Effect of maternal undernutrition in early gestation on the development of fetal myofibres in the guinea-pig

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
CM Dwyer ◽  
AJ Madgwick ◽  
SS Ward ◽  
NC Stickland
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Fetal Weight ◽  
Early Gestation ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Fibre Number ◽  
Ad Libitum

A 40% restriction in maternal feed intake throughout gestation in the guinea-pig results in a 35% reduction in fetal body weight at term and a 20-25% reduction in muscle fibre number. To investigate the effect of maternal undernutrition in early gestation, four nutritional treatments were used: controls-pregnant females fed ad libitum throughout gestation; TR-fed 60% ad libitum intake throughout gestation; ER-fed 60% ad libitum for the first third of gestation (until Day 25), then ad libitum to term; LR-fed ad libitum for the first 25 days, then 60% of ad libitum to term. The LR group were complicated by a high degree of fetal resorption and early littering of viable litters. The biceps brachii and soleus muscles were removed from neonates and total muscle fibre numbers determined. In a second experiment a further 8 pregnant guinea-pigs were fed 60% ad libitum until Day 15 of gestation only, and then rehabilitated onto an ad libitum diet (VER). Of these, 5 guinea-pigs were killed at term and the remaining 3 at 45 days gestation. Fetuses and placentae were obtained from all VER animals and compared with TR and controls of a similar age. Body weights were reduced in all restricted groups at term when compared with controls (P < 0.05) by 12, 40 and 50% for VER = ER, TR and LR groups, respectively. Biceps fibre number was reduced (P < 0.05) in ER, TR and LR groups by 28, 20 and 25%, respectively, but was not affected in the VER group. Soleus fibre number was not significantly affected by any nutritional treatment. Restriction for 15 days in early gestation caused a significant 20% increase in fetal weight at 45 days' gestation compared with controls, but muscle and placental weights were not affected. Analysis of placental components at Days 45 and 65 suggested that underfeeding in early gestation and subsequent refeeding caused some placental adaptations to increase the exchange-surface area. A short period of maternal undernutrition in the first third of gestation alone (ER), therefore, resulted in a biceps brachii fibre number deficit similar to that caused by restriction throughout gestation only if the period of restriction extended as far as Day 25. Furthermore, fetal weight at term was impaired by short-term nutritional restriction in early gestation. Restriction in the last two-thirds of gestation, following an ad libitum diet in the first third, caused a reduction in biceps fibre number and had a severe effect on the maintenance of pregnancy. It is probable that undernutrition in early gestation had an indirect effect on muscle fibre number by affecting the development of the placenta. This could be avoided by nutritional rehabilitation before Day 25 of gestation, but appeared to be permanent thereafter. Undernutrition after Day 25 may have had a direct effect on the development of secondary fibres.

159. MATERNAL NUTRITION AND GESTATIONAL AGE AFFECT PLACENTAL microRNA EXPRESSION IN THE GUINEA PIG

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
P. A. Grant ◽  
K. L. Kind ◽  
A. Sohlstrom ◽  
C. T. Roberts ◽  
J. A. Owens
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Microrna Expression ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Early Gestation ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition ◽  
Guinea Pig Placenta ◽  
Pig Placenta

Maternal undernutrition restricts placental growth and nutrient supply to the fetus, but induces compensatory alterations in structure and function of the placenta. Maternal undernutrition in guinea pigs also restricts placental growth and alters structure, and changes expression of Igf1, Igf2, Slc2a1, Slc38a2 mRNA in mid and late gestation, consistent with nutritionally induced changes in nutrient transport across the placenta. MicroRNAs are non-coding RNAs that regulate expression of target genes by translational inhibition and mRNA degradation and are present in the mammalian placenta. Effects of maternal undernutrition on their expression are unknown. We hypothesised that altered expression of key functional genes in the placenta in maternal undernutrition are in part due to altered expression of regulatory microRNAs. The effect of maternal food restriction on the expression of microRNAs in the guinea pig placenta was examined at D30 and D60 of gestation (term = D70). Guinea pigs were fed either ad libitum (AL) or restricted (R). MicroRNA expression was determined by Exiqon microarray v.8.1. In AL placentas, 119 microRNAs were upregulated (p<0.05), whilst 40 were down-regulated (p<0.05) at late compared to early gestation. In R placentas, 163 microRNAs were upregulated (p<0.05), whilst 123 were down-regulated (p<0.05) at late compared to early gestation. Of the 20 most abundant up-regulated microRNAs miR-Plus (ID 17871) and hsa-miR-411 were altered only in AL and hsa-miR-376a and -376b were altered only in R placenta. Of the 20 most abundant down-regulated microRNAs, 13 were altered only in AL and 14 only in R placentas. Placental expression of microRNAs changed with gestation, and maternal undernutrition modified this pattern and altered expression of many additional microRNAs in the guinea pig placenta. This suggests that miRNAs and factors that influence their expression may play a role in the structural and/or functional development of the placenta and hence fetal growth.

