scholarly journals Contacts between the endoplasmic reticulum and other membranes in neurons

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (24) ◽  
pp. E4859-E4867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yumei Wu ◽  
Christina Whiteus ◽  
C. Shan Xu ◽  
Kenneth J. Hayworth ◽  
Richard J. Weinberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Cell Physiology ◽  
Organelle Biogenesis ◽  
Axon Terminals ◽  
Narrow Lumen ◽  
Dynamics And Control ◽  
Membrane Contacts ◽  
And Control

Close appositions between the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and other intracellular membranes have important functions in cell physiology. These include lipid homeostasis, regulation of Ca2+ dynamics, and control of organelle biogenesis and dynamics. Although these membrane contacts have previously been observed in neurons, their distribution and abundance have not been systematically analyzed. Here, we have used focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy to generate 3D reconstructions of intracellular organelles and their membrane appositions involving the ER (distance ≤30 nm) in different neuronal compartments. ER–plasma membrane (PM) contacts were particularly abundant in cell bodies, with large, flat ER cisternae apposed to the PM, sometimes with a notably narrow lumen (thin ER). Smaller ER–PM contacts occurred throughout dendrites, axons, and in axon terminals. ER contacts with mitochondria were abundant in all compartments, with the ER often forming a network that embraced mitochondria. Small focal contacts were also observed with tubulovesicular structures, likely to be endosomes, and with sparse multivesicular bodies and lysosomes found in our reconstructions. Our study provides an anatomical reference for interpreting information about interorganelle communication in neurons emerging from functional and biochemical studies.

Nanofabrication on InP using focused ion beam lithography and Cl2 etching: process and control

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 158-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.H. Chu ◽  
Y.L. Wang ◽  
Y.F. Hsieh ◽  
L.R. Harriott ◽  
H.H. Wade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Etching Process ◽  
Ion Beam Lithography ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals Dynamic changes in the association between maternal mRNAs and endoplasmic reticulum during ascidian early embryogenesis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiyuki Goto ◽  
Shuhei Torii ◽  
Aoi Kondo ◽  
Junji Kawakami ◽  
Haruka Yagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Translational Regulation ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Early Embryogenesis ◽  
Axis Formation ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Maternal Mrna ◽  
Maternal Mrnas

AbstractAxis formation is one of the most important events occurring at the beginning of animal development. In the ascidian egg, the antero-posterior axis is established at this time owing to a dynamic cytoplasmic movement called cytoplasmic and cortical reorganisation. During this movement, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and maternal mRNAs (postplasmic/PEM RNAs) are translocated to the future posterior side. Although accumulating evidence indicates the crucial roles played by the asymmetrical localisation of these organelles and the translational regulation of postplasmic/PEM RNAs, the organisation of ER has not been described in sufficient detail to date owing to technical difficulties. In this study, we developed three different multiple staining protocols for visualising the ER in combination with mitochondria, microtubules, or mRNAs in whole-mount specimens. We defined the internally expanded “dense ER” using these protocols and described cisterna-like structures of the dense ER using focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy. Most importantly, we described the dynamic changes in the colocalisation of postplasmic/PEM mRNAs and dense ER; for example, macho-1 mRNA was detached and excluded from the dense ER during the second phase of ooplasmic movements. These detailed descriptions of the association between maternal mRNA and ER can provide clues for understanding the translational regulation mechanisms underlying axis determination during ascidian early embryogenesis.

scholarly journals Insight into the Characteristics of Novel Desmin-Immunopositive Perivascular Cells of the Anterior Pituitary Gland Using Transmission and Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscopy

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (16) ◽  
pp. 8630
Author(s):  
Depicha Jindatip ◽  
Rebecca Wan-Yan Poh ◽  
Ken Fujiwara
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Scanning Electron

Recently, another new cell type was found in the perivascular space called a novel desmin-immunopositive perivascular (DIP) cell. However, the differences between this novel cell type and other nonhormone-producing cells have not been clarified. Therefore, we introduced several microscopic techniques to gain insight into the morphological characteristics of this novel DIP cell. We succeeded in identifying novel DIP cells under light microscopy using desmin immunocryosection, combining resin embedding blocks and immunoelectron microscopy. In conventional transmission electron microscopy, folliculostellate cells, capsular fibroblasts, macrophages, and pericytes presented a flat cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, whereas those of novel DIP cells had a dilated pattern. The number of novel DIP cells was greatest in the intact rats, though nearly disappeared under prolactinoma conditions. Additionally, focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy showed that these novel DIP cells had multidirectional processes and some processes reached the capillary, but these processes did not tightly wrap the vessel, as is the case with pericytes. Interestingly, we found that the rough endoplasmic reticulum was globular and dispersed throughout the cytoplasmic processes after three-dimensional reconstruction. This study clearly confirms that novel DIP cells are a new cell type in the rat anterior pituitary gland, with unique characteristics.

