scholarly journals Developmental changes of catalase and superoxide dismutase isoenzymes in zygotic and somatic embryos of horse chestnut

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 909 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Bagnoli ◽  
M. Capuana ◽  
M. L. Racchi
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Electrophoretic Analysis ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Zygotic Embryogenesis ◽  
Native Page ◽  
Cat Isoforms

Catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), two of the major antioxidant enzyme systems, were examined by native PAGE at different stages of zygotic and somatic embryogenesis of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.). During both zygotic and somatic embryogenesis, CAT and SOD specific activities increased, but electrophoretic analysis revealed remarkable differences in the isoenzyme patterns. Two CAT isoforms were differentially present during zygotic embryogenesis. The transition from the fast to the slow migrating form occurred in July, approximately 2 months after pollination. In contrast to zygotic, the two isoforms were continuously detectable during somatic embryo-genesis. In fact, with the exception of the callus stage, in which only one form was present, both of the CAT isoforms are equally active during the somatic embryo development. Unlike CAT, all SOD isoenzymes, one Mn-SOD and five Cu/Zn-SODs, were present during all the stages of zygotic embryo formation, but only Mn-SOD and an Fe-SOD were detected during somatic embryogenesis. These results suggest the occurrence of oxidative stress conditions during in vitro culture which, in horse chestnut, could account for the difficulties observed in the development of the somatic embryo into a plantlet.

scholarly journals Genetic activity during early plant embryogenesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 477 (19) ◽  
pp. 3743-3767
Author(s):  
Ran Tian ◽  
Priyanka Paul ◽  
Sanjay Joshi ◽  
Sharyn E. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Zygotic Embryogenesis ◽  
Regeneration Strategy ◽  
Molecular Events ◽  
Genetic Activity ◽  
Test Gene ◽  
Plant Embryogenesis

Seeds are essential for human civilization, so understanding the molecular events underpinning seed development and the zygotic embryo it contains is important. In addition, the approach of somatic embryogenesis is a critical propagation and regeneration strategy to increase desirable genotypes, to develop new genetically modified plants to meet agricultural challenges, and at a basic science level, to test gene function. We briefly review some of the transcription factors (TFs) involved in establishing primary and apical meristems during zygotic embryogenesis, as well as TFs necessary and/or sufficient to drive somatic embryo programs. We focus on the model plant Arabidopsis for which many tools are available, and review as well as speculate about comparisons and contrasts between zygotic and somatic embryo processes.

scholarly journals Abscisic Acid Effect on Improving Horse Chestnut Secondary Somatic Embryogenesis

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1741-1744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dušica Ćalić ◽  
Nina Devrnja ◽  
Jelena Milojević ◽  
Igor Kostić ◽  
Dušica Janošević ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Embryo Quality ◽  
Microspore Culture ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Free Medium ◽  
Secondary Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Secondary Somatic Embryo

The effect of abscisic acid on the development of primary androgenic embryo and secondary somatic embryogenesis was investigated with the aim of improving multiplication rates and secondary somatic embryo quality in horse chestnut microspore and anther culture. The early embryo stage (globular) had a better response than late stages (heart, torpedo, and cotyledonary) in both types of cultures. Also, microspore culture had a high potential for mass secondary embryo production. The number of secondary somatic embryos was three times higher on hormone-free medium than on medium enriched with 0.01 mg·L−1 abscisic acid. However, most of the embryos on hormone-free medium had abnormal morphology. For this reason, abscisic acid was added to the media to improve embryo quality. The morphology of abscisic acid treated embryos was better than abscisic acid non-treated embryos. The optimal abscisic acid concentration for secondary somatic embryo induction and production of high-quality embryos was 0.01 mg·L−1. Overall, the effect of abscisic acid on the induction of secondary somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration of androgenic embryos of this species may be helpful for the further synthesis of secondary metabolites in vitro and their application in the pharmaceutical industry.

scholarly journals REGULATION OF CEREAL EMBRYONIC ORGANOGENESIS IN VITRO CONDITIONS

ÈKOBIOTEH ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-23
Author(s):  
N.N. Kruglova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Zygotic Embryogenesis ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Biological Phenomenon ◽  
Organogenesis In Vitro ◽  
Cereal Embryos ◽  
Plant Embryogenesis

