Comparison of three soil tests for phosphate on lateritic soil fertilized with superphosphate, crandallite rock phosphates and apatite rock phosphates

Soil Research ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 555 ◽  
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland ◽  
DG Allen
Keyword(s):  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Lateritic Soil ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
Rock Phosphates ◽  
Christmas Island ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
The Relationship

Different amounts of superphosphate, crandallite-millisite rock phosphate (three different samples of C-ore from Christmas Island), 500�C calcined C-ore (three different samples of Calciphos) and apatite rock phosphate (two different samples from the Duchess deposit, Queensland) were applied once only in May 1977 on lateritic soil in Western Australia. Samples of the top 10 cm of soil were collected in the summer (January-February) of 1979 and 1980 for measurement of extractable soil phosphate by the Colwell, Olsen and Bray soil tests, and the data were compared with dry matter production of subterranean clover pasture in the following spring (August). For each fertilizer in each year, the Olsen and Brayl soil test values (as dependent variables) were closely correlated with the Colwell soil test values (independent variable), and the Bray 1 soil test (dependent variable) was closely correlated with the Olsen soil test (independent variable). For the relationship between yield and soil test values, separate calibrations were required in most cases for each fertilizer and each soil test, and these calibrations showed large differences in two successive years. None of the soil tests was significantly better for predicting clover yields for the different fertilizers applied two and three years previously.

Effectiveness of superphosphate and crandallite-millisite rock phosphates on a deep, very sandy soil as assessed by plant growth and soil extractable phosphate

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 647 ◽  
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland ◽  
MJ Baker ◽  
RJ Lunt
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Rock Phosphates ◽  
Christmas Island ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Plant Yields ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Separate Calibration ◽  
Residual Effectiveness

The initial and residual effectiveness of superphosphate, Christmas Island C-grade ore (C-ore) and 500�C heated (calcined) C-ore (Calciphos) was measured on a deep, very sandy soil near Badgingarra, W.A. Different levels of each fertiliser were applied once only in May 1980. Yields of lupins (1980 and 1983) and subterranean clover (1981) were used to determine the effectiveness of the fertilisers, and in 1986 the residual value of the fertilisers was measured for wheat, oats, and barley, relative to freshly applied superphosphate. Samples of the top 10 cm of soil were collected each January-February for soil tests for P which were compared to plant yields measured in the following spring (Aug.-Dec.). Superphosphate was the most effective fertiliser, though its effectiveness declined by about 50% between years 1 and 2, and by a further 25% between years 2 and 4. C-ore was only about one-tenth as effective as superphosphate in the year of application, and its effectiveness declined by about 40% between years 1 and 2, and by a further 15% between years 2 and 4. Calciphos was about one-fifth as effective as superphosphate in the year of application, and its effectiveness declined by about 40% between years 1 and 2, and remained approximately constant between years 2 and 4. In 1986, the effectiveness of 1980 applied superphosphate was between about one-quarter to one-fifth as effective as freshly applied superphosphate for wheat, oats and barley, and the 1980 applied C-ore and Calciphos were about 15% as effective as freshly applied superphosphate. The amount of P extracted by sodium bicarbonate from soil fertilised with superphosphate decreased by about 50% between years 2 and 3, by a further 20% between years 3 and 4, and by a further 15% between years 4 and 7. For soil treated with Calciphos, the amount of extractable P doubled between years 2 and 3 and thereafter remained approximately constant. Very little P was extracted from soil fertilised with C-ore. Separate calibration curves were required in most cases for the relationship between yield and soil test values for superphosphate and rock phosphate in 1981 and 1983, and for each fertiliser and species in 1986. A substantial amount of superphosphate-added P (50-70%) and about 20% of rock phosphate-added P had leached below 50 cm of the topsoil 6 years after application.