Focused Ion-Beam Based Nanohole Modeling, Simulation, Fabrication, and Application

2010 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Zhou ◽  
Guoliang Yang
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Electrochemical Etching ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Machining Process ◽  
Nanometer Scale ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Single Digit ◽  
Epitaxial Deposition ◽  
And Control

There are three major steps toward the fabrication of a single-digit nanohole: (1) preparing the free-standing thin film by epitaxial deposition and electrochemical etching, (2) making submicron holes (0.2–0.02 μm) by focused ion beam (FIB), and (3) reducing the hole to less than 10 nm by FIB-induced deposition. One specific aim for this paper is to model, simulate, and control the focused ion-beam machining process to fabricate holes that can reach a single-digit nanometer scale on solid-state thin films. Preliminary work has been done on the thin film (30 nm in thickness) preparation, submicron hole fabrication, and ion-beam-induced deposition, and the results are presented.

scholarly journals Optical Interferometer Microscope for Monitoring and Control of Focused Ion Beam Processes

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (S02) ◽  
pp. 1280-1281
Author(s):  
DP Adams ◽  
MB Sinclair ◽  
TM Mayer ◽  
MJ Vasile ◽  
WC Sweatt
Keyword(s):  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Optical Interferometer ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
And Control

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006

scholarly journals Focused Ion Beam Methods for Research and Control of HEMT Fabrication

2017 ◽  
Vol 189 ◽  
pp. 012033
Author(s):  
E Ph Pevtsov ◽  
A V Bespalov ◽  
T A Demenkova ◽  
P A Luchnikov
Keyword(s):  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals The architecture of the endoplasmic reticulum is regulated by the reversible lipid modification of the shaping protein CLIMP-63

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick A. Sandoz ◽  
Robin A. Denhardt-Eriksson ◽  
Laurence Abrami ◽  
Luciano Abriata ◽  
Gard Spreemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Membrane Protein ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Cellular Localization ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Cysteine Residue ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
Combining Data

AbstractThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has a complex morphology generated and maintained by membrane-shaping proteins and membrane energy minimization, though not much is known about how it is regulated. The architecture of this intracellular organelle is balanced between large, thin sheets that are densely packed in the perinuclear region and a connected network of branched, elongated tubules that extend throughout the cytoplasm. Sheet formation is known to involve the cytoskeleton-linking membrane protein 63 (CLIMP-63), though its regulation and the depth of its involvement remain unknown. Here we show that the post-translational modification of CLIMP-63 by the palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC6 controls the relative distribution of CLIMP-63 between the ER and the plasma membrane. By combining data-driven mathematical modeling, predictions, and experimental validation, we found that the attachment of a medium chain fatty acid, so-called S-palmitoylation, to the unique CLIMP-63 cytoplasmic cysteine residue drastically reduces its turnover rate, and thereby controls its abundance. Light microscopy and focused ion beam electron microcopy further revealed that enhanced CLIMP-63 palmitoylation leads to strong ER-sheet proliferation. Altogether, we show that ZDHHC6-mediated S-palmitoylation regulates the cellular localization of CLIMP-63, the morphology of the ER, and the interconversion of ER structural elements in mammalian cells through its action on the CLIMP-63 protein.Significance StatementEukaryotic cells subcompartmentalize their various functions into organelles, the shape of each being specific and necessary for its proper role. However, how these shapes are generated and controlled is poorly understood. The endoplasmic reticulum is the largest membrane-bound intracellular compartment, accounting for more than 50% of all cellular membranes. We found that the shape and quantity of its sheet-like structures are controlled by a specific protein, cytoskeleton-linking membrane protein 63, through the acquisition of a lipid chain attached by an enzyme called ZDHHC6. Thus, by modifying the ZDHHC6 amounts, a cell can control the shape of its ER. The modeling and prediction technique used herein also provides a method for studying the interconnected function of other post-translational modifications in organelles.

A Study of Structural Damage & Recovery of Si, Ge and Ga FIB implants in Silicon

2014 ◽  
Vol 1712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prabhu Balasubramanian ◽  
Jeremy F. Graham ◽  
Robert Hull
Keyword(s):  
Structural Damage ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Broad Beam ◽  
Implantation Damage ◽  
Before And After ◽  
And Control ◽  
Ion Current Density ◽  
Ion Species ◽  
Substantial Interest

ABSTRACTThe focused ion beam (FIB) has the necessary precision, spatial resolution and control over ion delivery for potential nano-scale doping of nanostructures such as semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). The ion current density in a FIB is 0.1-10 A/cm2, which is at least three orders of magnitude higher than that in a commercial broad beam ion implanter. Therefore an understanding of FIB implantation damage and recovery is of substantial interest. In this work we employ Raman probes of wavelengths 514 nm and 405 nm for quantifying ion implantation damage—both before and after annealing—in 30 kV Si2+, Ge2+ and Ga+ implants (fluences: 1x1012-5x1015 ions/cm2) into Si(100), for the purpose of understanding the effect of ion species on damage recovery.

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