The article provides the brief review of the literature and own works devoted to the peculiarities of the cereal embryonic organogenesis at the early stages of ontogenesis in the conditions of in vitro culture (the so-called somatic embryogenesis, or embryoidogenesis in vitro). Particular attention is paid to the issues of hormonal regulation of the development of somatic cereal embryos from initial cells to mature structures in vitro. A comparison of somatic embryogenesis in vitro with similar events in zygotic embryogenesis in vivo confirms the validity of the principle of universality of morphogenesis processes in vivo and in vitro (Batygina, 2014). The prospects of using somatic embryogenesis in vitro as a model for studying the most complex biological phenomenon – zygotic plant embryogenesis in vivo – are discussed.

scholarly journals Current Proteomic and Metabolomic Knowledge of Zygotic and Somatic Embryogenesis in Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 11807
Author(s):  
Janet Juarez-Escobar ◽  
Esaú Bojórquez-Velázquez ◽  
Jose M. Elizalde-Contreras ◽  
José A. Guerrero-Analco ◽  
Víctor M. Loyola-Vargas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Zygotic Embryogenesis ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
In Vitro Techniques ◽  
Current State ◽  
Scale Regeneration ◽  
State Of Research

Embryogenesis is the primary developmental program in plants. The mechanisms that underlie the regulation of embryogenesis are an essential research subject given its potential contribution to mass in vitro propagation of profitable plant species. Somatic embryogenesis (SE) refers to the use of in vitro techniques to mimic the sexual reproduction program known as zygotic embryogenesis (ZE). In this review, we synthesize the current state of research on proteomic and metabolomic studies of SE and ZE in angiosperms (monocots and dicots) and gymnosperms. The most striking finding was the small number of studies addressing ZE. Meanwhile, the research effort focused on SE has been substantial but disjointed. Together, these research gaps may explain why the embryogenic induction stage and the maturation of the somatic embryo continue to be bottlenecks for efficient and large-scale regeneration of plants. Comprehensive and integrative studies of both SE and ZE are needed to provide the molecular foundation of plant embryogenesis, information which is needed to rationally guide experimental strategies to solve SE drawbacks in each species.

Influence of auxins on somatic embryogenesis and alkaloid accumulation in Leucojum aestivum callus

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 591-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Ptak ◽  
Anna Tahchy ◽  
Edyta Skrzypek ◽  
Tomasz Wójtowicz ◽  
Dominique Laurain-Mattar
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Leucojum Aestivum ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Embryogenic Response

AbstractIn vitro cultures of Leucojum aestivum are considered as an alternative for the production of galanthamine, which is used for the symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. We studied the effects of auxins 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram), 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba) at concentrations of 25 and 50 µM on the induction of embryogenic callus and its capacity to induce somatic embryogenesis and alkaloid accumulation. The embryogenic response of the explants was from 30% for 25 µM of dicamba to 100% for picloram (for both 25 and 50 µM). 2,4-D (50 µM) stimulated greater callus proliferation and somatic embryo induction as compared to the other auxins. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) stimulated somatic embryo maturation. Callus grown on media containing 50 µM of auxins produced fewer phenolic compounds as compared with callus grown on media containing 25 µM of auxins. GC-MS analyses showed seven alkaloids in the in vivo bulbs and two to four in callus culture. Galanthamine was detected in callus cultivated with 2,4-D (25, 50 µM), picloram (25 µM), and dicamba (50 µM). Other alkaloids, trisphaeridine, tazettine, and 11-hydroxyvittatine were accumulated only in callus growing on medium with picloram (50 µM).

scholarly journals SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS OF MUSSAENDA `QUEEN SIRIKIT'

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 251f-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher S. Cramer ◽  
Mark P. Bridgen
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Callus Production ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

