Mineral losses during soil formation in granitic material

Soil Research ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 317 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Ferric Iron ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Total Iron ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Profile Losses ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Mineral Losses ◽  
Considerable Depth

The productivity of forest stands on four soils is related to the degree of weathering of the soils as measured by the ratio of free ferric iron to total iron for the entire profile. Losses of phosphorus, potassium, and soil bulk increase with the degree of weathering, which commences at a considerable depth. Most of the phosphorus and potassium is lost from the material before it comes within the reach of tree roots.

scholarly journals Effects of serpentinite fertilizer on the chemical properties and enzyme activity of young spruce soils

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Błońska ◽  
Kazimierz Januszek ◽  
Stanisław Małek ◽  
Tomasz Wanic
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Forest Zone ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
One Year ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽  
Experimental Plots

AbstractThe experimental plots used in the study were located in the middle forest zone (elevation: 900-950 m a.s.l.) on two nappes of the flysch Carpathians in southern Poland. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of serpentinite in combination with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers on selected chemical properties of the soil and activity of dehydrogenase and urease in the studied soils. All fertilizer treatments significantly enriched the tested soils in magnesium. The use of serpentinite as a fertilizer reduced the molar ratio of exchangeable calcium to magnesium, which facilitated the uptake of magnesium by tree roots due to competition between calcium and magnesium. After one year of fertilization on the Wisła experimental plot, the pH of the Ofh horizon increased, while the pH of the mineral horizons significantly decreased. Enrichment of serpentinite with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers stimulated the dehydrogenase activity in the studied organic horizon. The lack of a negative effect of the serpentinite fertilizer on enzyme activity in the spruce stand soil showed that the concentrations of the heavy metals added to the soil were not high enough to be toxic and indicated the feasibility of using this fertilizer in forestry.

Empirical ferric iron corrections: necessity, assumptions, and effects on selected geothermobarometers

1991 ◽  
Vol 55 (378) ◽  
pp. 3-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Schumacher
Keyword(s):  
Ferrous Iron ◽  
Ferric Iron ◽  
Bulk Composition ◽  
Total Iron ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Treatment Results ◽  
Ideal Stoichiometry ◽  
End Members ◽  
Excess Cations ◽  
Mineral Analyses

AbstractThe ferromagnesian silicate minerals, such as garnets, pyroxenes, micas, and amphiboles, appear in a variety of geothermometers and geobarometers. Where complete chemical analyses are available and regardless of bulk composition (metamorphosed pelitic or mafic), the aforementioned minerals commonly contain ferric iron. In mineral analyses using the electron microprobe, ferric and ferrous iron are not distinguished, and all the iron is treated as FeO. In ferric Fe-bearing minerals, this treatment results in (1) low analytical sums and (2) excess cations in the mineral formulae. Assuming ideal stoichiometry (ideal formula cations and oxygens) allows direct ferric estimates in garnets and pyroxenes; amphiboles require additional assumptions concerning site occupancies, and, for micas, no acceptable constraint exists for a ferric estimate. Based on ferric iron determinations for some metamorphic ferromagnesian silicates, the proportion of ferric to total iron increases at higher XMg values. The influence of ferric estimates on T and P calculations depends on the model used and on the extent the ferric estimate alters the relative proportions of end-members. Several examples suggest that, in general, if ferric estimates (or determinations) are made, they should be made for all the relevant minerals.

Modelling Tree Roots in Mixed Forest Stands by Inhomogeneous Marked Gibbs Point Processes

2009 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 522-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Eckel ◽  
Frank Fleischer ◽  
Pavel Grabarnik ◽  
Marian Kazda ◽  
Aila Särkkä ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Processes ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Gibbs Point Processes

The Effect of Total Iron Concentration and Iron Speciation on the Rate of Ferrous Iron Oxidation Kinetics of Leptospirillum ferriphilum in Continuous Tank Systems

2007 ◽  
Vol 20-21 ◽  
pp. 447-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Petersen ◽  
Tunde Victor Ojumu
Keyword(s):  
Oxidation Kinetics ◽  
Ferrous Iron ◽  
Ferric Iron ◽  
Iron Oxidation ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Total Iron ◽  
Ferrous Iron Oxidation ◽  
Utilisation Rate ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Total Iron Concentration

In this study the results from a systematic study of the oxidation kinetics of Leptospirillum ferriphilum in continuous culture at total iron concentrations ranging from 2 to12 g/L are reported. In all experiments the steady-state concentrations of ferrous iron were small and comparable, and at least 97% of was as ferric. Surprisingly, the specific ferrous iron utilisation rate decreased with increasing total iron concentration, while yield coefficients increased. It was noted that the biomass concentration in the reactor (as measured by both CO2 uptake rate and cell counts) dramatically increased with increasing total iron concentrations, whereas it stayed more or less the same over a wide range of dilution rates at a given total iron concentration. The experimental data was re-analysed in terms of ferrous iron kinetics using Monod kinetics with a ferric inhibition term. The results confirm that the maximum specific iron utilisation rate is itself a function of ferric iron concentration, declining with increasing concentration. It thus appears that high concentrations of ferric iron stimulate microbial growth while at the same time inhibiting the rate of ferrous iron oxidation. It is postulated that these phenomena are related, i.e. that more growth occurs to reduce the load on the individual cell, possibly by sharing some metabolic functions.