Restricted fetal growth and the response to dietary cholesterol in the guinea pig

1999 ◽  
Vol 277 (6) ◽  
pp. R1675-R1682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen L. Kind ◽  
Peter M. Clifton ◽  
Arkadi I. Katsman ◽  
Maria Tsiounis ◽  
Jeffrey S. Robinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Cholesterol Metabolism ◽  
Cholesterol Homeostasis ◽  
Cholesterol Feeding ◽  
Plasma Total Cholesterol ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition ◽  
Prenatal Growth ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Size At Birth

Epidemiological studies suggest that retarded growth before birth is associated with increased plasma total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations in adult life. Thus perturbations of prenatal growth may permanently alter cholesterol metabolism. To determine directly whether restriction of prenatal nutrition and growth alters postnatal cholesterol homeostasis, the plasma cholesterol response to cholesterol feeding (0.25% cholesterol) was examined in adult guinea pig offspring of ad libitum-fed or moderately undernourished mothers. Maternal undernutrition (85% ad libitum intake throughout pregnancy) reduced birth weight (−13%). Plasma total cholesterol was higher prior to and following 6 wk cholesterol feeding in male offspring of undernourished mothers compared with male offspring of ad libitum-fed mothers ( P< 0.05). The influence of birth weight on cholesterol metabolism was examined by dividing the offspring into those whose birth weight was above (high) or below (low) the median birth weight. Plasma total cholesterol concentrations prior to cholesterol feeding did not differ with size at birth, but plasma total and LDL cholesterol were 31 and 34% higher, respectively, following cholesterol feeding in low- compared with high-birth weight males ( P < 0.02). The response to cholesterol feeding in female offspring was not altered by variable maternal nutrition or size at birth. Covariate analysis showed that the effect of maternal undernutrition on adult cholesterol metabolism could be partly accounted for by alterations in prenatal growth. In conclusion, maternal undernutrition and small size at birth permanently alter postnatal cholesterol homeostasis in the male guinea pig.

scholarly journals Supplementation of a restricted maternal diet with protein or carbohydrate alone prevents a reduction in fetal muscle fibre number in the guinea-pig

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine M. Dwyer ◽  
Neil C. Stickland
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Fibre Number ◽  
Dietary Component ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Control Protein ◽  
Guinea Pig Fetus ◽  
Secondary Fibre ◽  
Fetal Muscle

A 60 % reduction in maternal feed intake is known to cause a reduction of approximately 20 % in biceps brachii fibre number in the guinea-pig fetus. This investigation was designed to isolate the dietary component responsible by reducing all dietary components to 60 % of the ad lib. level and supplementing the protein, carbohydrate or fat component to the level of the ad lib. intake. Fetal muscles were examined at 50 d gestation to determine numbers of primary and secondary fibres, and at term to determine total fibre number. Fetal and neonatal weights were reduced in all restricted groups (P < 0.05) when compared with ad lib. controls. At term this reduction was significantly less (P < 0.05) in the protein-supplemented group (20%) than in the 60 %-restricted and fat-supplemented groups (43%) and the carbohydrate-supplemented group (34%). Biceps brachii fibre numbers were reduced in the 60%-restricted and fat-supplemented groups by 14–16%, but fibre numbers were similar in control, protein-supplemented and carbohydrate-supplemented groups. Any reduction in fibre number was in the secondary fibre component of total fibre number. Therefore, biceps brachii fibre numbers were reduced only when maternal diets were deficient in both protein and carbohydrate.

scholarly journals Effects of food restriction and pregnancy on the expression of insulin-like growth factors-I and -II in tIssues from guinea pigs

2003 ◽  
Vol 179 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Olausson ◽  
A Sohlstrom
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition ◽  
Igf System ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Energy Store ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factors

The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system is subjected to pregnancy-associated changes in the circulation and is suggested to be of importance for partitioning of nutrients between the mother and the foetus. Interestingly, maternal undernutrition alters the pregnancy-associated changes, with possible adverse consequences for the mother and the foetus. However, it is not known how malnutrition and pregnancy alter the expression of mRNA for IGFs locally in different tIssues. The aims of this study were to investigate where IGF-I and IGF-II are expressed in guinea pigs and how this expression is altered during food restriction and pregnancy. Ad libitum-fed and food-restricted (fed 70% of the ad libitum-fed intake four weeks before pregnancy and throughout the study) guinea pigs were mated. On day 40 of pregnancy and on the corresponding day for virginal females the animals were killed. mRNA for IGF-I and IGF-II was analysed in various organs/tIssues by solution hybridisation. mRNA for IGF-I was expressed in high amounts in uterus, liver and adipose tIssues. The expression was not affected by food restriction, but was increased in liver and adipose tIssue and decreased in uterus by pregnancy. mRNA for IGF-II was expressed in high amounts in the placenta and liver. In the placenta the expression was decreased by food restriction. Pregnancy increased the levels of mRNA for IGF-II in the liver. Food-restricted dams had smaller foetuses and placentas. In conclusion, this study indicates an important role for the adipose tIssue during gestation, not only as an energy store but also as an endocrine tIssue expressing IGF-I. The decreased expression of IGF-II in the placenta due to food restriction is suggested to have adverse effects on placental structure and function.

