Spatial distribution and temporal variability of open fire in China

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunpeng Yi ◽  
Yulong Bao ◽  
Jiquan Zhang

This study presents the spatial and temporal patterns of vegetation fires in China based on a combination of national fire records (1950–2010) and satellite fire data (2001–12). This analysis presents the first attempt to understand existing patterns of open fires and their consequences for the whole of China. We analysed inter- and intra-annual fire trends and variations in nine subregions of China as well as associated monthly meteorological data from 130 stations within a 50-year period. During the period 2001–12, an average area of 3.2 × 106 ha was consumed by fire per year in China. The Chinese fire season has two peaks occurring in the spring and autumn. The profiles of the burnt area for each subregion exhibit distinct seasonality. The majority of the vegetation fires occurred in the north-eastern and south-western provinces. We analysed quantitative relationships between climate (temperature and precipitation) and burnt area. The results indicate a synchronous relationship between precipitation variation and burnt area. The data in this paper reveal how climate and human activities interact to create China’s distinctive pyrogeography.

Author(s):  
Okan Akyol ◽  
Halil Şen ◽  
H. Tuncay Kınacıgil

Reproductive properties of Eledone moschata from the north-eastern Aegean Sea are reported for the first time. A total of 471 specimens was collected during monthly samplings from December 2004 to November 2005. The mantle lengths of the species were between 4.5 and 15.0 cm with an average of 8.1 cm ±0.15 for 204 males, and between 2.7 and 14.0 cm with an average of 7.8 cm ±0.12 for 267 females. The annual sex ratio (males: females) of the sampled specimens was 1:1.31. Maturity stages were recorded on a monthly basis in both sexes. The highest monthly percentage of mature females (21%) and males (46%) was recorded in January 2005 and June 2005, respectively. The monthly and seasonal gonadosomatic index (GSI) results indicated that E. moschata shows two annual reproduction peaks for each sex. For males, the first spring peak occurs in March–June and the second, autumn peak is in November. For females, the first summer peak occurs in May–June and the second, winter peak is in January, respectively. On the other hand, the reproductive season extends from November to July with two peaks in the Aegean Sea. Total oocyte stock varied from 273 to 2896 with a mean of 836 ±193 oocytes. The mean size of the oocytes was 6.26 ±0.10 mm. The maximum oocyte size found was 10.7 mm. The mean length of spermatophores was of 13.66 ±0.08 mm (range: 7.3–18.3) and their average number was 52 ±6 (range: 6–172).


2018 ◽  
Vol 931 ◽  
pp. 1063-1069
Author(s):  
Ruslan Kh. Kalov ◽  
Khazhbara M. Kalov ◽  
Lara A. Kesheva

Ecological problems, exogenous processes and phenomena in conditions of climate warming in the Elbrus region (the North Caucasus, Kabardino-Balkar Republic) are reviewed in this article. Increase of average-annual values of temperature and amount of precipitation within the period of 1961-2017 and sub-period of intensive warming of 1976-2017, acceleration of dynamics of glaciers recession in Elbrus, activation of exogenous processes in the Elbrus region are established on the basis of the meteorological data analysis (temperature and precipitation) and monitoring of glaciers degradation.


1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Kennelly ◽  
S. C. Drew ◽  
C. D. Delano Gagnon

The retained- and discarded-catch rates of fish, crustaceans and molluscs caught by demersal fish trawlers were quantified in a large-scale observer survey of fleets working off the north-eastern United States. The data presented come from catches sampled from 7757 tows on 1010 fishing trips during the four-year period from July 1990 to June 1994 and are summarized as the weights retained and discarded (per hour of trawling) for many of the important commercial and recreational species in the region. Problems with the spatial and temporal design of the programme restricted statistical analyses of the data and prevented summaries across all statistical areas and months. However, separate summaries for individual areas (over all months) and individual months (over all areas) identified several spatial and temporal patterns in retained- and discarded-catch rates for individual species and combinations of species. Noticeable increases and decreases in catch rates during the four-year period provided information on the relative health of certain stocks, and overall discard percentages indicated relative selectivities of the trawling operations sampled.


2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 697-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Thonicke ◽  
A. Spessa ◽  
I. C. Prentice ◽  
S. P. Harrison ◽  
L. Dong ◽  
...  

Abstract. A process-based fire regime model (SPITFIRE) has been developed, coupled with ecosystem dynamics in the LPJ Dynamic Global Vegetation Model, and used to explore spatial and temporal patterns of fire regimes and the current impact of fire on the terrestrial carbon cycle and associated emissions of trace atmospheric constituents. The model estimates an average release of 2.24 Pg C yr−1 as CO2 from biomass burning during the 1980s and 1990s. Comparison with observed active fire counts shows that the model reproduces where fire occurs and can mimic broad geographic patterns in the peak fire season, although the predicted peak is 1–2 months late in some regions. Modelled fire season length is generally overestimated by about one month, but shows a realistic pattern of differences among biomes. Comparisons with remotely sensed burnt-area products indicate that the model reproduces broad geographic patterns of annual fractional burnt area over most regions, including the boreal forest, although interannual variability in the boreal zone is underestimated. Overall SPITFIRE produces realistic simulations of spatial and temporal patterns of fire under modern conditions and of the current impact of fire on the terrestrial carbon cycle and associated emissions of trace greenhouse gases and aerosols.


