Stratification, forms, and mobility of phosphorus in the topsoil of a Chromosol used for dairying

Soil Research ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 277 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Dougherty ◽  
D. M. Nash ◽  
D. J. Chittleborough ◽  
J. W. Cox ◽  
N. K. Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Exponential Relationship ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Mobile Forms ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
P Content ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Total P

The forms and stratification of soil phosphorus (P) and their relationship to mobile forms of P were investigated in soils collected from a subcatchment used for grazing of dairy cattle in the Adelaide Hills, South Australia. Phosphorus in the soils was highly stratified. The concentration of calcium chloride extractable P in the 0–0.01 m increment was, on average, 5.7 times greater than in the 0.05–0.10 m increment. Organic P (% of total P) in the top 0.01 m was significantly (P < 0.001) related to soil P content such that low P soils (total P of ~600 mg/kg) had high proportions of Po (~65%), whereas high P soils (total P of ~2000 mg/kg) had low proportions (~25%) of Po. Runoff P from these soils was predominantly (86%) dissolved (i.e. <0.45 μm). There was a significant (P < 0.001) exponential relationship between Olsen P in the top 0.01 m and dissolved P concentration in runoff. The form of dissolved P in runoff from soil in repacked trays was also significantly (P < 0.001) related to soil P. Runoff from low P soils (high Po) had high proportions (>50%) of dissolved unreactive P (DUP), whereas runoff from high P soils (low Po) had low proportions of DUP (<10%). Ultrafiltration of runoff samples revealed that 94 and 65% of the dissolved reactive P and DUP, respectively, was subcolloidal (i.e. <1 nm). These results highlight the relationship between soil fertility, the forms of soil P, and the concentrations and forms of P mobilised in runoff. Such relationships need to be considered in further studies of P mobilisation and the subsequent development of strategies designed to reduce runoff P concentrations.

Soil phosphorus depletion capacity of arbuscular mycorrhizae formed by maize hybrids

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Liu ◽  
C. Hamel ◽  
S. H. Begna ◽  
B. L. Ma ◽  
D. L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
P Content ◽  
Total P ◽  
Extractable Soil

The ability of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to help their host plant absorb soil P is well known, but little attention has been paid to the effect of AM fungi on soil P depletion capacity. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to assess, under different P levels, the effects of mycorrhizae on extractable soil P and P uptake by maize hybrids with contrasting phenotypes. The experiment had three factors, including two mycorrhizal treatments (mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal), three P fertilizer rates (0, 40, and 80 mg kg-1) and three maize hybrids [leafy normal stature (LNS), leafy reduced stature (LRS) and a conventional hybrid, Pioneer 3979 (P3979)]. Extractable soil P was determined after 3, 6 and 9 wk of maize growth. Plant biomass, P concentration and total P content were also determined after 9 wk of growth. Fertilization increased soil extractable P, plant biomass, P concentration in plants and total P uptake. In contrast to P3979, the LNS and LRS hybrids had higher biomass and total P content when mycorrhizal. Mycorrhizae had less influence on soil extractable P than on total P uptake by plants. The absence of P fertilization increased the importance of AM fungi for P uptake, which markedly reduced soil extractable P under AM plants during growth. This effect was strongest for LNS, the most mycorrhizae-dependent hybrid, intermediate for LRS, and not significant for the commercial hybrid P3979, which did not respond to AM inoculation. Key words: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, extraradical hyphae, maize hybrid,plant biomass, P uptake, soil extractable P

scholarly journals A Dual Isotope Protocol to Separate the Contributions to Phosphorus Content of Maize Shoots and Soil Phosphorus Fractions from Biosolids, Fertilizer and Soil

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 236-242
Author(s):  
JEAN DAVIS ◽  
RICHARD J FLAVEL ◽  
GRAEME BLAIR
Keyword(s):  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Dual Isotope ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Plant P Uptake ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Biosolids Application ◽  
Total P

