Genomic insights into the origin and diversification of late maritime hunter-gatherers from the Chilean Patagonia

Patagonia was the last region of the Americas reached by humans who entered the continent from Siberia ∼15,000–20,000 y ago. Despite recent genomic approaches to reconstruct the continental evolutionary history, regional characterization of ancient and modern genomes remains understudied. Exploring the genomic diversity within Patagonia is not just a valuable strategy to gain a better understanding of the history and diversification of human populations in the southernmost tip of the Americas, but it would also improve the representation of Native American diversity in global databases of human variation. Here, we present genome data from four modern populations from Central Southern Chile and Patagonia (n = 61) and four ancient maritime individuals from Patagonia (∼1,000 y old). Both the modern and ancient individuals studied in this work have a greater genetic affinity with other modern Native Americans than to any non-American population, showing within South America a clear structure between major geographical regions. Native Patagonian Kawéskar and Yámana showed the highest genetic affinity with the ancient individuals, indicating genetic continuity in the region during the past 1,000 y before present, together with an important agreement between the ethnic affiliation and historical distribution of both groups. Lastly, the ancient maritime individuals were genetically equidistant to a ∼200-y-old terrestrial hunter-gatherer from Tierra del Fuego, which supports a model with an initial separation of a common ancestral group to both maritime populations from a terrestrial population, with a later diversification of the maritime groups.

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Flattening and Unpacking Human Genetic Variation in Mexico, Postwar to Present

Science in Context ◽

10.1017/s0269889717000047 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 89-112 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Víctor Hugo Anaya-Muñoz ◽

Vivette García-Deister ◽

Edna Suárez-Díaz

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variation ◽

Native American ◽

Human Genetics ◽

Genomic Diversity ◽

Human Populations ◽

Research Strategies ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Multidisciplinary Analysis ◽

The 1960S ◽

Social Demographic

ArgumentThis paper analyzes the research strategies of three different cases in the study of human genetics in Mexico – the work of Rubén Lisker in the 1960s, INMEGEN's mapping of Mexican genomic diversity between 2004 and 2009, and the analysis of Native American variation by Andrés Moreno and his colleagues in contemporary research. We make a distinction between an approach that incorporates multiple disciplinary resources into sampling design and interpretation (unpacking), from one that privileges pragmatic considerations over more robust multidisciplinary analysis (flattening). These choices have consequences for social, demographic, and biomedical practices, and also for accounts of genetic variation in human populations. While the former strategyunpacksfine-grained genetic variation – favoring precision and realism, the latter tends toflattenindividual differences and historical depth in lieu of generalization.

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Detecting Heterogeneity in Population Structure Across the Genome in Admixed Populations

10.1101/031831 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Caitlin McHugh ◽

Timothy A Thornton ◽

Lisa Brown

Keyword(s):

Population Structure ◽

Native American ◽

Native Americans ◽

Random Mating ◽

Phase Iii ◽

European Ancestry ◽

Human Populations ◽

Genotype Data ◽

Local Ancestry ◽

Genomic Regions

The genetic structure of human populations is often characterized by aggregating measures of ancestry across the autosomal chromosomes. While it may be reasonable to assume that population structure patterns are similar genome-wide in relatively homogeneous populations, this assumption may not be appropriate for admixed populations, such as Hispanics and African Americans, with recent ancestry from two or more continents. Recent studies have suggested that systematic ancestry differences can arise at genomic locations in admixed populations as a result of selection and non-random mating. Here, we propose a method, which we refer to as the chromosomal ancestry differences (CAnD) test, for detecting heterogeneity in population structure across the genome. CAnD uses local ancestry inferred from SNP genotype data to identify chromosomes harboring genomic regions with ancestry contributions that are significantly different than expected. In simulation studies with real genotype data from Phase III of the HapMap Project, we demonstrate the validity and power of CAnD. We apply CAnD to the HapMap Mexican American (MXL) and African American (ASW) population samples; in this analysis the software RFMix is used to infer local ancestry at genomic regions assuming admixing from Europeans, West Africans, and Native Americans. The CAnD test provides strong evidence of heterogeneity in population structure across the genome in the MXL sample ($p=4e-05$), which is largely driven by elevated Native American ancestry and deficit of European ancestry on the X chromosomes. Among the ASW, all chromosomes are largely African derived and no heterogeneity in population structure is detected in this sample.

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Dating genomic variants and shared ancestry in population-scale sequencing data

10.1101/416610 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Patrick K. Albers ◽

Gil McVean

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Modern Human ◽

Genomic Diversity ◽

Human Populations ◽

Data Sets ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽

Sequencing Data ◽

Geographical Regions ◽

Shared Ancestry ◽

Using Data

AbstractThe origin and fate of new mutations within species is the fundamental process underlying evolution. However, while much attention has been focused on characterizing the presence, frequency, and phenotypic impact of genetic variation, the evolutionary histories of most variants are largely unexplored. We have developed a non-parametric approach for estimating the date of origin of genetic variants in large-scale sequencing data sets. The accuracy and robustness of the approach is demonstrated through simulation. Using data from two publicly available human genomic diversity resources, we estimated the age of more than 45 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human genome and release the Atlas of Variant Age as a public online database. We characterize the relationship between variant age and frequency in different geographical regions, and demonstrate the value of age information in interpreting variants of functional and selective importance. Finally, we use allele age estimates to power a rapid approach for inferring the ancestry shared between individual genomes, to quantify genealogical relationships at different points in the past, as well as describe and explore the evolutionary history of modern human populations.