Residual value for wheat of phosphorus from calciphos, Duchess rock phosphate and triple superphosphate on a lateritic soil in south-western Australia

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 198 ◽  
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Lateritic Soil ◽  
Triple Superphosphate ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilizer ◽  
Rock Phosphates ◽  
Christmas Island ◽  
Residual Values ◽  
North Western

The residual values of phosphorus from triple superphosphate and from three rock phosphates were compared in a 4-year field experiment with wheat, grown on a phosphorus deficient lateritic soil in south-western Australia. The three rock phosphate fertilizers were an apatitic rock phosphate originating from the Duchess deposit in north-western Queensland, and calcined (500�C) Christmas Island C-grade ore as a powder and as pellets. Five rates of each fertilizer were applied at the commencement of the experiment and their effectiveness was calculated from data on yield of dried plant tops, grain yield, and bicarbonate soluble phosphorus extracted from the soil. Triple superphosphate was the most effective phosphorus fertilizer initially, but its effectiveness decreased markedly with time. The effectiveness of the three rock phosphates was initially very low, and remained approximately constant for the duration of the experiment. The yield of dried plant tops depended upon their phosphorus content and this relationship was independent of the phosphorus fertilizer used.

Response of subterranean clover to rock phosphates as affected by particle size and depth of mixing in the soil

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (70) ◽  
pp. 649 ◽  
Author(s):  
AM Alston ◽  
KW Chin
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Rock Phosphates ◽  
Monocalcium Phosphate ◽  
Christmas Island

Samples of Christmas Island and Florida rock phosphates with different particle size ranges were applied to a phosphorus-deficient acid sandy soil. The rock phosphates were compared with monocalcium phosphate at various levels of addition of phosphorus. The fertilizers were mixed uniformly with either the top 1, 5, or 10 cm of the soil. Dry matter yield and phosphorus uptake in the tops of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and the distribution (by weight) of the roots in the soil were determined. Monocalcium phosphate produced higher dry matter yields (tops and roots) than rock phosphates, even when the latter were applied in amounts containing four times the amount of phosphorus added as monocalcium phosphate. The concentration and uptake of phosphorus in the tops was also higher when monocalcium phosphate was applied, although the difference in concentration decreased as the plants matured. Dry matter yield and phosphorus concentration in the clover tops were increased by increasing the fineness of grinding of rock phosphate and by increasing the depth of mixing with the soil. Increasing the depth of mixing also produced a greater weight and more even distribution of roots. The yield of tops and roots was unaffected by the depth to which monocalcium phosphate was mixed, although shallow placement concentrated the distribution of the roots near the soil surface. Florida rock phosphate was a better source of phosphorus for subterranean clover than Christmas Island rock when the samples were coarsely ground, but both rocks were equally effective when ground to give 70 per cent < 100 mesh B.S.S.

Residual effectiveness of superphosphate is greater than that of rock phosphate fertilisers for lateritic soils in south-western Australia

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland ◽  
AJ Weatherley ◽  
RJ Gilkes
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Triple Superphosphate ◽  
Rock Phosphates ◽  
Lateritic Soils ◽  
Climatic Regions ◽  
Christmas Island

The residual values of granular reactive rock phosphate (highly carbonate-substituted apatite from North Carolina, USA.), partially powdered low-reactive Queensland rock phosphate (low carbonate-substituted apatite from the Duchess deposit), and granular triple superphosphate were measured in 3 experiments on different lateritic soils in different climatic regions of south-western Australia (Gibson, South Bodallin, West Dale). Finely powdered calcined crandallite-millisite rock phosphate from Christmas Island (Calciphos) was included in one of the experiments. The fertilisers were applied once only in May 1984 and their residual value measured over 3 years (1984-1986) using yield and phosphorus content of the following species each year: experiment 1 (Gibson), barley in years 1 and 2 and oats in the third year; experiment 2 (South Bodallin), triticale in all 3 years; experiment 3 (West Dale), subterranean clover in years I and 2 followed by oats in year 3. Relative to triple superphosphate (TSP) applied each year, the effectiveness of superphosphate in year 1 (year of application) in the experiment at Gibson decreased by about 40% between years 1 and 2, and by a further 5% between years 2 and 3. The corresponding values for the experiment at South Bodallin were 75% and 5%, and at West Dale 50% and 25%. All rock phosphates were much less effective than TSP in year 1, being 5-30% as effective as TSP. Effectiveness of rock phosphates remained low over the 3 years, being 5-20% as effective as newly applied TSP. Although the effectiveness of TSP decreased, it continued to be 50% as effective as newly applied TSP after 3 years. Residual TSP and both freshly applied and residual rock phosphates did not support the same maximum yield as freshly applied TSP despite well defined yield plateaux being obtained in each case. At each harvest, the relationship between yield and phosphorus content of plants was similar for all fertilisers so that the smaller maximum DM and grain yield and reduced effectiveness of the rock phosphates were largely due to less phosphorus being taken up by plants.