Separation of the phosphorus (P) contributions from soil, fertilizer and biosolids to plants has not been possible without the aid of radioisotopes. Dual labelling of soil with 32P and fertilizer with 33P isotopes has been used to partition the sources of P in maize (Zea mays) shoots and in soil P pools. Biosolids containing 4.1% P that had been prepared using Fe and Al were applied to a Kurosol soil from Goulburn, NSW, Australia. The biosolids were applied at five rates up to 60 dry t/ha with and without P fertilizer. Phosphorus derived from fertilizer was determined directly with33 P and that from soil by32 P reverse dilution. Phosphorus derived from biosolids was estimated as the difference between total P and that derived from the soil plus fertilizer calculated from isotope data. Yield and P content of maize shoots increased linearly with the rate of biosolidsapplication. The proportion of P in the plant derived from biosolids also increased with application rate up to 88% for the soil receiving biosolids at 60 dry t/ha with no fertilizer. The corresponding value with fertilizer applied at 80 kg P/ha was 69%. The proportion of P in the maize shoots derived from soil and fertilizer decreased as biosolids application rate increased. Soil total P, bicarbonate extractable P, Al-P, Fe-P and Ca-P increased with biosolids application rate. The increase in plant P uptake and in bicarbonate extractable P in the soil shows that biosolids P provides a readily available source of P. A decrease in uptake of fertilizer and soil P with increasing biosolids application is attributed to the decrease in the proportion of P from these sources in the total pool of available P, rather than to immobilization of P by Fe and Al in the biosolids.

An appraisal of soil phosphorus testing data for crops and pastures in South Australia

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 979 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Reuter ◽  
CB Dyson ◽  
DE Elliott ◽  
DC Lewis ◽  
CL Rudd
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil P ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Soil P Test ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Proportional Yield

Data from more than 580 field experiments conducted in South Australia over the past 30 years have been re-examined to estimate extractable soil phosphorus (P) levels related to 90% maximum yield (C90) for 7 crop species (wheat, barley, oilseed rape, sunflower, field peas, faba beans, potato) and 3 types of legume-based pasture (subterranean clover, strawberry clover, annual medics). Data from both single-year and longer term experiments were evaluated. The C90 value for each species was derived from the relationship between proportional yield responsiveness to applied P fertiliser rates (determined as grain yield in crops and herbage yield in ungrazed pastures) and extractable P concentrations in surface soils sampled before sowing. Most data assessments involved the Colwell soil P test and soils sampled in autumn to 10 cm depth. When all data for a species were considered together, the relationship between proportional yield response to applied P and soil P status was typically variable, particularly where Colwell soil P concentration was around C90. When data could be grouped according to common soil types, soil surface texture, or P sorption indices (selected sites), better relationships were discerned. From such segregated data sets, different C90 estimates were derived for either different soil types or soil properties. We recommend that site descriptors associated with the supply of soil P to plant roots be determined as a matter of course in future P fertiliser experiments in South Australia. Given the above, we also contend that the Colwell soil P test is reasonably robust for estimating P fertiliser requirements for the diverse range of soils in the agricultural regions of the State. In medium- and longer term experiments, changes in Colwell soil P concentration were measured in the absence or presence of newly applied P fertiliser. The rate of change (mg soil P/kg per kg applied P/ha) appeared to vary with soil type (or soil properties) and, perhaps, cropping frequency. Relatively minor changes in soil P status were observed due to different tillage practices. In developing P fertiliser budgets, we conclude that a major knowledge gap exists for estimating the residual effectiveness of P fertiliser applied to diverse soil types under a wide range of South Australian farming systems.

