The chemical composition and ionic strength of soil solutions from New Zealand topsoils

Soil Research ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
DC Edmeades ◽  
DM Wheeler ◽  
OE Clinton
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Solution Composition ◽  
Soil Solutions

In preliminary experiments a centrifuge method for extracting soil solutions was examined. Neither the time nor speed of centrifuging had any effect on the concentrations of cations in soil solution. The concentration of cations increased with decreasing soil moisture content, and NO3, Ca, Mg, and Na concentrations increased with increasing time of storage of freshly collected moist soils. It was concluded that to obtain soil solutions, which accurately reflect the soil solution composition and ionic strength (I) in situ, requires that soil samples are extracted immediately (<24 h) following sampling from the field. Prior equilibration of soil samples, to adjust soil moisture contents, is therefore not valid. The effect of time of sampling and soil type, and the effects of fertilizer and lime applications, on soil solution composition and ionic strength, were measured on freshly collected field moist topsoils. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Na, NH, and NO, were lowest in the winter and highest in the summer. Consequently, there was a marked seasonal variation in ionic strength which ranged from 0.003 to 0.016 mol L-1 (mean, 0.005 s.d. 0.003) over time and soil type. Withholding fertilizer (P, K, S, Ca) for two years had only a minor effect on ionic composition and strength, and liming increased solution Ca, Mg and HCO3, but decreased Al, resulting in a twofold increase in ionic strength. These results suggest that the ionic strength of temperate grassland topsoils in New Zealand lie within the range 0.003-0.016 and are typically 0.005.

Corrigenda - The chemical composition and ionic strength of soil solutions from New Zealand topsoils

Soil Research ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
DC Edmeades ◽  
DM Wheeler ◽  
OE Clinton
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Solution Composition ◽  
Soil Solutions

In preliminary experiments a centrifuge method for extracting soil solutions was examined. Neither the time nor speed of centrifuging had any effect on the concentrations of cations in soil solution. The concentration of cations increased with decreasing soil moisture content, and NO3, Ca, Mg, and Na concentrations increased with increasing time of storage of freshly collected moist soils. It was concluded that to obtain soil solutions, which accurately reflect the soil solution composition and ionic strength (I) in situ, requires that soil samples are extracted immediately (<24 h) following sampling from the field. Prior equilibration of soil samples, to adjust soil moisture contents, is therefore not valid. The effect of time of sampling and soil type, and the effects of fertilizer and lime applications, on soil solution composition and ionic strength, were measured on freshly collected field moist topsoils. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Na, NH, and NO, were lowest in the winter and highest in the summer. Consequently, there was a marked seasonal variation in ionic strength which ranged from 0.003 to 0.016 mol L-1 (mean, 0.005 s.d. 0.003) over time and soil type. Withholding fertilizer (P, K, S, Ca) for two years had only a minor effect on ionic composition and strength, and liming increased solution Ca, Mg and HCO3, but decreased Al, resulting in a twofold increase in ionic strength. These results suggest that the ionic strength of temperate grassland topsoils in New Zealand lie within the range 0.003-0.016 and are typically 0.005.

Amelioration of subsurface acidity in sandy soils in low rainfall regions .2. Changes to soil solution composition following the surface application of gypsum and lime

Soil Research ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 847 ◽  
Author(s):  
CDA Mclay ◽  
GSP Ritchie ◽  
WM Porter ◽  
A Cruse
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Ion Pairs ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
First Year ◽  
Solution Composition

Two field trials were sampled to investigate the changes to soil solution chemical properties of a yellow sandplain soil with an acidic subsoil following the application of gypsum and lime to the soil surface in 1989. The soils were sandy textured and located in a region of low annual rainfall (300-350 mm). Soil was sampled annually to a depth of 1 m and changes in soil solution composition were estimated by extraction of the soil with 0.005 M KCl. Gypsum leaching caused calcium (Ca), sulfate (SO4) and the ionic strength to increase substantially in both topsoil and subsoil by the end of the first year. Continued leaching in the second year caused these properties to decrease by approximately one-half in the topsoil. Gypsum appeared to have minimal effect on pH or total Al (Al-T), although the amount of Al present as toxic monomeric Al decreased and the amount present as non-toxic AlSO+4 ion pairs increased. Magnesium (Mg) was displaced from the topsoil by gypsum and leached to a lower depth in the subsoil. In contrast, lime caused pH to increase and Al to decrease substantially in the topsoil, but relatively little change to any soil solution properties was observed in the subsoil. There was an indication that more lime may have leached in the presence of gypsum in the first year after application at one site. Wheat yields were best related to the soil acidity index Al-T/EC (where EC is electrical conductivity of a 1:5 soil:water extract), although the depth at which the relationship was strongest in the subsoil varied between sites. The ratio Al-T/EC was strongly correlated with the activity of monomeric Al species (i.e. the sum of the activities of Al3+, AlOH2+ and Al(OH)+2 in the soil solution. An increase in the concentration of sulfate in the subsoil solution (which increased the ionic strength, thereby decreasing the activity of Al3+, and also increased the amount of Al present as the AlSO+4 ion pair) was probably the most important factor decreasing Al toxicity to wheat. The results indicated that gypsum could be used to increase wheat growth in aluminium toxic subsoils in sandy soils of low rainfall regions and that a simple soil test could be used to predict responses.