Author(s):  
Alessandra Fagioli ◽  
Mauro Januário ◽  
Maria Apparecida Valério

TREND AND SEASONALITY OF THE THERMAL AND PLUVIOSITY REGIME OF THE CITY OF BANDEIRANTES/PRTENDENCIA Y ESTACIONALIDAD DEL RÉGIMEN TÉRMICO Y DE PLUVIOSIDAD DE LA CIUDAD DE BANDEIRANTES/PRRESUMOAs diversas atividades na área rural são condicionadas pelo tempo e pelo clima. As pesquisas sobre as mudanças climáticas se baseiam em alterações verificadas nas séries históricas de dados meteorológicos. Para atender tanto as necessidades de informações confiáveis, quanto para constatar possíveis mudanças no conjunto de dados, modelos matemáticos e técnicas estatísticas são largamente utilizadas para a análise das informações meteorológicas. O presente trabalho se propôs verificar a presença de sazonalidade e de tendência em séries das temperaturas máxima, mínima e média do ar e precipitação, obtidas em duas localidades de Bandeirantes/PR. Elas foram coletadas na Estação Agrometeorológica da Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná (UENP) e no Posto Termo-Pluviométrico da Fazenda Nomura. Os dados da UENP compreendem os anos de 1974 a 2016 (42 anos) e aqueles da Nomura, entre 1943 e 2017 (74 anos). A avaliação da sazonalidade e da tendência de variação foram realizadas pela análise espectral e por meio do teste não paramétrico de Mann-Kendall (MANN, 1945; KENDALL, 1975). Os três dados diários da temperatura do ar e a precipitação, nas duas localidades, apresentaram sazonalidade de aproximadamente 365 dias. A análise mostrou que há uma tendência de aumento nas temperaturas do ar nos dois pontos: o clima de Bandeirantes está, portanto, mais quente. No entanto, as máximas do ar para a UENP são maiores do que aquelas da Nomura. A tendência foi verificada para todos os dados, com exceção da precipitação na Estação UENP.Palavras-chave: Análise temporal. Sazonalidade. Tendência.ABSTRACTThe various activities in the rural area are conditioned by weather and climate. Research on climate change is based on changes in the historical series of meteorological data. To meet both the needs for reliable information and to verify possible changes in the data set, mathematical models and statistical techniques are widely used for the analysis of meteorological information. The present work aimed to verify the presence of seasonality and trend in series of maximum, minimum and average air temperatures and precipitation, obtained in two localities of Bandeirantes/PR. They were collected at the Agrometeorological Station of the State University of the North of Paraná(UENP) and at the Termo-Pluviometric Station of Fazenda Nomura. The data of the UENP comprise the years 1974 to 2016 (42 years) and those of Nomura, between 1943 and 2017 (74 years). The evaluation of the seasonality and the trend of variation were performed by spectral analysis and by the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test (MANN, 1945; KENDALL, 1975). Thethree daily air temperature and precipitation data in the two localities presented seasonality of approximately 365 days. The analysis showed that there is a tendency of increase in the air temperatures in the two points: the climate of Bandeirantes is, therefore, warmer. However, the air maxima for the UENP are larger than those of the Nomura. The trend was verified for all data, with the exception of precipitation at the UENP Station.Keywords: Temporal analysis. Seasonality. Trend.RESUMENLas diversas actividades en el área rural están condicionadas por el tiempo y el clima. Las investigaciones sobre el cambio climático se basan en cambios en las series históricas de datos meteorológicos. Para atender tanto las necesidades de información confiable, como constatar posibles cambios en el conjunto de datos, modelos matemáticos y técnicas estadísticas son ampliamente utilizadas para el análisis de las informaciones meteorológicas. El presente trabajo sepropuso verificar la presencia de estacionalidad y de tendencia en series de las temperaturas máxima, mínima y media del aire y precipitación, obtenidas en dos localidades de Bandeirantes/PR. Ellas fueron recolectadas en la Estación Agrometeorológica de la Universidad Estadual del Norte de Paraná (UENP) y en el Puesto Termo-Pluviométrico de la Hacienda Nomura. Los datos de laUENP comprenden los años 1974 a 2016 y los de Nomura, 1943 y 2017. La evaluación de la estacionalidad y de la tendencia de variación fueron realizadas por el análisis espectral y por medio del test no paramétrico de Mann-Kendall (MANN, 1945, KENDALL, 1975). Los datos de la temperatura del aire y la precipitación, presentaron estacionalidad de aproximadamente 365 días. Elanálisis mostró que hay una tendencia de aumento en las temperaturas del aire en los dos puntos: el clima de Bandeirantes está, por lo tanto, más caliente. Sin embargo, las máximas del aire para la UENP son mayores que las de la Nomura. La tendencia fue verificada para todos los datos, con excepción de la precipitación en la UENP.Palabras clave: Análisis temporal. Estacionalidad. Tendencia.


