scholarly journals Risk-taking bias in human decision-making is encoded via a right–left brain push–pull system

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 1404-1413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Sacré ◽  
Matthew S. D. Kerr ◽  
Sandya Subramanian ◽  
Zachary Fitzgerald ◽  
Kevin Kahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Neural System ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Pull System ◽  
Left Brain ◽  
Depth Electrodes ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
The Right

A person’s decisions vary even when options stay the same, like when a gambler changes bets despite constant odds of winning. Internal bias (e.g., emotion) contributes to this variability and is shaped by past outcomes, yet its neurobiology during decision-making is not well understood. To map neural circuits encoding bias, we administered a gambling task to 10 participants implanted with intracerebral depth electrodes in cortical and subcortical structures. We predicted the variability in betting behavior within and across patients by individual bias, which is estimated through a dynamical model of choice. Our analysis further revealed that high-frequency activity increased in the right hemisphere when participants were biased toward risky bets, while it increased in the left hemisphere when participants were biased away from risky bets. Our findings provide electrophysiological evidence that risk-taking bias is a lateralized push–pull neural system governing counterintuitive and highly variable decision-making in humans.

Neuropsychological Assessment of a Case of Early Right Hemiplegia: Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis

1984 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 1007-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Brizzolara ◽  
Anna Maria Chilosi ◽  
Gianni Luigi De Nobili ◽  
Giovanni Ferretti
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Neuropsychological Assessment ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Perceptual Skills ◽  
Left Brain ◽  
Linguistic Functions ◽  
The Right

Evidence for normal development of linguistic but poor visuo-perceptual skills has been obtained with the neuropsychological assessment of a case of early left-brain injury. Data suggest the transfer of linguistic functions from the left to the right hemisphere at the expense of visuo-perceptual capacities for which the right hemisphere is potentially specialized.

Artificial Intelligence Inroads Into HR

2022 ◽  
pp. 231-246
Author(s):  
Swati Bansal ◽  
Monica Agarwal ◽  
Deepak Bansal ◽  
Santhi Narayanan
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Generation Y ◽  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Career Aspirations ◽  
Work Life ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
The Right ◽  
Talent Acquisition

Artificial intelligence is already here in all facets of work life. Its integration into human resources is a necessary process which has far-reaching benefits. It may have its challenges, but to survive in the current Industry 4.0 environment and prepare for the future Industry 5.0, organisations must penetrate AI into their HR systems. AI can benefit all the functions of HR, starting right from talent acquisition to onboarding and till off-boarding. The importance further increases, keeping in mind the needs and career aspirations of Generation Y and Z entering the workforce. Though employees have apprehensions of privacy and loss of jobs if implemented effectively, AI is the present and future. AI will not make people lose jobs; instead, it would require the HR people to upgrade their skills and spend their time in more strategic roles. In the end, it is the HR who will make the final decisions from the information that they get from the AI tools. A proper mix of human decision-making skills and AI would give organisations the right direction to move forward.

scholarly journals Algorithms as discrimination detectors

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (48) ◽  
pp. 30096-30100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Kleinberg ◽  
Jens Ludwig ◽  
Sendhil Mullainathan ◽  
Cass R. Sunstein
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
The Right

Preventing discrimination requires that we have means of detecting it, and this can be enormously difficult when human beings are making the underlying decisions. As applied today, algorithms can increase the risk of discrimination. But as we argue here, algorithms by their nature require a far greater level of specificity than is usually possible with human decision making, and this specificity makes it possible to probe aspects of the decision in additional ways. With the right changes to legal and regulatory systems, algorithms can thus potentially make it easier to detect—and hence to help prevent—discrimination.

scholarly journals Artistic Production Following Brain Damage: A Study of Three Artists

Leonardo ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 405-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anjan Chatterjee ◽  
Bianca Bromberger ◽  
William B. Smith ◽  
Rebecca Sternschein ◽  
Page Widick
Keyword(s):  
Brain Damage ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Left Brain ◽  
Right Hemisphere Damage ◽  
Right Brain ◽  
Art Production ◽  
The Right ◽  
Left Brain Damage ◽  
Insight Into