SORPTION OF CARBON AND PHOSPHORUS FROM LIQUID POULTRY MANURE BY SOIL AGGREGATES OF DIFFERING SIZE

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. K. BHATNAGAR ◽  
M. H. MILLER
Keyword(s):  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Aggregate Size ◽  
Liquid Manure ◽  
Inorganic P ◽  
Supernatant Liquid ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
P Content ◽  
Manure Slurry ◽  
Total P

A series of laboratory experiments was conducted to determine the mechanism(s) responsible for a previously reported observation that addition of liquid manure to soil increased the NaHCO3-extractable P (Ext-P) of large aggregates (> 2 mm) more than that of smaller aggregates whereas addition of an inorganic P solution did not. Application of liquid poultry manure increased the total P, Ext-P and total C concentrations in large aggregates (> 2 mm) much more (> 2.5 ×) than that in small aggregates (< 1 mm). Addition of inorganic P solution or of supernatant liquid from a centrifuged manure slurry increased the P content of the large aggregates only slightly (1.2 ×). A greater increase in Ext-P in large aggregates was observed even when the smaller aggregates were purposely layered on top of the larger ones prior to addition of the liquid manure. A similar but less pronounced effect of aggregate size on increase in P or C concentration was observed when different sized aggregates were left in contact with an effectively infinite source of liquid manure for 24 h. It is concluded that the larger aggregates absorbed more of the bulk manure slurry than smaller aggregates. A partial sealing of small aggregates by particulates is suggested as a possible mechanism. Key words: Carbon, phosphorus, liquid manure, soil aggregates

Relationship between phosphorus fractions and properties of highly calcareous soils

Soil Research ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebrahim Adhami ◽  
Hamid Reza Memarian ◽  
Farzad Rassaei ◽  
Ehsan Mahdavi ◽  
Manouchehr Maftoun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Sequential Fractionation ◽  
Inorganic P ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Fractionation Procedure ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
P Content

Inorganic phosphorus (P) sequential fractionation schemes are applicable techniques to interpret soil P status. The present study was initiated to determine the origin of various P fractions in highly calcareous soils. Inorganic P forms were determined by a sequential fractionation procedure extracting with NaOH (NaOH-P), Na citrate-bicarbonate (CB-P), Na citrate 2 times (C1-P and C2-P), Na citrate-ascorbate (CAs-P), Na citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite (CBD-P), Na acetate (NaAc-P), and HCl (HCl-P). Results showed that NaOH-P was negatively correlated with active iron oxides. CB-P was positively correlated with silt content and negatively related to citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite extractable Fe (Fed). This result illustrates the weathering effect on Ca-P, with Ca-P content declining as a consequence of weathering. A negative correlation was observed between C1-P and citrate ascorbate extractable Fe (FeCAs). Second citrate extractable P (C2-P) was negatively related to calcium carbonate equivalent and positively related to hydroxylamine-hydrochloride and neutral ammonium acetate-hydroquinone extractable Mn (Mnh and Mnq). Fine silt (Fsilt) was the most influential factor affecting CAs-P. It seemed citrate-dithionite-bicarbonate extractable Al (Ald), Mnh, and Mnq have been sinks for CBD-P, while free iron oxide compounds (Feo, Fec, and FeCAs) were a major contributing factor for the formation of NaAc-P. Stable P compounds (HCl-P) of highly calcareous soils originated from coarse silt (Csilt) and hydroxylamine-hydrochloride extractable Mn (Mnh).

A comparison of some surface soil phosphorus tests that could be used to assess P export potential

Soil Research ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Nash ◽  
Murray Hannah ◽  
Kirsten Barlow ◽  
Fiona Robertson ◽  
Nicole Mathers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic P ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
P Sorption ◽  
P Loss ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Soil P Tests ◽  
Total P ◽  
Water Extractable

