303. NUTRIENT INTAKE OF BOS INDICUS HEIFERS DURING EARLY AND MID-GESTATION CAUSES CHANGES TO PLASMA CONCENTRATIONS OF TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3) AND THYROXINE (T4) OF THEIR PROGENY

Fetal and postnatal growth are mediated by thyroid hormones (TH). Maternal nutrient intake during gestation can program postnatal TH concentrations. This may have significant economic implications for beef cattle production. We investigated the effect of feeding beef heifers high (H = 240%) and low (L = 70%) levels of recommended daily crude protein intake during the first and second trimesters of gestation in a two-by-two factorial design on progeny (n = 68) plasma concentrations of free and total triiodothyronine (FT3 and TT3) and free and total thyroxine (FT4 and TT4) from birth until weaning at 6 mo of age. Exposure to low compared to high protein diets during the second trimester resulted in increased plasma FT3 concentrations relative to TT3 (P = 0.04) at birth. For male progeny, exposure to low compared to high protein diets during the first trimester resulted in greater plasma FT4 concentrations from birth until weaning (P = 0.02). Also for males from birth until weaning, LH had greater plasma TT3 concentrations than HH (P < 0.01). For female progeny, HH had greater plasma TT3 concentrations relative to TT4 than HL from birth until weaning (P = 0.03). Plasma concentrations of FT3 were positively associated with average daily gain relative to birth weight at 1 (r = 0.41; P < 0.01) and 3 mo FT3 (r = 0.41; P < 0.01). Heifer protein intake during the first and second trimesters of gestation has a permanent effect to progeny plasma TH concentrations and these changes are associated with the postnatal growth pathway. (1) Micke GC, Sullivan TM, Magalhaes RJS, Rolls PJ, Norman ST, Perry VEA. Heifer nutrition during early- and mid-pregnancy alters fetal growth trajectory and birth weight. Anim Reprod Sci. 2010; 117: 1–10.

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Impact of Fermentable Protein, by Feeding High Protein Diets, on Microbial Composition, Microbial Catabolic Activity, Gut Health and beyond in Pigs

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms8111735 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 1735

Author(s):

Hanlu Zhang ◽

Nikkie van der Wielen ◽

Bart van der Hee ◽

Junjun Wang ◽

Wouter Hendriks ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Microbial Community ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

High Protein ◽

Intestinal Morphology ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Catabolic Activity ◽

High Protein Diets ◽

Protein Diets

In pigs, high protein diets have been related to post-weaning diarrhoea, which may be due to the production of protein fermentation metabolites that were shown to have harmful effects on the intestinal epithelium in vitro. In this review, we discussed in vivo effects of protein fermentation on the microbial composition and their protein catabolic activity as well as gut and overall health. The reviewed studies applied different dietary protein levels, which was assumed to result in contrasting fermentable protein levels. A general shift to N-utilisation microbial community including potential pathogens was observed, although microbial richness and diversity were not altered in the majority of the studies. Increasing dietary protein levels resulted in higher protein catabolic activity as evidenced by increased concentration of several protein fermentation metabolites like biogenic amines in the digesta of pigs. Moreover, changes in intestinal morphology, permeability and pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations were observed and diarrhoea incidence was increased. Nevertheless, higher body weight and average daily gain were observed upon increasing dietary protein level. In conclusion, increasing dietary protein resulted in higher proteolytic fermentation, altered microbial community and intestinal physiology. Supplementing diets with fermentable carbohydrates could be a promising strategy to counteract these effects and should be further investigated.

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Efficacy and consequences of very-high-protein diets for athletes and exercisers

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s0029665111000024 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 70 (2) ◽

pp. 205-214 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Kevin D. Tipton

Keyword(s):

Protein Intake ◽

High Protein Diet ◽

Kidney Damage ◽

High Protein ◽

Absolute Amount ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

High Protein Intake ◽

High Protein Diets ◽

Protein Diets ◽

Very High

Athletes and exercisers have utilised high-protein diets for centuries. The objective of this review is to examine the evidence for the efficacy and potential dangers of high-protein diets. One important factor to consider is the definition of a ‘high-protein diet’. There are several ways to consider protein content of a diet. The composition of the diet can be determined as the absolute amount of the protein (or other nutrient of interest), the % of total energy (calories) as protein and the amount of protein ingested per kg of body weight. Many athletes consume very high amounts of protein. High-protein diets most often are associated with muscle hypertrophy and strength, but now also are advocated for weight loss and recovery from intense exercise or injuries. Prolonged intake of a large amount of protein has been associated with potential dangers, such as bone mineral loss and kidney damage. In otherwise healthy individuals, there is little evidence that high protein intake is dangerous. However, kidney damage may be an issue for individuals with already existing kidney dysfunction. Increased protein intake necessarily means that overall energy intake must increase or consumption of either carbohydrate or fat must decrease. In conclusion, high protein intake may be appropriate for some athletes, but there are potential negative consequences that must be carefully considered before adopting such a diet. In particular, care must be taken to ensure that there is sufficient intake of other nutrients to support the training load.