We know little about the neurologic bases of art production. The idea that the right brain hemisphere is the “artistic brain” is widely held, despite the lack of evidence for this claim. Artists with brain damage can offer insight into these laterality questions. The authors used an instrument called the Assessment of Art Attributes to examine the work of two individuals with left-brain damage and one with right-hemisphere damage. In each case, their art became more abstract and distorted and less realistic. They also painted with looser strokes, less depth and more vibrant colors. No unique pattern was observed following right-brain damage. However, art produced after left-brain damage also became more symbolic. These results show that the neural basis of art production is distributed across both hemispheres in the human brain.

scholarly journals Functional cortico-subcortical reorganization after complete hemispheric disconnection for intractable epilepsy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Blauwblomme ◽  
Athena Demertzi ◽  
Jean-Marc Tacchela ◽  
Ludovic Fillon ◽  
Marie Bourgeois ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Intractable Epilepsy ◽  
Minimally Conscious State ◽  
Conscious State ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Drug Resistant Epilepsy ◽  
Classification Probability ◽  
The Right ◽  
Minimally Conscious

AbstractHemispherotomy is a treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy with the whole hemisphere involved in seizure onset. As recovery mechanisms are still debated, we characterize functional reorganization with multimodal MRI in two children operated on the right hemisphere (RH). We found that interhemispheric functional connectivity was abolished in both patients. The healthy left hemispheres (LH) displayed focal hyperperfusion in motor and limbic areas, and preserved network-level organization. The disconnected RHs were hypoperfused despite sustained network-level organization. Functional connectivity was increased in the left thalamo-cortical loop and between the cerebelli. The classification probability of the RH corresponding to a minimally conscious state was smaller than for the LH. We conclude that after hemispherotomy, neurological rehabilitation is sustained by cortical disinhibition and reinforcement of connectivity driven by subcortical structures in the remaining hemisphere. Our results highlight the effect of vascularization on functional connectivity and raise inquiries about the conscious state of the isolated hemisphere.

scholarly journals Revisiting the Neural Architecture of Decision-Making: Univariate and Multivariate Evidence for System-Based Models in Adolescence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
João F. Guassi Moreira ◽  
Adriana S. Méndez Leal ◽  
Yael H. Waizman ◽  
Natalie Saragosa-Harris ◽  
Emilia Ninova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Risky Decision ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Multivariate Pattern

AbstractSystem-based theories are a popular approach to explaining the psychology of human decision making. Such theories posit that decision-making is governed by interactions between different psychological processes that arbitrate amongst each other for control over behavior. To date, system-based theories have received inconsistent support at the neural level, leading some to question their veracity. Here we examine the possibility that prior attempts to evaluate system-based theories have been limited by their reliance on predicting brain activity from behavior, and seek to advance evaluations of system-based models through modeling approaches that predict behavior from brain activity. Using within-subject decision-level modeling of fMRI data from a risk-taking task in a sample of over 2000 decisions across 51 adolescents—a population in which decision-making processes are particularly dynamic and consequential—we find support for system-based theories of decision-making. In particular, neural activity in lateral prefrontal cortex and a multivariate pattern of cognitive control both predicted a reduced likelihood of making a risky decision, whereas increased activity in the ventral striatum—a region typically associated with valuation processes—predicted a greater likelihood of engaging in risk-taking. These results comprise the first formalized within-subjects neuroimaging test of system-based theories, garnering support for the notion that competing systems drive decision behaviors.Significance StatementDecision making is central to adaptive behavior. While dominant psychological theories of decision-making behavior have found empirical support, their neuroscientific implementations have received inconsistent support. This may in part be due to statistical approaches employed by prior neuroimaging studies of system-based theories. Here we use brain modeling—an approach that predicts behavior from brain activity—of univariate and multivariate neural activity metrics to better understand how neural components of psychological systems guide decision behavior. We found broad support for system-based theories such that that neural systems involved in cognitive control predicted a reduced likelihood to make risky decisions, whereas value-based systems predicted greater risk-taking propensity.

