Onset and Maintenance of Maternal Prey-Supply Activity in the Spider Coelotes Terrestris (Araneae, Agelenidae)

AbstractIn the funnel-web spider Coelotes terrestris (Agelenidae) the young are provided with prey by their mother for several weeks following emergence from the egg sac. Such a maternal activity has previously been shown to be influenced by stimuli emitted by the young (i.e. during mother-offspring interactions), which ensures the tuning of the prey supply to the offspring. The present paper aims to shed light on the conditions of onset and maintenance of prey-supply tendency. The experimental procedure consisted in confronting females, either sub-adult or at various stages of their reproductive life cycle, with a group of spiderlings constant in number and age, and in recording the behavioural interactions following the capture of a prey item. Females which did not yet have post-emergence offspring did not supply prey to the spiderlings and exhibited aggressive reactions towards them. In contrast, females which had had post-emergence offspring, even though their dispersal could have taken place many weeks before, provided prey to the experimental spiderlings, and behaved towards them as their real mothers would have done. When exposure to the experimental situation was prolonged for one week, the tendency to supply the young clearly appeared in previously unresponsive adult females (inseminated or incubating), but no change was observed in sub-adults. The results show that, in Coelotes terrestris, the maternal tendency to supply prey requires a particular internal state, which seems to develop at the time of the offspring's emergence but which does not become extinct after their dispersal. The results also suggest that the development of this internal state can somehow be influenced by stimuli from the young.

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Primate Vocal Communication and the Evolution of Speech

Current Directions in Psychological Science ◽

10.1177/0963721420979580 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 55-60

Author(s):

Julia Fischer

Keyword(s):

Nonhuman Primate ◽

Nonhuman Primates ◽

Vocal Communication ◽

Internal State ◽

Multiple Sources ◽

Primate Communication ◽

Evolution Of Speech ◽

Primate Vocal Communication ◽

Species Specific ◽

Shed Light

Studies of nonhuman primate communication are often motivated by the desire to shed light on the evolution of speech. In contrast to human speech, the vocal repertoires of nonhuman primates are evolutionarily highly conserved. Within species-specific constraints, calls may vary in relation to the internal state of the caller or social experience. Receivers can use signalers’ calls to predict upcoming events or behavioral dispositions. Yet nonhuman primates do not appear to express or comprehend communicative or informative intent. Signalers are sensitive to the relation between their own actions and receivers’ responses, and thus, signaling behavior can be conceived as goal directed. Receivers’ ability to integrate information from multiple sources renders the system flexible and powerful. Researchers who take a linguistic or biological perspective on nonhuman primate communication should be aware of the strengths and limitations of their approaches. Both benefit from a focus on the mechanisms that underpin signaling and responses to signals.

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Reproductive diapause in Nysius huttoni White (Heteroptera Lygaeidae)

New Zealand Plant Protection ◽

10.30843/nzpp.2002.55.3989 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 55 ◽

pp. 308-311

Author(s):

X.Z. He ◽

Q. Wang ◽

A. Carpenter

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Immature Stages ◽

Life Stages ◽

Reproductive Diapause ◽

Entire Life ◽

Entire Life Cycle ◽

Adult Females ◽

Critical Photoperiod

The induction of reproductive diapause of Nysius huttoni was studied in the laboratory at 20 1C and 60 10 RH under a series of photoperiod regimes 168 h 1410 h 1212 h and 1014 h lightdark Reproductive diapause was considered to have occurred if females failed to lay eggs for 50 days after emergence The sensitivity of different life stages to diapauseinducing photoperiods varied When newly emerged females whose immature stages had been reared at 168 h were transferred to 1014 h and 1212 h 467 and 793 of them entered reproductive diapause respectively However when fifth instar nymphs were transferred from 168 h to 1014 h and 1212 h 100 of adult females entered reproductive diapause If the entire life cycle was maintained at 1014 h and 1212 h 667 and 400 of females entered reproductive diapause respectively The critical photoperiod for reproductive diapause was estimated to lie between 1311 h and 135105 h

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A taxonomic review of the Margarodoid genus Stigmacoccus Hempel (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Stigmacoccidae), with some details on their biology