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Heifer nutrient intake during early- and mid-gestation programs adult offspring adiposity and mRNA expression of growth-related genes in adipose depots

Reproduction ◽

10.1530/rep-10-0332 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 141 (5) ◽

pp. 697-706 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Gina C Micke ◽

Tracy M Sullivan ◽

I Caroline McMillen ◽

Sheridan Gentili ◽

Vivienne E A Perry

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Mrna Expression ◽

Nutrient Intake ◽

Adult Life ◽

High Protein ◽

Second Trimester ◽

Low Protein ◽

High Protein Diets ◽

Protein Diets ◽

Offspring Adiposity

Changes in maternal nutrient intake during gestation alterIGFreceptor abundance and leptin (LEP) mRNA expression in fetal adipose tissue. It is not known whether such changes persist into adult life and whether they are associated with an effect on phenotype. We investigated the effect of high (240%) and low (70%) levels of recommended daily crude protein intake for beef heifers during the first and second trimesters of gestation on singleton progeny (n=68): subcutaneous (SC) adipose tissue depth at rump (P8) and rib (RF) sites from 65 until 657 days of age; plasma leptin concentrations from birth until 657 days and expression ofIGF1andIGF2, their receptors (IGF1RandIGF2R) andLEPmRNA in perirenal (PR), omental (OM) and SC adipose tissue at 680 days of age. High-protein diets during the first trimester increasedLEPandIGF1mRNA in PR of males and females, respectively, compared with low-protein diets, and decreasedIGF1RmRNA in SC of all progeny but increased RF depth of males between 552 and 657 days. High-protein diets compared with low-protein diets during the second trimester increasedIGF1RmRNA in PR and OM of all progeny;LEPmRNA in PR of males; andIGF2andIGF2RmRNA in OM of all progeny. Conversely,LEPmRNA in OM andIGF2mRNA in PR of all progeny were decreased following exposure to high- compared with low-protein diets during the second trimester. Heifer diet during gestation has permanent sex- and depot-specific effects on the expression of adipogenic and adipocytokine genes and offspring adiposity.

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High dietary protein decreases fat deposition induced by high-fat and high-sucrose diet in rats

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s000711451500238x ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 114 (8) ◽

pp. 1132-1142 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Catherine Chaumontet ◽

Patrick C. Even ◽

Jessica Schwarz ◽

Angélique Simonin-Foucault ◽

Julien Piedcoq ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Intake ◽

Fatty Acid Synthase ◽

Fat Deposition ◽

High Protein ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

High Fat ◽

High Protein Intake ◽

High Protein Diets ◽

Protein Diets ◽

High Sucrose

AbstractHigh-protein diets are known to reduce adiposity in the context of high carbohydrate and Western diets. However, few studies have investigated the specific high-protein effect on lipogenesis induced by a high-sucrose (HS) diet or fat deposition induced by high-fat feeding. We aimed to determine the effects of high protein intake on the development of fat deposition and partitioning in response to high-fat and/or HS feeding. A total of thirty adult male Wistar rats were assigned to one of the six dietary regimens with low and high protein, sucrose and fat contents for 5 weeks. Body weight (BW) and food intake were measured weekly. Oral glucose tolerance tests and meal tolerance tests were performed after 4th and 5th weeks of the regimen, respectively. At the end of the study, the rats were killed 2 h after ingestion of a calibrated meal. Blood, tissues and organs were collected for analysis of circulating metabolites and hormones, body composition and mRNA expression in the liver and adipose tissues. No changes were observed in cumulative energy intake and BW gain after 5 weeks of dietary treatment. However, high-protein diets reduced by 20 % the adiposity gain induced by HS and high-sucrose high-fat (HS-HF) diets. Gene expression and transcriptomic analysis suggested that high protein intake reduced liver capacity for lipogenesis by reducing mRNA expressions of fatty acid synthase (fasn), acetyl-CoA carboxylase a and b (Acaca and Acacb) and sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1c (Srebf-1c). Moreover, ketogenesis, as indicated by plasma β-hydroxybutyrate levels, was higher in HS-HF-fed mice that were also fed high protein levels. Taken together, these results suggest that high-protein diets may reduce adiposity by inhibiting lipogenesis and stimulating ketogenesis in the liver.