A New Method for Serum Iron and Total Iron-Binding Capacity by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 438-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur D Olson ◽  
W B Hamlin
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Serum Iron ◽  
Ferric Iron ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Total Iron ◽  
Iron Binding ◽  
Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Iron Binding Capacity ◽  
Iron Precipitates

Abstract A new, atomic absorption spectrophotometric method for serum iron and iron-binding capacity is described, which utilizes 20% (w/v) TCA plus heating at 90° for 15 min. This procedure liberates the ferric iron; precipitates the protein, facilitating removal by centrifugation; and avoids significant interferences by contaminating hemoglobin iron. The method is highly specific, accurate, and has the additional feature of requiring less time than most colorimetric or atomic absorption methods employing chelation and extraction.

scholarly journals A study into the mobility of iron in podzolized Sarawak upland soils by means of selective iron extractions.

1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
J.P. Andriesse
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxides ◽  
Ferric Iron ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Sedimentary Rocks ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Great Depth ◽  
Great Activity ◽  
Initial Oxidation ◽  
Virtual Absence ◽  
Field Information

The presence of relatively large amounts of crystalline free iron oxides gradually increasing with depth, a virtual absence of new iron accumulations in the amorphous form and a great activity of organic acids in complexing iron in surface horizons were observed. Additional field information provides evidence of large accumulations of iron oxides at great depth in cracks and joints of sedimentary rocks. These characteristics suggest that there has been a relative accumulation of crystalline iron oxides through desilication during an early stage in soil formation. This was followed by a loss of iron in varying degree from the upper horizons, which can most likely be attributed to fossil argilluviation and weathering of iron-rich clay, or possibly to fossil reduction with transport in ferrous form. The latter would presuppose the existence of poorly drained conditions prior to strong dissection resulting in the present landscape. The strong and extensive accumulation of iron oxides at great depth in cracks and joints may be attributed to the oxidation and precipitation of ferrous and ferric iron mobilized upon initial oxidation of pyrites in the weathering front of the sedimentary rocks. Lateral movements of soil water may play a role in this. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Iron Chemical Analysis of Spodosols to Date Last Pleistocene-Holocene. The Example of the Italian Central Alps.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Longhi ◽  
Mauro Guglielmin
Keyword(s):  
Iron Content ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Total Iron ◽  
Physical Analysis ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Central Alps ◽  
Total Iron Content ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Iron Fraction ◽  
Extractable Iron

<p>The deglaciation of the Italian Central Alps is still discussed and not well known, especially when we consider the Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene. This study will use different fraction of the iron content of paleo-spodosols to date the time of the deglaciation of three areas in the Central Italian Alps (Gavia, Stelvio and Val Viola). Relying on a first soil distribution analysis and on geomorphological evidences, we opened and described 24 soil pits and from each A and B horizon we collected at least 1 kg of sample to do some basic soil physical analysis: granulometry, water content, pH and loss on ignition. The oxalate extractable iron fraction and the dithionite extractable iron fraction have been determined with standard lab procedures, the total iron content has been determined using a SEM/EDX analysis. We calculated the Iron Crystallinity Ratio, defined as the difference between the dithionite extractable iron fraction and the oxalate extractable iron fraction, normalized on the total iron content. The Iron Crystallinity Ratio gives us a relative age of the soil formation: using data from radiocarbon dating and from cosmogenic dating, we calibrated the Iron Crystallinity Ratio with absolute ages. With the obtained functions, which showed a good fitting, we calculated ages between 15809 years and 5490 years in the Gavia area, between 11760 years and 7237 years in the Stelvio area and between 14668 years and 7096 years in the Val Viola area.</p>

Reductive Dissolution of Ferric Iron in Laterite Overburden Using Acidithiobacillus Spp. and Neutrophilic Iron-Reducing Consortia

2015 ◽  
Vol 1130 ◽  
pp. 351-354
Author(s):  
Jeannette Marrero ◽  
Orquidea Coto ◽  
Axel Schippers
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Acidithiobacillus Ferrooxidans ◽  
Ferric Iron ◽  
Total Iron ◽  
Reductive Dissolution ◽  
Acidithiobacillus Thiooxidans ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Laterite Ore

Cuba is considered as one of the top world producer of nickel and cobalt. The laterite ore containing nickel and cobalt is mined after first removing an overburden of a long strip of soil and rock. The laterite has a high content of iron oxide (63%), which has to be removed in order to recover the nickel and cobalt. This study reports on the kinetics of reductive dissolution of the Fe(III) from the overburden by two native neutrophilic iron-reducing consortia as well as Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans. All of the organisms mobilized the ferric iron in the laterite by reducing it to Fe(II). The AeRD process using At. thiooxidans was far more efficient in extracting total iron than the AnRD process using At. ferrooxidans.

Effects of acid deposition on tree roots in Swedish forest stands

1995 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 1287-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Persson ◽  
H. Majdi
Keyword(s):  
Acid Deposition ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Tree Roots
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