scholarly journals Genetic activity during early plant embryogenesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 477 (19) ◽  
pp. 3743-3767
Author(s):  
Ran Tian ◽  
Priyanka Paul ◽  
Sanjay Joshi ◽  
Sharyn E. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Zygotic Embryogenesis ◽  
Regeneration Strategy ◽  
Molecular Events ◽  
Genetic Activity ◽  
Test Gene ◽  
Plant Embryogenesis

Seeds are essential for human civilization, so understanding the molecular events underpinning seed development and the zygotic embryo it contains is important. In addition, the approach of somatic embryogenesis is a critical propagation and regeneration strategy to increase desirable genotypes, to develop new genetically modified plants to meet agricultural challenges, and at a basic science level, to test gene function. We briefly review some of the transcription factors (TFs) involved in establishing primary and apical meristems during zygotic embryogenesis, as well as TFs necessary and/or sufficient to drive somatic embryo programs. We focus on the model plant Arabidopsis for which many tools are available, and review as well as speculate about comparisons and contrasts between zygotic and somatic embryo processes.

scholarly journals Developmental changes of catalase and superoxide dismutase isoenzymes in zygotic and somatic embryos of horse chestnut

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 909 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Bagnoli ◽  
M. Capuana ◽  
M. L. Racchi
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Electrophoretic Analysis ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Zygotic Embryogenesis ◽  
Native Page ◽  
Cat Isoforms

Catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), two of the major antioxidant enzyme systems, were examined by native PAGE at different stages of zygotic and somatic embryogenesis of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.). During both zygotic and somatic embryogenesis, CAT and SOD specific activities increased, but electrophoretic analysis revealed remarkable differences in the isoenzyme patterns. Two CAT isoforms were differentially present during zygotic embryogenesis. The transition from the fast to the slow migrating form occurred in July, approximately 2 months after pollination. In contrast to zygotic, the two isoforms were continuously detectable during somatic embryo-genesis. In fact, with the exception of the callus stage, in which only one form was present, both of the CAT isoforms are equally active during the somatic embryo development. Unlike CAT, all SOD isoenzymes, one Mn-SOD and five Cu/Zn-SODs, were present during all the stages of zygotic embryo formation, but only Mn-SOD and an Fe-SOD were detected during somatic embryogenesis. These results suggest the occurrence of oxidative stress conditions during in vitro culture which, in horse chestnut, could account for the difficulties observed in the development of the somatic embryo into a plantlet.

scholarly journals REGULATION OF CEREAL EMBRYONIC ORGANOGENESIS IN VITRO CONDITIONS

ÈKOBIOTEH ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-23
Author(s):  
N.N. Kruglova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Zygotic Embryogenesis ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Biological Phenomenon ◽  
Organogenesis In Vitro ◽  
Cereal Embryos ◽  
Plant Embryogenesis

The article provides the brief review of the literature and own works devoted to the peculiarities of the cereal embryonic organogenesis at the early stages of ontogenesis in the conditions of in vitro culture (the so-called somatic embryogenesis, or embryoidogenesis in vitro). Particular attention is paid to the issues of hormonal regulation of the development of somatic cereal embryos from initial cells to mature structures in vitro. A comparison of somatic embryogenesis in vitro with similar events in zygotic embryogenesis in vivo confirms the validity of the principle of universality of morphogenesis processes in vivo and in vitro (Batygina, 2014). The prospects of using somatic embryogenesis in vitro as a model for studying the most complex biological phenomenon – zygotic plant embryogenesis in vivo – are discussed.

Plant regeneration by somatic embryogenesis in Pinus thunbergii resistant to the pine wood nematode

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (12) ◽  
pp. 1604-1612
Author(s):  
Tingyu Sun ◽  
Yanli Wang ◽  
Lihua Zhu ◽  
Xiaoqin Wu ◽  
Jianren Ye
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Plant Regeneration ◽  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Pinus Thunbergii ◽  
Embryogenic Tissue ◽  
Embryo Production ◽  
Somatic Embryo Production

Pine wilt disease (PWD) is a severe threat to pine forests in East Asia. Screening and breeding of resistant varieties is a very effective way to prevent and control PWD; however, no reliable somatic embryogenesis system has yet been developed for the elite nematode-resistant Pinus thunbergii Parl. line. In this study, we studied the plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis of nematode-resistant P. thunbergii. Initiation of embryogenic tissue was significantly affected by seed family (p = 0.017), immature zygotic embryo stage (p = 0.032), and initiation medium (p = 0.004). Seed family 37 was the most favorable female parent for initiation of P. thunbergii. Furthermore, the initiation rate increased from the pre-embryonic stage to the cleavage polyembryonic stage. The optimal medium was I2, containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (9 μmol·L−1) and 6-benzyladenine (4.4 μmol·L−1). A statistically significant interaction between cell line and subculture time (24 months) was observed in the influence on proliferation rate, somatic embryo production, and percentage germination (p < 0.001). In this study, the highest somatic embryo production was achieved using cell line 37-1 (1983 somatic embryos per gram fresh mass), with approximately 83.5% of somatic embryos germinating after transferring to germination medium, of which 77.6% converted into plantlets.

scholarly journals Initiation and Cytological Aspects of Somatic Embryogenesis in Dendrobium candidum Wall ex Lindl.