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Native American sports mascots activate negative stereotypes about contemporary Native Americans

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e527772014-414 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

Elizabeth Focella ◽

Jessica Whitehead ◽

Jeff Stone ◽

Stephanie Fryberg ◽

Rebecca Covarrubias

Keyword(s):

Native American ◽

Native Americans ◽

Negative Stereotypes

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Native Americans and the Third World Strike at UC Berkeley

Explorations in Ethnic Studies ◽

10.1525/esr.2019.42.2.32 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 32-39

Author(s):

LaNada War Jack

Keyword(s):

Native American ◽

Native Americans ◽

Personal Experience ◽

Third World ◽

Leadership Roles ◽

The Third ◽

The Creation ◽

The 1960S ◽

The Third World ◽

The University

The author reflects on her personal experience as a Native American at UC Berkeley in the 1960s as well as on her activism and important leadership roles in the 1969 Third World Liberation Front student strike, which had as its goal the creation of an interdisciplinary Third World College at the university.

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Indian Genocide – A Study Through The Works of Elizabeth Cook-Lynn

SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH ◽

10.24113/ijellh.v6i9.9855 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (9) ◽

pp. 5

Author(s):

Poonam Chourey

Keyword(s):

Native American ◽

Native Americans ◽

South Dakota ◽

Native People ◽

The South ◽

The People ◽

Freedom Fighters ◽

Purpose Of Business ◽

Wounded Knee ◽

Shed Light

The research expounded the turmoil, uproar, anguish, pain, and agony faced by native Indians and Native Americans in the South Dakota region. To explain the grief, pain and lamentation, this research studies the works of Elizabeth Cook-Lyn. She laments for the people who died and also survived in the Wounded Knee Massacre. The people at that time went through huge exploitation and tolerated the cruelty of American Federal government. This research brings out the unchangeable scenario of the Native Americans and Native Indians. Mr. Padmanaban shed light on the works of Elizabeth Cook-Lynn who was activist. Mr. Padmanaban is very influenced with Elizabeth Cook-Lynn’s thoughts and works. She hails from Sioux Community, a Native American. She was an outstanding and exceptional scholar. She experienced the agony and pain faced by the native people. The researcher, Mr. Padmanaban is concerned the sufferings, agony, pain faced by the South Dakota people at that time. The researcher also is acknowledging the Indian freedom fighters who got India independence after over 200 years of sufferings. The foreign nationals entered our country with the sole purpose of business. Slowly and steadily the took over the reign of the country and ruled us for years, made all of us suffer a lot.

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Development of a Genetics Education Workshop Curriculum for Native American College and University Students

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/158.3.941 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 158 (3) ◽

pp. 941-948

Author(s):

Linda Burhansstipanov ◽

Lynne Bemis ◽

Mark Dignan ◽

Frank Dukepoo

Keyword(s):

Native American ◽

Native Americans ◽

University Students ◽

Health Care Professionals ◽

Genetic Research ◽

Native American Students ◽

College And University ◽

Career Opportunities ◽

National Human ◽

Education Workshop

Abstract The long-term goal of Genetic Education for Native Americans (GENA), a project funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), is to provide a balance of scientific and cultural information about genetics and genetic research to Native Americans and thereby to improve informed decision making. The project provides culturally sensitive education about genetic research to Native American medical students and college and university students. Curriculum development included focus groups, extensive review of available curricula, and collection of information about career opportunities in genetics. Special attention was focused on genetic research to identify key concepts, instructional methods, and issues that are potentially troublesome or sensitive for Native Americans. Content on genetic research and careers in genetics was adapted from a wide variety of sources for use in the curriculum. The resulting GENA curriculum is based on 24 objectives arranged into modules customized for selected science-related conference participants. The curriculum was pretested with Native American students, medical and general university, health care professionals, and basic scientists. Implementation of the curriculum is ongoing. This article describes the development and pretesting of the genetics curriculum for the project with the expectation that the curriculum will be useful for genetics educators working in diverse settings.

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“I Hope to Hell Nothing Goes Back to The Way It Was Before”: COVID-19, Marginalization, and Native Nations

Perspectives on Politics ◽

10.1017/s1537592721001031 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-18

Author(s):

Raymond Foxworth ◽

Laura E. Evans ◽

Gabriel R. Sanchez ◽

Cheryl Ellenwood ◽

Carmela M. Roybal

Keyword(s):

Native American ◽

Native Americans ◽

Original Data ◽

The United States ◽

Federal Law ◽

Native Languages ◽

Native Communities ◽

Tribal Health ◽

Tribal Lands ◽

Health Regulations

We draw on new and original data to examine both partisan and systemic inequities that have fueled the spread of COVID-19 in Native America. We show how continued political marginalization of Native Americans has compounded longstanding inequalities and endangered the lives of Native peoples. Native nations have experienced disproportionate effects from prior health epidemics and pandemics, and in 2020, Native communities have seen greater rates of infection, hospitalization, and death from COVID-19. We find that Native nations have more COVID-19 cases if they are located in states with a higher ratio of Trump supporters and reside in states with Republican governors. Where there is longstanding marginalization, measured by lack of clean water on tribal lands and health information in Native languages, we find more COVID-19 cases. Federal law enables non-members to flout tribal health regulations while on tribal lands, and correspondingly, we find that COVID-19 cases rise when non-members travel onto tribal lands. Our findings engage the literatures on Native American politics, health policy within U.S. federalism, and structural health inequalities, and should be of interest to both scholars and practitioners interested in understanding COVID-19 outcomes across Tribes in the United States.

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