Disinfected midrib sections of Mussaenda `Queen Sirikit' ≈3 to 4 mm in size were cultured on a basal medium of Murashige and Skoog salts and vitamins, 87.7 mm sucrose, and 5 g Sigma agar/liter supplemented with several concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (0, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0 μm) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 25.0, 50.0 μm). Cultures were subculture onto the same treatment after 5 weeks and observed weekly for 15 weeks for the presence of somatic embryos. As somatic embryos were produced, they were subculture onto basal medium supplemented with 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, or 25.0 μm BAP. Callus was first observed at 2 weeks in cultures grown on basal medium supplemented with 5.0–20.0 μm IAA and 0–50.0 μm BAP. Somatic embryos were observed at 8 weeks on basal medium supplemented with 5.0–10.0 μm IAA and 2.5–5.0 μm BAP. Callus cultured on 0–10 μm IAA and 5.0–10.0 μm BAP produced the greatest number of somatic embryos by 15 weeks. Somatic embryos subculture to basal medium supplemented with 25.0 μm BAP proliferated shoots, while eliminating BAP from the medium resulted in root and callus production. Shoots and entire plants were removed from in vitro conditions and successful] y acclimated to greenhouse conditions. Somatic embryo-derived plants flowered sporadically 25 to 35 weeks after removal from in vitro conditions. Variations in sepal number and leaf number per node were observed at 1% to 5%.

scholarly journals Embriogenesis dan Desikasi Embrio Somatik Jeruk Keprok Batu 55 (Citrus reticulata Blanco.) untuk Meningkatkan Frekuensi Perkecambahan

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Atika Fathur Rahmi ◽  
Agus Purwito ◽  
Ali Husni ◽  
Diny Dinarti
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Breeding Technique ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Plantlet Growth ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Poly Ethylene ◽  
Peg 8000

<p align="center"><strong><em>ABSTRACT</em></strong></p><p><em>In vitro breeding technique of citrus is effective when optimum explant regeneration method is obtained. Low germination frequency and high abnormality were barrier in citrus somatic embryogenesis. This research aimed at optimizing somatic embryogenesis in Tangerine var. Batu 55. This research consisted of 3 experiments. First experiment was maturation of embryogenesis, using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method. Modified MS+MW was used as basic media added with 500 mg L<sup>-1 </sup>malt extract (control) and addition of 3 mg L<sup>-1</sup> BAP, and 2.5 mg L<sup>-1</sup> ABA as treatments. Second experiment was SE (cotyledonary phage) desiccation. Factorial CRD used in two factors. First factor was poly-ethylene-glicol/PEG 8000 (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10%), while second factor was immersed periods (control, 3, 6, and 9 hours), in desiccant solution (base medium + PEG). Third experiment was studied of plantlet growth and development planlets. Based on CRD 2 factor method, the first factor was PEG concentrations from the second experiment. Second factor were active charcoal treatments (with or without), in basic media. The result showed that 2.5 mg L<sup>-1</sup> ABA produced has highest mature somatic embryo (SE). Desiccation for 9 hours, induced the highestt germination frequencies (90.29%). The best growth of plantlets shown in previous experiments immersed desiccant PEG 2.5% for 9 hours, and cultured in basic media with 2 g L<sup>-1</sup> of activated charcoal.</em></p><p><em>Keywords: desiccant, embryogenic callus, maturation, PEG 8000, somatic embryo</em></p><p align="center"><strong> </strong></p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong><strong> </strong></p><p>Pemuliaan tanaman melalui teknik <em>in vitro</em> efektif bila metode regenerasi eksplan optimum telah diperoleh. Rendahnya frekuensi perkecambahan dan tingginya abnormalitas, menjadi kendala pada embriogenesis somatik jeruk. Penelitian terdiri atas 3 percobaan paralel, bertujuan mengoptimalkan metode embriogenesis somatik jeruk, khususnya Keprok Batu 55. Percobaan pertama pematangan kalus embriogenik menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) satu faktor, dengan perlakuan penambahan ZPT (kontrol, 3 mg L<sup>-1</sup> BAP, dan 2.5 mg L<sup>-1</sup> ABA) pada media dasar (MS modifikasi vitamin MW) diperkaya 500 mg L<sup>-1</sup> ekstrak malt. Percobaan kedua desikasi embrio somatik (fase kotiledon) menggunakan RAL dua faktor. Faktor pertama konsentrasi <em>poly-ethylene-glicol/</em>PEG 8000 (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 dan 10%), dan faktor kedua waktu perendaman (kontrol, 3, 6, dan 9 jam) pada larutan desikan (media dasar + PEG). Percobaan ketiga mempelajari pertumbuhan dan perkembangan planlet, menggunakan RAL dua faktor. Faktor pertama konsentrasi PEG planlet pada percobaan kedua, dan faktor kedua perbedaan media dasar (tanpa dan dengan arang aktif). Hasil percobaan menunjukkan penambahan 2.5 mg L<sup>-1</sup> ABA menghasilkan maturasi embrio somatik terbaik. Desikasi 9 jam menghasilkan frekuensi perkecambahan 90.29%. Pertumbuhan terbaik ditunjukkan planlet yang pada percobaan sebelumnya direndam 9 jam desikan PEG 2.5%, dan dibesarkan pada media dasar dengan 2 g L<sup>-1 </sup>arang aktif.</p><p>Kata kunci : desikan, embrio somatik, kalus embriogenik, PEG 8000, pematangan</p>