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Dietary protein intake is an independent and dose‐dependent regulator of hepatic anabolism in rats fed high protein diets

The FASEB Journal ◽

10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.312.1 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 22 (S1) ◽

Author(s):

Laure Chevalier ◽

Cécile Bos ◽

Dalila Azzout‐Marniche ◽

Gilles Fromentin ◽

Daniel Tomé ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dietary Protein ◽

Protein Intake ◽

High Protein ◽

Dietary Protein Intake ◽

High Protein Diets ◽

Protein Diets ◽

Dose Dependent

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Inhibitory effect of high protein intake on nephrocalcinogenesis in female rats

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19920026 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 67 (2) ◽

pp. 223-233 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

J. G. H. Sterck ◽

J. Ritskes-Hoitinga ◽

A. C. Beynen

Keyword(s):

Protein Intake ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

High Protein ◽

Female Rats ◽

High Protein Intake ◽

Low Protein ◽

Background Diet ◽

Calcium Magnesium ◽

High Protein Diets ◽

Protein Diets

Increased intakes of protein have been shown to reduce kidney calcification (nephrocalcinosis) in female rats. Two questions were addressed in the present study. First, can protein-induced inhibition of nephrocalcinosis be demonstrated when the diets used are balanced for calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in the added protein? Second, can the protein effect be explained by the frequently observed magnesiuria after giving high-protein diets? Nephrocalcinosis was induced in female rats by giving purified diets containing 151 g casein/kg and either an increased concentration of P (6 v. 2 g/kg) or a decreased concentration of Mg (0·1 v. 0·4 g/kg). To these diets 151 g ovalbumin/kg was added at the expense of glucose, and the diets were balanced for Ca, Mg and P in ovalbumin. The diets were given for 29 d. In rats fed on the diet containing 151 g protein/kg, an increased intake of P or a decreased intake of Mg caused nephrocalcinosis as measured chemically by analysis of kidney Ca as well as histologically by scoring kidney sections stained according to Von Kossa's method. The addition of ovalbumin to the diet prevented the induction of nephrocalcinosis. High P intake and low Mg intake with the low-protein diets induced enhanced loss of albumin in urine, suggesting that nephrocalcinosis caused kidney damage. Increased protein intake with a non-calcinogenic diet also caused increased albumin excretion in urine. Irrespective of the composition of the background diet, increased protein intake caused increased urinary excretion of Mg. When all dietary groups were considered, differences in nephrocalcinosis and urinary Mg output were not proportionally related.Nephrocalcinosis: Phosphorus: Magnesium: Protein: Rat

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Renal glutamine metabolism in rats fed high-protein diets.

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.1978.235.3.e261 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 235 (3) ◽

pp. E261 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J T Brosnan ◽

P McPhee ◽

B Hall ◽

D M Parry

Keyword(s):

Protein Intake ◽

Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase ◽

Sodium Bicarbonate Solution ◽

Ammonia Excretion ◽

High Protein Diet ◽

High Protein ◽

Protein Diet ◽

Glutamine Metabolism ◽

High Protein Diets ◽

Protein Diets

The influence of protein intake on acid excretion and renal glutamine metabolism was investigated and compared to the effects of NH4Cl-induced metabolic acidosis. Rats fed a diet containing 55% casein excreted more ammonia, phosphate, sulphate, and chloride than did rats fed a 13% casein diet, but, when they were given an 0.1 M NaHCO3 solution to drink, ammonia excretion was no longer elevated. Renal phosphate-dependent glutaminase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activities, ammoniagenesis by isolated mitochondria, and the rate of renal gluconeogenesis were all elevated in the rats fed the high-protein diet but not if these rats also drank the sodium bicarbonate solution. Increased glutaminase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activities, mitochondrial ammoniagenesis, and gluconeogenesis were all evident in rats made acidotic with NH4Cl. It is concluded that these metabolic adaptations evident in the kidneys of rats fed the high-protein diet are due to the acidogenic effects of increased protein intake.

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The Effects of High-Protein Diets on Kidney Health and Longevity

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology ◽

10.1681/asn.2020010028 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 31 (8) ◽

pp. 1667-1679 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Gang-Jee Ko ◽

Connie M. Rhee ◽

Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh ◽

Shivam Joshi

Keyword(s):

Dietary Protein ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Observational Studies ◽

Animal Protein ◽

High Protein ◽

High Protein Intake ◽

High Protein Diets ◽

Protein Diets ◽

Kidney Health

Although high-protein diets continue to be popular for weight loss and type 2 diabetes, evidence suggests that worsening renal function may occur in individuals with—and perhaps without—impaired kidney function. High dietary protein intake can cause intraglomerular hypertension, which may result in kidney hyperfiltration, glomerular injury, and proteinuria. It is possible that long-term high protein intake may lead to de novo CKD. The quality of dietary protein may also play a role in kidney health. Compared with protein from plant sources, animal protein has been associated with an increased risk of ESKD in several observational studies, including the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Potential mediators of kidney damage from animal protein include dietary acid load, phosphate content, gut microbiome dysbiosis, and resultant inflammation. In light of such findings, adopting current dietary approaches that include a high proportion of protein for weight reduction or glycemic control should be considered with care in those at high risk for kidney disease. Given the possibility of residual confounding within some observational studies and the conflicting evidence from previous trials, long-term studies including those with large sample sizes are warranted to better ascertain the effects of high protein intake on kidney health.

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