyword(s):  
Brackish Water ◽  
Separation Technique ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Primary Mode

Distillation has been a very important separation technique used over many centuries. This technique is diverse and applicable in different fields and for different substances. Distillation is important in the desalination section. Various principles are used in desalting seawater and brackish water to fulfill the demands of freshwater. This work explains the modes and principles of distillation in desalination, their types, present improvement, challenges, and limitations as well as possible future improvements. The first and primary mode of distillation is the passive type. As times went by and the demand for freshwater kept increasing, other modes were introduced and these modes fall under the active distillation type. However, each mode has its own advantages, disadvantages, and limitations over each other. The principles and modes of distillation are as significant as understanding the energy sources needed for distillation. Hence, they are the basic knowledge needed for future innovation in the desalination industries.

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