Responses of serradella and subterranean clover to phosphorus from superphosphate and Duchess rock phosphate

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 902 ◽  
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland
Keyword(s):  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Sampling Time ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
The Relationship

The responses of yellow serradella, slender serradella and subterranean clover to phosphorus from superphosphate and an apatite rock phosphate from Duchess, north-eastern Australia, were measured in a field experiment near Esperance, W.A. Over the 16 months of the experiment, dry herbage yields depended upon the phosphorus content of dried herbage. For each sampling time, the relationship between dry herbage yield and the phosphorus content of dried herbage was similar for both fertilizers and for all three species. At each rate of fertilizer application, the amount of phosphorus absorbed by the plants from the rock phosphate was less than that from superphosphate, and this limited yield. When fertilized with superphosphate, subterranean clover absorbed less phosphorus than the serradellas for each rate of fertilizer application, and this also reduced yield. Thus less phosphorus from superphosphate was required to produce serradella than was required to produce the same weight of subterranean clover. When fertilized with rock phosphate, 1982 herbage production was in the order: yellow serradella> subterranean clover>slender serradella. 1982 seed yields were: subterranean clover>yellow serradella> slender serradella. 1 983 herbage yields were: slender serradella>yellow serradella> subterranean clover. For herbage yields, for each rate of fertilizer application, this order was also dictated by the amount of phosphorus absorbed by each of the three species.

scholarly journals Boron sorption in soils and its extractability by soil tests (Mehlich 3, ammonium acetate and water extraction)

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 42-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Matula
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
Background Data ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of the paper was to contribute to the acquisition of background data for the specification of safe boron levels in soils in relation to diagnostics by multi-nutrient soil tests and to CEC (cation exchange capacity) value of soil, pH and soil organic matter. The research was conducted on 24 soils. Sorption was determined after 97 days from the application of B at the rates of 0, 1, 2.5, 5 mg B/kg in H<sub>3</sub>BO<sub>3</sub>. The closest regression of B-sorption was with the CEC value of soil in NH<sub>4</sub>-acetate and water tests and it increased with the increasing application of B (regression at a rate of 5 ppm B; NH<sub>4</sub>-acetate: linear <I>R</I><sup = 0.632, polynomial 2<sup>nd</sup> <I>R</I><sup = 0.644; water: linear R<sup = 0.644, polynomial 2<sup>nd</sup> <I>R</I><sup = 0.599). No relationship was found in the Mehlich 3 test. Regressions of B sorption on pH value were substantially lower. The relationship of B sorption with soil organic matter was similar to CEC, but less close. In the NH<sub>4</sub>-acetate soil test, after the correction of CEC value of soil by pH deviations from the optimum, regression was improved (linear <I>R</I><sup = 0.821, polynomial 2<sup>nd</sup> <I>R</I><sup = 0.837).

Assessment of the phosphorus and sulphur status of subterranean clover pastures. 2. Soil tests

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (38) ◽  
pp. 320 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Spencer ◽  
D Bouma ◽  
DV Moye
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Yield Responses

Values obtained by a number of established soil test procedures for phosphorus and sulphur were correlated with yield responses to addition of the relevant nutrient, by subterranean clover-based pastures at 21 sites in south-eastern New South Wales. Colwell's bicarbonate-soluble P and Bray's P, phosphorus values showed sufficiently close associations with response to added phosphorus to be useful for predictive purposes ; Bray's P, values generally gave smaller coefficients. In general, the pasture on soils testing less than 25 p.p.m. bicarbonate-extractable P in the surface three inches responded appreciably to applied phosphorus (relative yields were <85 per cent). The corresponding value for the Bray P, procedure was 10 p.p.m. P. Soil samples from 0-1, 0-3, and 3-6 inch depths gave similar correlations with response. The time of soil sampling did not affect the relationships but winter pasture production was not as closely related to soil test values as was spring production. By contrast, soil tests for sulphur were not reliable but some discrimination between soils could be made with a 500 p.p.m. phosphate extraction. Values from soil samples collected in the winter were less closely related to response than were values from samples collected in the autumn.