Phosphorus (P) exports from agricultural land are a problem world-wide and soil tests are often used to identify high risk areas. A recent study investigated changes in soil (0–20 mm), soil water and overland flow in 4 recently laser-graded (<1 year) and 4 established (laser-graded >10 years) irrigated pastures in south-eastern Australia before and after 3 years of irrigated dairy production. We use the results from that study to briefly examine the relationships between a series of ‘agronomic’ (Olsen P, Colwell P), environmental (water-extractable P, calcium chloride extractable P, P sorption saturation, and P sorption), and other (total P, organic P) soil P tests. Of the 2 ‘agronomic’ soil P tests, Colwell P explained 91% of the variation in Olsen P, and Colwell P was better correlated with the other soil tests. With the exception of P sorption, all soil P tests explained 57% or more of the total variation in Colwell P, while they explained 61% or less of Olsen P possibly due to the importance of organic P in this soil. Variations in total P were best explained by the organic P (85%), Calcium chloride extractable P (83%), water-extractable P (78%), and P sorption saturation (76%). None of the tests adequately predicted the variation in P sorption at 5 mg P/L equilibrating solution concentration. The results of this limited study highlight the variability between soil P tests that may be used to estimate P loss potential. Moreover, these results suggest that empirical relationships between specific soil P tests and P export potential will have limited resolution where different soil tests are used, as the errors in the relationship between soil test P and P loss potential are compounded by between test variation. We conclude that broader study is needed to determine the relationships between soil P tests for Australian soils, and based on that study a standard protocol for assessing the potential for P loss should be developed.

scholarly journals Estimates of mean residence times of phosphorus in commonly considered inorganic soil phosphorus pools

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Helfenstein ◽  
Chiara Pistocchi ◽  
Astrid Oberson ◽  
Federica Tamburini ◽  
Daniel S. Goll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Land Surface Models ◽  
High Ph ◽  
Soil P ◽  
P Pools ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Surface Models ◽  
Exchange Kinetic ◽  
Using Data

Abstract. Quantification of turnover of inorganic soil phosphorus (P) pools is essential to improve our understanding of P cycling in soil–plant systems and improve representations of the P cycle in land surface models. Turnover can be quantified using mean residence time (MRT); however, to date there is little information on MRT of P in soil P pools. We introduce an approach to quantify MRT of P in sequentially extracted inorganic soil P pools using data from isotope exchange kinetic experiments. Our analyses of 53 soil samples from the literature showed that MRT of labile P (resin- and bicarbonate-extractable P) was on the order of minutes to hours for most soils, MRT in NaOH-extractable P (NaOH-P) was in the range of days to months, and MRT in HCl-extractable P (HCl-P) was on the order of years to millennia. Multiple-regression models were able to capture 54 %–63 % of the variability in MRT among samples and showed that land use was the most important predictor of MRT of P in labile and NaOH pools. MRT of P in HCl-P was strongly dependent on pH, as high-pH soils tended to have longer MRTs. This was interpreted to be related to the composition of HCl-P. Under high pH, HCl-P contains mostly apatite, with a low solubility, whereas under low-pH conditions, HCl-P may contain more exchangeable P forms. These results suggest that current land surface models underestimate the dynamics of inorganic soil P pools and could be improved by reducing model MRTs of the labile and NaOH-P pools, considering soil-type-dependent MRTs rather than universal exchange rates and allowing for two-way exchange between HCl-P and the soil solution.

scholarly journals Combining Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and Visible Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (Vis-NIRS) for Soil Phosphorus Determination

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 5419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Sánchez-Esteva ◽  
Maria Knadel ◽  
Sergey Kucheryavskiy ◽  
Lis W. de Jonge ◽  
Gitte H. Rubæk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Variable Selection ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Laser Induced Breakdown ◽  
Wet Chemical