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.1507.1.1 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 1507 (1) ◽

pp. 1-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

CHRIS HODGSON ◽

HEATHER GAMPER ◽

AMAURI BOGO ◽

GILLIAN WATSON

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Scale Insect ◽

Present Knowledge ◽

Passerine Birds ◽

Adult Males ◽

Undescribed Species ◽

Annual Life Cycle ◽

Honey Production ◽

Adult Females ◽

The Family

Stigmacoccus is an unusual scale insect genus from Central and South America that has been little studied. It belongs to the family Stigmacoccidae within the archaeococcoid group of genera which used to comprise the family Margarodidae (Morrison, 1927) but which are now considered to represent at least 9 families. The present paper describes or redescribes the adult females, adult males, cyst stages and crawlers of the three known species (S. asper, S. garmilleri, and S. paranaensis), plus the prepupa of S. garmilleri and S. paranaensis, and (briefly), the pupa of S. paranaensis. It is considered that the female has two cyst stage instars; the number in the male is uncertain. Adult female S. asper and S. paranaensis appear to have groups of loculate pores on the walls of the vagina. A lectotype for S. asper is designated. In addition, cyst stages of three further undescribed species are described (but not formally named) and illustrated. Some observations on the biology and life cycle are also included. The honeydew of Stigmacoccus species has been shown to be an important energy source for overwintering passerine birds which defend this resource. A summary of our present knowledge is presented, including how the honedew is eliminated (through a long anal tube) and details are given with regard to rates of honeydew flow, sugar concentration, cyst densities and annual timing of peak flows. The annual life cycle, as far as it is known, is discussed. It is concluded that this honeydew could be economically important as a source of sugar for honey production but this would need to be carefully managed to maintain an ecological balance.

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Natural history of Ctenus medius Keyserling, 1891 (Araneae, Ctenidae) I: observations on habitats and the development of chromatic patterns

Revista Brasileira de Biologia ◽

10.1590/s0034-71082000000300015 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 60 (3) ◽

pp. 503-509 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

C. E. ALMEIDA ◽

E. F. RAMOS ◽

E. GOUVÊA ◽

M. do CARMO-SILVA ◽

J. COSTA

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Natural History ◽

National Park ◽

Common Species ◽

Field Observations ◽

Mata Atlântica ◽

Adult Females ◽

History Of ◽

Males And Females ◽

Phoneutria Nigriventer

Ctenus medius Keyserling, 1891 is a common species in several spots of Mata Atlântica, however there is a great lack of studies in all aspects of its natural history. This work aims to elucidate aspects of ecotope preference compared to large spiders, and to provide data on the development of chromatic patterns during its life cycle. The observations on the behavior of C. medius were done in the campus of Centro Universitário de Barra Mansa (UBM) by means of observations and nocturnal collections using cap lamps. For observations on the development of chromatic patterns, spiderlings raised in laboratory, hatched from an oviposition of a female from campus of UBM, and others spiderlings collected in field were used. The field observations indicate that: C. medius seems to prefer ecotopes characterized by dense shrub vegetation or herbal undergrowth; Lycosa erythrognatha and L. nordeskioldii seems to prefer open sites; Phoneutria nigriventer seems to prefer shrub vegetation and anthropogenic ecotopes as rubbish hills; Ancylometes sp. seems to prefer ecotopes near streams. Concerning chromatic patterns, it was observed that males and females show well distinct patterns during the last two instars, allowing distinction by sex without the use of a microscope. Through chromatic patterns it was also possible to draw a distinction between C. medius and C. ornatus longer that 3 mm cephalothorax width. 69 specimens of C. medius (males and females) collected in the campus of UBM did not show a striking polymorphism in chromatic pattern, but one among 7 adult females collected in National Park of Itatiaia, showed a distinct chromatic pattern.

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Reviewing Chandipura: A Vesiculovirus in Human Epidemics

Bioscience Reports ◽

10.1007/s10540-007-9054-z ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 27 (4-5) ◽

pp. 275-298 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

Soumen Basak ◽

Arindam Mondal ◽

Smarajit Polley ◽

Subhradip Mukhopadhyay ◽

Dhrubajyoti Chattopadhyay

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Vesicular Stomatitis Virus ◽

Drug Targets ◽

Viral Rna ◽

Virus Life Cycle ◽

Chandipura Virus ◽

Comprehensive Picture ◽

Vesicular Stomatitis ◽

Potential Drug Targets ◽

Shed Light

Chandipura virus, a member of the rhabdoviridae family and vesiculovirus genera, has recently emerged as human pathogen that is associated with a number of outbreaks in different parts of India. Although, the virus closely resembles with the prototype vesiculovirus, Vesicular Stomatitis Virus, it could be readily distinguished by its ability to infect humans. Studies on Chandipura virus while shed light into distinct stages of viral infection; it may also allow us to identify potential drug targets for antiviral therapy. In this review, we have summarized our current understanding of Chandipura virus life cycle at the molecular detail with particular interest in viral RNA metabolisms, namely transcription, replication and packaging of viral RNA into nucleocapsid structure. Contemporary research on otherwise extensively studied family member Vesicular Stomatitis Virus has also been addressed to present a more comprehensive picture of vesiculovirus life cycle. Finally, we reveal examples of protein economy in Chandipura virus life-cycle whereby each viral protein has evolved complexity to perform multiple tasks.