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 1111-1116
Author(s):  
Yihui Cui ◽  
Peng Zhao ◽  
Hongqiang An ◽  
Nan Lv ◽  
Zifeng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Embryo Cell ◽  
Zygotic Embryogenesis ◽  
Regeneration System ◽  
Embryonic Callus ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Dendrobium Candidum

To find the characteristics of somatic embryogenesis of orchids and elucidate the mechanism, we had previously established an efficient plant regeneration system via somatic embryogenesis in Dendrobium candidum Wall ex Lindl. In this study, a detailed cytological investigation was carried out on the initiation and developmental process of somatic embryogenesis. Based on our observations, the somatic embryogenesis in D. candidum originated from the transition of an embryonic callus cell to the initial somatic embryo cell, and the somatic embryos initiated from those cells. During the transition process, condensation and devacuolation successively occurred in the cytoplasm of the embryonic callus cells, giving rise to the formation of a typical initial somatic embryo cell with dense cytoplasm and a clear nucleus. One of the two pathways in somatic embryogenesis is the single-cell-derived somatic embryo which is generated from an inner initial somatic embryo cell in embryonic callus and develops into a globular somatic embryo in a way similar to zygotic embryogenesis and then keeps developing into a protocorm-like body (PLB). The other is a multiple-cell-derived somatic embryo which is generated from peripheral grouped initial somatic cells in embryonic calli and directly forms globular embryo or multicellular somatic proembryo, lacking the typical early stages of embryogenesis. Both pathways were observed in the somatic embryogenesis system, indicating that the culture system in D. candidum can be a useful tool for investigating the mechanisms underlying orchid embryogenesis.

scholarly journals Global Transcriptome and Coexpression Network Analyses Reveal New Insights Into Somatic Embryogenesis in Hybrid Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua × Liquidambar formosana)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuaizheng Qi ◽  
Ruirui Zhao ◽  
Jichen Yan ◽  
Yingming Fan ◽  
Chao Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Embryogenic Callus ◽  
Coexpression Network ◽  
Transcription Factor Family ◽  
Key Genes

Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a process of somatic cells that dedifferentiate to totipotent embryonic stem cells and generate embryos in vitro. Despite recent scientific headway in deciphering the difficulties of somatic embryogenesis, the overall picture of key genes, pathways, and co-expression networks regulating SE is still fragmented. Therefore, deciphering the molecular basis of somatic embryogenesis of hybrid sweetgum remains pertinent. In the present study, we analyzed the transcriptome profiles and gene expression regulation changes via RNA sequencing from three distinct developmental stages of hybrid sweetgum: non-embryogenic callus (NEC), embryogenic callus (EC), and redifferentiation. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that 19,957 genes were differentially expressed in ten pairwise comparisons of SE. Among these, plant hormone signaling-related genes, especially the auxin and cytokinin signaling components, were significantly enriched in NEC and EC early. The K-means method was used to identify multiple transcription factors, including HB-WOX, B3-ARF, AP2/ERF, and GRFs (growth regulating factors). These transcription factors showed distinct stage- or tissue-specific expression patterns mirroring each of the 12 superclusters to which they belonged. For example, the WOX transcription factor family was expressed only at NEC and EC stages, ARF transcription factor was expressed in EC early, and GRFs was expressed in late SE. It was noteworthy that the AP2/ERF transcription factor family was expressed during the whole SE process, but almost not in roots, stems and leaves. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used in conjunction with the gene expression profiles to recognize the genes and modules that may associate with specific tissues and stages. We constructed co-expression networks and revealed 22 gene modules. Four of these modules with properties relating to embryonic potential, early somatic embryogenesis, and somatic embryo development, as well as some hub genes, were identified for further functional studied. Through a combination analysis of WGCNA and K-means, SE-related genes including AUX22, ABI3, ARF3, ARF5, AIL1, AIL5, AGL15, WOX11, WOX9, IAA29, BBM1, MYB36, LEA6, SMR4 and others were obtained, indicating that these genes play an important role in the processes underlying the progression from EC to somatic embryos (SEs) morphogenesis. The transcriptome information provided here will form the foundation for future research on genetic transformation and epigenetic control of plant embryogenesis at a molecular level. In follow-up studies, these data could be used to construct a regulatory network for SE; Key genes obtained from coexpression network analysis at each critical stage of somatic embryo can be considered as potential candidate genes to verify these networks.

scholarly journals Histology of Somatic Embryogenesis in Regal Geranium

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 648-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.P.M. Wilson ◽  
J.A. Sullivan ◽  
A.A. Marsolais ◽  
M.J. Tsujita
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Zygotic Embryogenesis ◽  
Parenchyma Cells