Conventional wet chemical methods for the determination of soil phosphorus (P) pools, relevant for environmental and agronomic purposes, are labor-intensive. Therefore, alternative techniques are needed, and a combination of the spectroscopic techniques—in this case, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)—and visible near-infrared spectroscopy (vis-NIRS) could be relevant. We aimed at exploring LIBS, vis-NIRS and their combination for soil P estimation. We analyzed 147 Danish agricultural soils with LIBS and vis-NIRS. As reference measurements, we analyzed water-extractable P (Pwater), Olsen P (Polsen), oxalate-extractable P (Pox) and total P (TP) by conventional wet chemical protocols, as proxies for respectively leachable, plant-available, adsorbed inorganic P, and TP in soil. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) models combined with interval partial least squares (iPLS) and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) variable selection methods were tested, and the relevant wavelengths for soil P determination were identified. LIBS exhibited better results compared to vis-NIRS for all P models, except for Pwater, for which results were comparable. Model performance for both the LIBS and vis-NIRS techniques as well as the combined LIBS-vis-NIR approach was significantly improved when variable selection was applied. CARS performed better than iPLS in almost all cases. Combined LIBS and vis-NIRS models with variable selection showed the best results for all four P pools, except for Pox where the results were comparable to using the LIBS model with CARS. Merging LIBS and vis-NIRS with variable selection showed potential for improving soil P determinations, but larger and independent validation datasets should be tested in future studies.

Direct and residual effect of phosphorus on dryland barley

1996 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. I. Orphanos
Keyword(s):  
Surface Soil ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
P Content ◽  
P Balance ◽  
Cropping Seasons

SUMMARYIn a 14-year experiment conducted at Athalassa in the central plain of Cyprus, phosphorus was applied (0, 30 or 60 kg P/ha) annually over the first 5-year period to rainfed barley continually grown and cut for hay at the milk stage of the grain. The bicarbonate-extractable P content in the surface soil was 4 mg/kg at the start and increased to 16 and 25 mg/kg after the five annual applications of 30 and 60 kg P/ha, respectively. The residual effect of P was monitored in the following seven crop seasons, by the end of which soil P had dropped to below the recognised 6 mg/kg threshold value for response to P. The application of P was resumed in the last two experimental seasons (1992/93 and 1993/94). In two cropping seasons, rainfall was < 140 mm and no harvestable yield was obtained. In another two seasons, in which there was adequate rainfall in December and January, there was no response to P, but in the other seasons 30 kg P/ha was sufficient for maximum yield. Concentration of P in the dry matter (DM) harvested increased in proportion to the P applied.A P balance sheet made after the first five P applications and taking into account the amount of P removed in the DM and the increase in soil bicarbonate-extractable P indicated that 29 and 26 % of the P applied with the 30 and 60 kg P/ha rates, respectively, was accounted for.The data indicate that the established threshold value of 6 mg P/kg is valid. The soil tested 180 mg/kg exchangeable K. but application of 240 or 480 kg K/ha did not increase yield.

scholarly journals Understory vegetation relationships with soil element contents in a northern boreal forest ecosystem near a phosphate massif

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Matkala ◽  
Maija Salemaa ◽  
Jaana Bäck
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Understory Vegetation ◽  
Forest Understory ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Humus Layer ◽  
P Content ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Total P ◽  
Better Than

Abstract. We studied the relationship of forest understory vegetation with nutrient contents of soil and tree leaves near Sokli phosphate ore in northern Finland, where the soil contains naturally high variation in phosphorus (P) contents. At most study plots boreal dwarf shrubs, bryophytes and lichen formed a dense mat under a mixture of sparsely growing Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies and Betula pubescens. However, some plots were dominated by B. pubescens and had a higher variety and number of forbs and grasses in the understory. The total P content in the soil humus layer explained the abundance and species composition of the vegetation slightly better than the total nitrogen content. The spatial variation in contents of soil elements was high both between and within plots, emphasizing the heterogeneity of soil. High contents of P in the humus layer (max. 2600 mg kg−1) were measured from the birch-dominated plots. As the P contents of birch leaves and leaf litter were also rather high (2580 mg kg−1 and 1280 mg kg−1, respectively), this may imply that the leaf litter of birch forms an important source of P to the soil.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document