Maternal constraint influences muscle fibre development in fetal lambs

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 675 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. McCoard ◽  
S. W. Peterson ◽  
W. C. McNabb ◽  
P. M. Harris ◽  
S. N. McCutcheon
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Placental Weight ◽  
Fetal Weight ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fibre Development ◽  
Fibre Number

The objective was to examine myogenesis in two situations expected to be characterized by maternal constraint: (i) in fetuses due to be born in spring (n = 10) or autumn (n = 10); and (ii) in single (n = 16) and twin (n = 20) fetal lambs. Maternal constraint operating through limitation of placental size, as measured by placentome weight per fetus, was evident in each study. Although a lower placental weight did not inßuence body and muscle weights of fetuses due to be born in the spring or autumn, twins had lower body and muscle weights than singles. Fibre number and average bre cross-sectional (CS) area were differentially affected by season and fetal number. The differences in muscle bre morphology between spring- and autumn-born fetuses suggest that muscle bre development was inßuenced by maternal constraint in the absence of an effect on fetal weight. The differences in muscle bre number and CS area in particular muscles from twin and single fetuses suggest that more severe maternal constraint, reßected in a lower placental size per fetus, not only inßuences fetal weight but can also affect muscle development.

Glycogen in guinea pig neutrophils: Ultrastructural study of neutrophils at the intradermal site of BCG injection

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 726-727
Author(s):  
Corazon D. Bucana
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Electron Density ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Ultrastructural Study ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Random Distribution ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies

In the circulating blood of man and guinea pigs, glycogen occurs primarily in polymorphonuclear neutrophils and platelets. The amount of glycogen in neutrophils increases with time after the cells leave the bone marrow, and the distribution of glycogen in neutrophils changes from an apparently random distribution to large clumps when these cells move out of the circulation to the site of inflammation in the peritoneal cavity. The objective of this study was to further investigate changes in glycogen content and distribution in neutrophils. I chose an intradermal site because it allows study of neutrophils at various stages of extravasation.Initially, osmium ferrocyanide and osmium ferricyanide were used to fix glycogen in the neutrophils for ultrastructural studies. My findings confirmed previous reports that showed that glycogen is well preserved by both these fixatives and that osmium ferricyanide protects glycogen from solubilization by uranyl acetate.I found that osmium ferrocyanide similarly protected glycogen. My studies showed, however, that the electron density of mitochondria and other cytoplasmic organelles was lower in samples fixed with osmium ferrocyanide than in samples fixed with osmium ferricyanide.

Inhibition of Human and Animal Platelet Adhesiveness to Glass Bead Columns by Adenosine, Dipyridamole, Chlorpromazine and Acetylsalicylic Acid

1976 ◽  
Vol 36 (02) ◽  
pp. 401-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Buichi Fujttani ◽  
Toshimichi Tsuboi ◽  
Kazuko Takeno ◽  
Kouichi Yoshida ◽  
Masanao Shimizu
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Acetylsalicylic Acid ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Glass Bead ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Rabbit Platelet ◽  
Platelet Adhesiveness

SummaryThe differences among human, rabbit and guinea-pig platelet adhesiveness as for inhibitions by adenosine, dipyridamole, chlorpromazine and acetylsalicylic acid are described, and the influence of measurement conditions on platelet adhesiveness is also reported. Platelet adhesiveness of human and animal species decreased with an increase of heparin concentrations and an increase of flow rate of blood passing through a glass bead column. Human and rabbit platelet adhesiveness was inhibited in vitro by adenosine, dipyridamole and chlorpromazine, but not by acetylsalicylic acid. On the other hand, guinea-pig platelet adhesiveness was inhibited by the four drugs including acetylsalicylic acid. In in vivo study, adenosine, dipyridamole and chlorpromazine inhibited platelet adhesiveness in rabbits and guinea-pigs. Acetylsalicylic acid showed the inhibitory effect in guinea-pigs, but not in rabbits.