The origin and development of somatic embryos from petiole sections of Regal geranium (Pelargonium ×domesticum Bailey `Madame Layal') were studied using time-series sections at days 0, 4, 8, 14, and 24. Somatic embryos originated as early as day 4 of culture. The proembryo stage resembled that of a zygotic embryo and the somatic embryos developed through the globular, heart-torpedo, and cotyledonous stages characteristic of in vivo zygotic embryogenesis. A suspensor-like structure was observed with some somatic embryos but this was not consistent. Strong evidence is presented to suggest that somatic embryos arose from single subepidermal parenchyma cells.

scholarly journals Genetic and Molecular Control of Somatic Embryogenesis

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1467
Author(s):  
Camille Salaün ◽  
Loïc Lepiniec ◽  
Bertrand Dubreucq
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Clonal Propagation ◽  
Zygotic Embryogenesis ◽  
Molecular Control ◽  
Master Regulators ◽  
Precise Role

Somatic embryogenesis is a method of asexual reproduction that can occur naturally in various plant species and is widely used for clonal propagation, transformation and regeneration of different crops. Somatic embryogenesis shares some developmental and physiological similarities with zygotic embryogenesis as it involves common actors of hormonal, transcriptional, developmental and epigenetic controls. Here, we provide an overview of the main signaling pathways involved in the induction and regulation of somatic embryogenesis with a focus on the master regulators of seed development, LEAFY COTYLEDON 1 and 2, ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 3 and FUSCA 3 transcription factors whose precise role during both zygotic and somatic embryogenesis remains to be fully elucidated.

scholarly journals RNA-Seq Provides New Insights into the Molecular Events Involved in “Ball-Skin versus Bladder Effect” on Fruit Cracking in Litchi

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 454
Author(s):  
Jun Wang ◽  
Xiao Fang Wu ◽  
Yong Tang ◽  
Jian Guo Li ◽  
Ming Lei Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Plant Hormones ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Agricultural Product ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Fruit Cracking ◽  
Molecular Events

Fruit cracking is a disorder of fruit development in response to internal or external cues, which causes a loss in the economic value of fruit. Therefore, exploring the mechanism underlying fruit cracking is of great significance to increase the economic yield of fruit trees. However, the molecular mechanism underlying fruit cracking is still poorly understood. Litchi, as an important tropical and subtropical fruit crop, contributes significantly to the gross agricultural product in Southeast Asia. One important agricultural concern in the litchi industry is that some famous varieties with high economic value such as ‘Nuomici’ are susceptible to fruit cracking. Here, the cracking-susceptible cultivar ‘Nuomici’ and cracking-resistant cultivar ‘Huaizhi’ were selected, and the samples including pericarp and aril during fruit development and cracking were collected for RNA-Seq analysis. Based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and the “ball-skin versus bladder effect” theory (fruit cracking occurs upon the aril expanding pressure exceeds the pericarp strength), it was found that seven co-expression modules genes (1733 candidate genes) were closely associated with fruit cracking in ‘Nuomici’. Importantly, we propose that the low expression level of genes related to plant hormones (Auxin, Gibberellins, Ethylene), transcription factors, calcium transport and signaling, and lipid synthesis might decrease the mechanical strength of pericarp in ‘Nuomici’, while high expression level of genes associated with plant hormones (Auxin and abscisic acid), transcription factors, starch/sucrose metabolism, and sugar/water transport might increase the aril expanding pressure, thereby resulting in fruit cracking in ‘Nuomici’. In conclusion, our results provide comprehensive molecular events involved in the “ball-skin versus bladder effect” on fruit cracking in litchi.

Somatic embryogenesis in pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.): Control of somatic embryo development by nitrogen compounds

2004 ◽  
Vol 161 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dunja Leljak-Levanić ◽  
Nataša Bauer ◽  
Snježana Mihaljević ◽  
Sibila Jelaska
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Somatic Embryo Development

EFFECT OF 2,4-D AND NAA ON SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS FROM APICAL PORTION OF GROUNDNUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 119-124
Author(s):  
Muniappan V ◽  
Manivel P ◽  
Prabakaran V ◽  
Palanivel S ◽  
Parvathi S
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Mature Embryo ◽  
Induction Medium ◽  
Embryogenic Cultures ◽  
Apical Portion ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Somatic Embryo Induction

Somatic embryogenesis was carried out epicotyl portion of the mature embryo/apical portion. The somatic embryo induction medium containing 2,4-D or NAA (10.0 to 50.0 mg/l). Of the two concentrations tested 2,4-D (30.0mg/l) recorded the highest percentage of response followed by NAA (30.0mg/l). But the highest number of somatic embryo were recorded in 30.0mg/l of 2,4-D followed by NAA. The apical portion of the mature embryo formed direct embryos without any intervention of callus. The maximum percentage of embryogenic cultures were noticed in 30.0mg/l of 2,4-D followed by NAA at 30.0mg/l. for the differentiation of somatic embryos, the embryogenic masses were transferred to medium without any growth regulator. The maximum number of somatic embryos per culture was recorded in 30 mg/l of 2,4-D followed by 30.0 mg/l of NAA. Keywords: Arachis hypogaea L.,Somatic Embryogenesis, 2,4-D and NAA

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