Effects of incubation time and filtration technique on soil solution composition with particular reference to inorganic and organically complexed Al

Soil Research ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
NW Menzies ◽  
LC Bell ◽  
DG Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Irradiation ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Solution Composition ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Major Cations ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Incubation Periods ◽  
Ultra Filtration ◽  
Highly Weathered Soils ◽  
Filtration Technique

Soil solutions were extracted from surface and subsoil samples of highly weathered soils in the field moist state and from air-dry samples which had been re-wet and incubated at 28�C for 1 to 64 days. Soil solutions were analysed following filtration through 0.22 pm and 0-025 �m pore-diameter hembranes. Selected samples were also incubated following sterilization by gamma irradiation (50 kGy) to investigate the effects of microorganisims on soil solution C dynamics. Ultra-filtration did not affect the concentration of the major cations or anions but significantly reduced Al, Fe, Mn, Si and organic C concentration in some surface soil solutions extracted from field-moist samples and from re-wet air-dry samples after short incubation periods. The organically-complexed Al concentration in soil solution was significantly increased by air-drying and re-wetting soil; the organic Al concentration decreased with increased time of incubation to levels comparable with that present in field-moist samples. Inorganic monomeric Al reached a stable concentration, comparable with that in field moist samples, when air-dry soils were re-wet and incubated for 1 day. While gamma irradiation effectively sterilized the soil and stabilized the concentration of Al and organic C in solution, the magnitude of the changes in soil solution composition observed as a result of irradiation diminish the value of this finding.

EFFECT OF MOISTURE CHANGE AND SALINITY ON THE Mg/Ca RATIO AND RATIO OF Ca/TOTAL CATIONS IN SOIL SOLUTIONS

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. CARTER ◽  
G. R. WEBSTER ◽  
R. R. CAIRNS
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Saline Soils ◽  
Moisture Change ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Effect Of Moisture ◽  
Cation Ratio

The magnitude of change of the Mg/Ca ratio and ratio of Ca/total cations were determined over the available moisture range in the soil solution of saline (Na, Mg and Ca sulfates) and non-saline soils. Estimates of the soil solution were obtained by displacement with ethanol. As the soil moisture declined in saline or near saline soils, the Mg/Ca ratio and Ca/total cation ratio increased and remained relatively stable, respectively. Saturation paste extracts were found to serve as an indicator to changes in the above ratios.

Influence of Soil Moisture Content on Soil Solution Composition

2008 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen L. Dyer ◽  
Peter M. Kopittke ◽  
Anna R. Sheldon ◽  
Neal W. Menzies
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Solution Composition

Relationships between soil solution aluminium and extractable aluminium in some moderately acid New Zealand soils

Soil Research ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 769 ◽  
Author(s):  
HJ Percival ◽  
KM Giddens ◽  
R Lee ◽  
JS Whitton
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Poor Correlation ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Pasture Plant ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Extractable Al

This work investigates the relationship between soil solution aluminium (Al) and extractable Al in some New Zealand soils giving high extractable Al levels, yet with pH(H2O) values ≥ 5.2. Total Al in 1 M KCl extracts ranged from 0.8 to 11.6 cmol(+)/kg, and in corresponding 0.02 M CaCl2 extracts from 0.002 to 0.39 cmol(+)/kg. Soil solutions had low total Al concentrations, ranging from < 0.5 to 12.5 µM, with < 10% of the Al in the monomeric Al form as determined by the chromeazurol S colorimetric method. There was a poor correlation between Al in soil solution and that extracted by either 1 M KCl or 0.02 M CaCl2. The measured monomeric Al concentrations in the soil solutions did not exceed levels corresponding to Al toxicity threshold activities set at 10 or 2 µM, related to a range of pasture plant tolerances, whether based on the activity of Al3+ species alone, or on the sum of the individual activities of Al3+, Al(OH)2+ and Al(OH)2+ species. The high 1 M KCl-extractable and 0.02 M CaCl2-extractable Al values provided a misleading indication of potential Al toxicity status, probably due to the generation of artificially high extracted Al concentrations from these particular types of soils.

scholarly journals Comparison of soil and seepage water properties in the limed and not-limed spruce forest stands in the Beskydy Mts.