2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (16) ◽  
pp. 4981-5001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael I. Allchin ◽  
Stephen J. Déry

ABSTRACTThe potential for anthropogenic climate change to impact patterns of seasonal snow cover has motivated numerous studies seeking trends in its extent and duration. Many have been based on the NOAA-Rutgers record of Northern Hemisphere snow cover. Several studies have found augmented early-season snow identified from this archive to be anomalous, and related it to the introduction of higher-resolution imagery and a more automated interpretation process in 1999. This study contributes to the discussion by describing in greater detail the spatial and temporal distributions of trends in the onset of seasonally snow-dominated conditions between 1972 and 2017, and relationships to their physiographic and climatological contexts. It also identifies changepoints between negative and positive onset-date anomalies, and relates these to corresponding meteorological patterns. Most trends identified indicated earlier onset, and were associated with midlatitudes, low to moderate elevations, and colder, drier climates. These were situated largely northeast of major topographic chains, southwest of increasingly ice-free Arctic waters, and to the east of areas associated with blocking systems. Onset-date anomalies switched from positive to negative in approximately 70% of the affected points before 1997. These changepoints generally occurred earlier at higher elevations to the south and west, and later at lower elevations to the north and east. Overall temporal trajectories correspond broadly to shifts in temperature and precipitation over the same areas. In contrast, positive (later) onset trends were found over much smaller areas, associated with warmer, wetter climates and higher elevations, particularly on west-facing slopes; temporal variations in anomalies of their onset dates and associated meteorological conditions were distinct from those having negative trends.


Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaopeng Zhang ◽  
Xiang Qin ◽  
Chunhai Xu ◽  
Yushuo Liu

Glaciers have been recognized as the most sensitive indicators of climate change. Mountainous areas, with their characteristic snow and glacier cover, have long been recognized as special hydrological environments, receiving above-average amounts of precipitation. The streams originating in the mountains, nourished with distinct seasonal variations, provide water for the populations of the adjacent lowland. Little is known about the effect of climate change on snow and glacier hydrology and glacier mass balance in the Laohugou Glacier Basin (LHGB) over the past 50 years. A study of the glacier basin was performed to quantify the expected impact of climate change on the hydrology in the north-eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The DEM (Digital Elevation Model) data, daily temperature, daily precipitation, and evaporation data were applied to force the HBV (Hydrologiska Byrans Vattenbalansavdelning)-light conceptual model to simulate runoff depth and glacier mass balance in the historical period (1959–2015). A genetic calibration algorithm approach (GAP method) was used to obtain parameter sets that reproduced observed runoff depth well. The results suggested a drastic increase of the runoff depth from 1995 to 2015 in the Laohugou glacier basin driven by increased temperature. Temperature and precipitation increased by 0.40 °C (10a)−1 and 1.6 mm·a−1 (p < 0.01), respectively, at AWS1 (the automatic weather station at 4192 m a.s.l. near the hydrological station) in the LHGB from 1959 to 2015. The simulated runoff depth increased at 5.7 mm·a−1 (p < 0.01), the glacier mass balance (GMB) of the LHGB was −280.5 mm·a−1, and the overall glacier mass balance was −17.55 m w.e. from 1959 to 2015. The runoff is found to be more sensitive to the variation of temperature than the variation of precipitation. When the glacier area is decreased by 10%, 53%, and 100%, the peak runoff (July) decreased by 20.4%, 54.2%, and 72.3% relative to the baseline, respectively. In the future climate, the function of glaciers in compensating a potential low flow and regulating peak flow will be weakened in the critical months.


1942 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 315
Author(s):  
Bowen ◽  
Vickery ◽  
Buchanan ◽  
Swallow ◽  
Perks ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Sergey B. Kuklev ◽  
Vladimir A. Silkin ◽  
Valeriy K. Chasovnikov ◽  
Andrey G. Zatsepin ◽  
Larisa A. Pautova ◽  
...  

On June 7, 2018, a sub-mesoscale anticyclonic eddy induced by the wind (north-east) was registered on the shelf in the area of the city of Gelendzhik. With the help of field multidisciplinary expedition ship surveys, it was shown that this eddy exists in the layer above the seasonal thermocline. At the periphery of the eddy weak variability of hydrochemical parameters and quantitative indicators of phytoplankton were recorded. The result of the formation of such eddy structure was a shift in the structure of phytoplankton – the annual observed coccolithophores bloom was not registered.


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