INCORPORATION OF IODIDE INTO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN THE GUINEA PIG THYROID

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Ekholm ◽  
T. Zelander ◽  
P.-S. Agrell
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Protein Binding ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Microsomal Fraction ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Particulate Fraction ◽  
Supernatant Fraction ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

ABSTRACT Guinea pigs, kept on a iodine-sufficient diet, were injected with Na131I and the thyroids excised from 45 seconds to 5 days later. The thyroid tissue was homogenized and separated into a combined nuclear-mitochondrial-microsomal fraction and a supernatant fraction by centrifugation at 140 000 g for one hour. Protein bound 131iodine (PB131I) and free 131iodide were determined in the fractions and the PB131I was analysed for monoiodotyrosine (MIT), diiodotyrosine (DIT) and thyroxine after hydrolysis of PB131I. As early as only 20 minutes after the Na131I-injection almost 100% of the particulate fraction 131I was protein bound. In the supernatant fraction the protein binding was somewhat less rapid and PB131I values above 90% of total supernatant 131I were not found until 3 hours after the injection. In all experiments the total amount of PB131I was higher in the supernatant than in the corresponding particulate fraction. The ratio between supernatant PB131I and pellet PB131I was lower in experiments up to 3 minutes and from 2 to 5 days than in experiments of 6 minutes to 20 hours. Hydrolysis of PB131I yielded, even in the shortest experiments, both MIT and DIT. The DIT/MIT ratio was lower in the experiments up to 2 hours than in those of 3 hours and over.

Method for recording ECG's in unanesthetized guinea pigs

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1091-1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred Richtarik ◽  
Thomas A. Woolsey ◽  
Enrique Valdivia
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Standing Posture ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Rapid Succession ◽  
Unanesthetized Animals ◽  
Animal Size ◽  
Four Electrodes

A device for use in recording ECG's from guinea pigs is described. It is constructed of Plexiglas and consists of a base with four electrodes (separated by plastic ridges) on which the animal stands. The animal's activity is restricted by a removable box, the ends and top of which are adjustable to compensate for variations in animal size. The device permits recording of ECG's in rapid succession from quiet, unanesthetized animals in normal standing posture. Results obtained with the method are reported. apparatus for guinea pig ECG; time relations guinea pig ECG; normal ECG, guinea pig; factors affecting quality of ECG recordings from guinea pigs Submitted on October 21, 1964

scholarly journals Intravitreal brimonidine inhibits form-deprivation myopia in guinea pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yifang Yang ◽  
Junshu Wu ◽  
Defu Wu ◽  
Qi Wei ◽  
Tan Zhong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Intravitreal Injection ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Intravitreal Injections ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Myopia Progression ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Guinea Pig Model ◽  
Administration Methods

Abstract Background The use of ocular hypotensive drugs has been reported to attenuate myopia progression. This study explores whether brimonidine can slow myopia progression in the guinea pig form-deprivation (FD) model. Methods Three-week-old pigmented male guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) underwent monocular FD and were treated with 3 different methods of brimonidine administration (eye drops, subconjunctival or intravitreal injections). Four different concentrations of brimonidine were tested for intravitreal injection (2 μg/μL, 4 μg/μL, 20 μg/μL, 40 μg/μL). All treatments continued for a period of 21 days. Tonometry, retinoscopy, and A-scan ultrasonography were used to monitor intraocular pressure (IOP), refractive error and axial length (AL), respectively. On day 21, guinea pigs were sacrificed for RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to screen for associated transcriptomic changes. Results The myopia model was successfully established in FD animals (control eye vs. FD eye, respectively: refraction at day 20, 0.97 ± 0.18 D vs. − 0.13 ± 0.38 D, F = 6.921, P = 0.02; AL difference between day 0 and day 21, 0.29 ± 0.04 mm vs. 0.45 ± 0.03 mm, F = 11.655, P = 0.004). Among the 3 different brimonidine administration methods, intravitreal injection was the most effective in slowing myopia progression, and 4 μg/μL was the most effective among the four different concentrations of brimonidine intravitreal injection tested. The AL and the refraction of the brimonidine intravitreal injection group was significantly shorter or more hyperopic than those of other 2 groups. Four μg/μL produced the smallest difference in AL and spherical equivalent difference values. FD treatment significantly increased the IOP. IOP was significantly lower at 1 day after intravitreal injections which was the lowest in FD eye of intravitreal injection of brimonidine. At day 21, gene expression analyses using RNA-seq showed upregulation of Col1a1 and Mmp2 expression levels by intravitreal brimonidine. Conclusions Among the 3 different administration methods, intravitreal injection of brimonidine was the most effective in slowing myopia progression in the FD guinea pig model. Intravitreal brimonidine at 4 μg/μL significantly reduced the development of FD myopia in guinea pigs. Expression levels of the Col1a1 and Mmp2 genes were significantly increased in the retinal tissues of the FD-Inj-Br group.

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