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BIONOMICS OF ENOCLERUS BARRI (COLEOPTERA: CLERIDAE)

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent101382-4 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 101 (4) ◽

pp. 382-386 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Richard E. Rice

Keyword(s):

British Columbia ◽

Life Cycle ◽

North America ◽

Sex Ratio ◽

Rocky Mountain ◽

Mountain Region ◽

Western North America ◽

Adult Females ◽

Rocky Mountain Region ◽

Life Cycle Stages

AbstractEnoclerus barri Knull occurs in western North America from British Columbia south to Mexico and throughout the Rocky Mountain region. Adults were collected at Grass Valley, Calif., from May to September at traps baited with beetle attractants. Collections occurred at temperatures ranging from 22.5° to 31 °C; the sex ratio of trapped beetles was 4.5 females to 1 male. Duration of life cycle stages at 24 ± 2 °C were: egg, 9 days; larva, first iastar, 14 days; second instar, 12 days; third instar feeding stage, 14 days. All larvae reared to third instar failed to pupate in the laboratory. Adult females of unknown age when collected lived from 10 to 131 days and produced an average of 389 eggs per female. Enoclerus barri utilized six species of Scolytidae as hosts in the laboratory.

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The life cycle of the lesser-spotted cardiac nurse researcher

British Journal of Cardiac Nursing ◽

10.12968/bjca.2021.0086 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (8) ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Barbara Farquharson ◽

Rosalynn Austin ◽

Lizelle Bernhardt ◽

Helena Whitehead ◽

Claire Barron ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Evidence Based ◽

Nursing Research ◽

Healthcare Staff ◽

The Future ◽

The Uk ◽

Cardiovascular Care ◽

Shed Light ◽

Support Research

Cardiovascular care is strongly evidence based, but most of that evidence has not been generated by nurses. As with all aspects of care, it is essential that the care delivered by nurses is evidence based, so it follows that we need nurses who can generate that evidence. Historically, there were few opportunities for nurses to lead research, but this is changing. UK policy now outlines a vision for the future where all healthcare staff feel empowered to support research as part of their job. This article shares examples of cardiovascular nurses from across the UK who are involved in research. The authors hope that this will help to shed light on the various stages and show that, far from being abstract and detached from everyday care, most nursing research is focused on making things better for patients. Finally, the authors provide links to individuals and organisations that can support nurses to get involved in research.

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The development of Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae (Eoacanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) in its intermediate host Cypridopsis vidua in Brazil

Acta Parasitologica ◽

10.1515/ap-2018-0040 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 63 (2) ◽

pp. 354-359 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Felipe de Sousa Lourenço ◽

Germán Augusto Murrieta Morey ◽

José Celso de Oliveira Malta

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Intermediate Host ◽

Intermediate Hosts ◽

Experimental Procedure ◽

Stage Of Development ◽

Lack Of Information ◽

Brazilian Amazon Region ◽

The Family ◽

Cypridopsis Vidua

AbstractThe family Neoechinorhynchidae includes seven species ofNeoechinorhynchusfrom freshwater fishes of Brazil. Although severalNeoechinorhynchusspecies are cited infecting different fish species in Brazil, there is a lack of information concerning to their life cycle and the identification of the intermediate hosts. Thus, the aim of the present study was to describe the development ofNeoechinorhynchus buttneraein its intermediate host collected in a fish farm located in Rio Preto da Eva, Amazonas, Brazil. To verify the presence ofN. buttneraein the fish pond, twentyColossoma macropomumwere captured and analyzed, being corroborated the presence of this parasite species. Samples of plankton were also collected, finding the ostracodCypridopsis viduaas the intermediate host. For the description of the larvae development, a laboratory experimental procedure was conducted by feeding the collected ostracods with the eggs of the adult specimens taken from the sampled fish. To observe the stages of development an artificial hatch was performed. Every stage of development was photographed, measured, drawn and described. The time of development of the immature stages ofN. buttneraewas 29 days, reporting the stages: acanthor, acanthella (with eight developmental changes) and cystacanth. As high infections byN. buttneraecauses morphological damages to the intestine and may compromise the quality ofC. macropomumand in consequence the production of fish farmers in the Brazilian Amazon region, the knowledge of its intermediate host and the understanding of its life cycle represents a useful information to prevent and combat infections by this parasite.

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