The growth of improved pastures on acid soils. 2. The effect of soil incorporation of lime and phosphorus on the growth of subterranean clover and lucerne pastures and on their response to topdressing

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
LJ Horsnell
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
First Year ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Yield Responses

Subterranean clover responds poorly to superphosphate application on some acid soils of the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales. A field experiment was undertaken, for two years, to examine the effects of incorporating large additional amounts of superphosphate or rock phosphate in the soil, with and without lime, on the growth of subterranean clover, lucerne and phalaris sown with recommended rates of lime superphosphate. Dry matter responses of subterranean clover and lucerne to superphosphate topdressing in the second year were also recorded. In the first year, subterranean clover growth was increased by the additional lime and by lime plus superphosphate. Lucerne growth was increased by additional lime. In the second year, the growth of subterranean clover was increased by the lime treatments and the superphosphate treatments applied in the previous year and by the deep incorporation into the soil of lime and superphosphate together. Subterranean clover growth also responded to the application of rock phosphate without lime. Lucerne dry matter production in the second year was increased by the lime, superphosphate and rock phosphate treatments applied in the first year. Lime application increased the yield responses of subterranean clover and lucerne to superphosphate topdressed in the second year. Lime application had no effect on the nitrogen content of the clover but increased that of lucerne. Lime application reduced the aluminium levels in the tops of all three species. The data suggest that the responsiveness of pastures to superphosphate on these soils is increased by the application of lime and rock phosphate and is related to low nitrogen fixation and high aluminium levels in the plant.

Granular reactive apatite rock phosphate is not an effective phosphorus fertilizer in the short term on lateritic soils in south-western Australia.

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 217 ◽  
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland ◽  
AJ Weatherley ◽  
RJ Gilkes ◽  
JW Bowden
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
Carbonate Apatite ◽  
Rock Phosphates ◽  
Fertilizer Effectiveness ◽  
Eastern Australia

The effectiveness, as a phosphate fertilizer, of granular reactive rock phosphate (carbonate substituted apatite from North Carolina, U.S.A.), granular triple superphosphate and partly powdered Duchess non-reactive rock phosphate (low carbonate apatite from north-eastern Australia) was compared in three field experiments on different soil types in different climatic regions of south-western Australia. Calciphos (finely ground calcined crandallite rock phosphate from Christmas Island) was included in one experiment. The rock phosphates were incorporated into the soil and their effectiveness was compared with both topdressed and incorporated superphosphate. Different species were grown at each site (barley, triticale and subterranean clover). As determined on the basis of relative amounts of fertilizer required for constant yield, the effectiveness of all the rock phosphates relative to incorporated superphosphate was very low at each site throughout the growth of each species. Fertilizer effectiveness of rock phosphates was about one-fifth that of superphosphate for barley, and one-tenth for triticale and clover. The maximum yield obtained from rock phosphate was generally 88-100% that obtained from superphosphate. Incorporation did not greatly affect the effectiveness of superphosphate.

Efficiency with which yellow serradella and subterranean clover use superphosphate on a deep sandy soil near Esperance, Western Australia

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 675 ◽  
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
P Content ◽  
The Relationship

In 1984, the efficiency with which an early- and a late-flowering yellow serradella (cv. Pitman and strain DP4 respectively) and a subterranean clover (cv. Seaton Park) utilise phosphorus (P) from superphosphate was compared on a deep sandy soil near Esperance, W.A. Phosphorus applications ranged from 0 to 90 kg/ha P. For each legume there was an approximately linear relationship between the amount of P applied and either the yield of dry herbage and seed, or the P content of dry herbage. The efficiency with which each legume utilised applied P (kg/ha) was determined by calculating the slope of the relationships between dry matter production, or phosphorus content of this dry matter, and the amount of phosphorus applied; this varied according to the growth stage at which the legumes were sampled. Strain DP4 utilised P more efficiently to produce dry herbage, and Seaton Park to produce seed. Pitman was the least efficient at utilising P for dry herbage production in September, and Seaton Park in early October. For dry herbage production in September and early October, the relationship between yield and P content was similar for all 3 legumes, and yield depended on the amount of P present in the herbage. For each legume, the rate of phosphorus applied had no effect on seedling emergence, the period between sowing and commencement of flowering, senescence or the weight per seed.

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