Plant regeneration by somatic embryogenesis in Pinus thunbergii resistant to the pine wood nematode

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (12) ◽  
pp. 1604-1612
Author(s):  
Tingyu Sun ◽  
Yanli Wang ◽  
Lihua Zhu ◽  
Xiaoqin Wu ◽  
Jianren Ye
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Plant Regeneration ◽  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Pinus Thunbergii ◽  
Embryogenic Tissue ◽  
Embryo Production ◽  
Somatic Embryo Production

Pine wilt disease (PWD) is a severe threat to pine forests in East Asia. Screening and breeding of resistant varieties is a very effective way to prevent and control PWD; however, no reliable somatic embryogenesis system has yet been developed for the elite nematode-resistant Pinus thunbergii Parl. line. In this study, we studied the plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis of nematode-resistant P. thunbergii. Initiation of embryogenic tissue was significantly affected by seed family (p = 0.017), immature zygotic embryo stage (p = 0.032), and initiation medium (p = 0.004). Seed family 37 was the most favorable female parent for initiation of P. thunbergii. Furthermore, the initiation rate increased from the pre-embryonic stage to the cleavage polyembryonic stage. The optimal medium was I2, containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (9 μmol·L−1) and 6-benzyladenine (4.4 μmol·L−1). A statistically significant interaction between cell line and subculture time (24 months) was observed in the influence on proliferation rate, somatic embryo production, and percentage germination (p < 0.001). In this study, the highest somatic embryo production was achieved using cell line 37-1 (1983 somatic embryos per gram fresh mass), with approximately 83.5% of somatic embryos germinating after transferring to germination medium, of which 77.6% converted into plantlets.

scholarly journals Initiation and Cytological Aspects of Somatic Embryogenesis in Dendrobium candidum Wall ex Lindl.

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 1111-1116
Author(s):  
Yihui Cui ◽  
Peng Zhao ◽  
Hongqiang An ◽  
Nan Lv ◽  
Zifeng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Embryo Cell ◽  
Zygotic Embryogenesis ◽  
Regeneration System ◽  
Embryonic Callus ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Dendrobium Candidum

To find the characteristics of somatic embryogenesis of orchids and elucidate the mechanism, we had previously established an efficient plant regeneration system via somatic embryogenesis in Dendrobium candidum Wall ex Lindl. In this study, a detailed cytological investigation was carried out on the initiation and developmental process of somatic embryogenesis. Based on our observations, the somatic embryogenesis in D. candidum originated from the transition of an embryonic callus cell to the initial somatic embryo cell, and the somatic embryos initiated from those cells. During the transition process, condensation and devacuolation successively occurred in the cytoplasm of the embryonic callus cells, giving rise to the formation of a typical initial somatic embryo cell with dense cytoplasm and a clear nucleus. One of the two pathways in somatic embryogenesis is the single-cell-derived somatic embryo which is generated from an inner initial somatic embryo cell in embryonic callus and develops into a globular somatic embryo in a way similar to zygotic embryogenesis and then keeps developing into a protocorm-like body (PLB). The other is a multiple-cell-derived somatic embryo which is generated from peripheral grouped initial somatic cells in embryonic calli and directly forms globular embryo or multicellular somatic proembryo, lacking the typical early stages of embryogenesis. Both pathways were observed in the somatic embryogenesis system, indicating that the culture system in D. candidum can be a useful tool for investigating the mechanisms underlying orchid embryogenesis.

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