Beskydy ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ida Drápelová ◽  
Jiří Kulhavý
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Control Plot ◽  
Seepage Water ◽  
Dolomitic Limestone ◽  
Solution Composition ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
And Control

The study deals with evaluation of a liming experiment carried out in spruce stands situated near Bílý Kříž in Moravian-Silesian Beskydy Mts. at an altitude of 908 m. Soil type was humo-ferric podzol with mor-moder humus form and low content of nutrients. Soil properties and soil solution composition from two research plots with Picea abies [L.] Karst. monoculture aged 28 in 2006 were compared. One of the plots was limed by dolomitic limestone at a total dose of 9 t ha-1 in the 80s of the 20th century the second plot was a not-limed control. Sampling of sub-surface seepage water was carried out in fortnight intervals on the both plots during 2001–2006. Statistically significant differences between the limed and control plot were found in soil solution concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4+, HPO42-, SO42-, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and pH. Significant differences were not observed between the plots in NO3- concentrations. Soil samples taken from the both plots in 2003 were analyzed and the results have shown that changes induced by liming could be detected even after 16 year after the last liming event. Increased pH values in the entire soil profile, and changes in the composition of soil sorption complex and increased base saturation in the forest floor horizons were found on the limed plot.

Soil and soil solution chemistry of a New Zealand pasture soil amended with heavy metal-containing sewage sludge

Soil Research ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Percival
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Solution Chemistry ◽  
Soil Solution Chemistry ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Free Metal ◽  
Soil Metal

The disposal of wastewater treatment sewage sludge onto agricultural land in New Zealand has led to the development of guidelines for the upper limit concentrations for total heavy metals in the underlying soil. However, those soil biological and biochemical processes now known to be most sensitive to environmental change are being used internationally to set new soil limits. The soil solution chemistry of a pasture soil amended with heavy metals has been used to assess the bioavailability of several important heavy metals. Field trial plots were treated with both spiked (Cu, Ni, or Zn) and unspiked sewage sludge to raise total soil metal concentrations, both above and below the current New Zealand guideline values. Soils were sampled pre-amendment in 1997 and post-amendment in 1998, 1999, and 2000. Soil solutions were extracted by centrifugation and analysed for pH, for concentrations of heavy metals, major cations and anions, and dissolved organic carbon. Heavy metal speciation was calculated with the GEOCHEM-PC model.Soil solution concentrations of Cu, Ni, and Zn increased with increasing levels of metal in the spiked sludge, reflecting increases in total soil metal concentrations. Cu concentrations changed little with time, but those of Ni and Zn tended to decrease. Cu was much more adsorbed by the soil than was Ni or Zn. The free metal ions, Cu2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ (representing the most 'bioavailable' fraction), were the dominant metal species in the soil solutions. Variations in free metal ion percentages with metal-spiking level depended on the balance between organic and sulfate complexation for Cu, but on sulfate complexation alone for Ni and Zn. Cu and Ni free metal-ion activities in soil solution were relatively low even at the highest metal loadings in the soil, but may be high enough to cause toxicity problems. Zn activities were very much higher, and at the regulatory limit for zinc likely to affect sensitive biological and biochemical properties of the soil.

Chemical attributes of some Queensland acid aoils. II. Relationships between soil and soil solution phase compositions

Soil Research ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 353 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Bruce ◽  
LC Bell ◽  
DG Edwards ◽  
LA Warrell
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Solution Phase ◽  
Multiple Regression Equation ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Chemical Attributes ◽  
Strong Linear Relationship

Relationships were sought between soil and soil solution attributes by using the data of Bruce et al. (Part I). There was a strong linear relationship between EC of soil solutions and EC of 1:5 soil : water extracts (r2 = 0.904). In subsoils, the activity of Al3 + in soil solution was dependent on soil solution ionic strength and soil Al saturation, and was described by the following multiple regression equation: loge(Al3+) = -6.97 + 1.96logeIss + 0.0777Alsat.%

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