Psychological and Electroencephalographic Relationships in Cryothalamectomy for Parkinsonism

1970 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 799-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Riklan ◽  
Eric Levita
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Activation ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Hemispheric Specialization ◽  
Psychological Tests ◽  
Psychological Change ◽  
Left Brain ◽  
Eeg Activation ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Scalp Electroencephalogram ◽  
The Right

Psychological tests and a scalp electroencephalogram were administered to parkinsonians undergoing left, right, or second side thalamic surgery for alleviation of contralateral tremor and rigidity. The psychological tests were designed to assess a range of behavioral activation. EEGs were subjected to frequency analysis from which an activation index was derived. No significant preoperative correlations obtained between EEG activation ratios and the scores of any of the psychological tests under consideration. Nor was any significant relationship found between pre- to postoperative psychological change scores and alterations in EEG patterns of activation. However, a significant decrease in EEG activation ratios for left-brain operates was found in the absence of any such changes for the right-brain operates. This finding was consistent for EEG ratios of both left- and right-hemisphere leads and for parietal and central leads. Some primarily cortical hemispheric specialization was suggested with regard to the processes underlying EEG activation, and a possible mechanism was proposed.

Voice and Emotion Processing in the Human Neonatal Brain

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1411-1419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yawei Cheng ◽  
Shin-Yi Lee ◽  
Hsin-Yu Chen ◽  
Ping-Yao Wang ◽  
Jean Decety
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Emotion Processing ◽  
Neural System ◽  
Neonatal Brain ◽  
Voice Perception ◽  
Human Voice ◽  
Term Newborns ◽  
The Right ◽  
Voice Processing ◽  
The Voice

Although the voice-sensitive neural system emerges very early in development, it has yet to be demonstrated whether the neonatal brain is sensitive to voice perception. We measured the EEG mismatch response (MMR) elicited by emotionally spoken syllables “dada” along with correspondingly synthesized nonvocal sounds, whose fundamental frequency contours were matched, in 98 full-term newborns aged 1–5 days. In Experiment 1, happy syllables relative to nonvocal sounds elicited an MMR lateralized to the right hemisphere. In Experiment 2, fearful syllables elicited stronger amplitudes than happy or neutral syllables, and this response had no sex differences. In Experiment 3, angry versus happy syllables elicited an MMR, although their corresponding nonvocal sounds did not. Here, we show that affective discrimination is selectively driven by voice processing per se rather than low-level acoustical features and that the cerebral specialization for human voice and emotion processing emerges over the right hemisphere during the first days of life.

scholarly journals Ideomotor Apraxia in Left Thalamic Hemorrhage: Discrepancy between Clinical Course and SPECT

1991 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armin Schnider ◽  
Theodor Landis ◽  
Helmuth R. Rösler
Keyword(s):  
Left Hemisphere ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Internal Capsule ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Functional Interpretation ◽  
Posterior Limb ◽  
Ideomotor Apraxia ◽  
Left Thalamus ◽  
The Right

We present a patient who developed severe ideomotor apraxia (IA) and subcortical aphasia after a hemorrhage involving the posterior part of the left thalamus and the posterior limb of the internal capsule. The cerebral blood flow (CBF) of the left hemisphere as measured by 99Tc-HM-PAO SPECT was initially diminished as compared to the right hemisphere. The apraxia and aphasia eventually resolved. Despite this clinical improvement CBF of the left hemisphere worsened. Our findings do not support the view that apraxia and aphasia following lesion of deep subcortical structures is due to cortical derangement induced by disruption of unspecific activating thalamo-cortical pathways. The results call for caution in the functional interpretation of perfusion deficits detected by SPECT.

scholarly journals A brain network supporting social influences in human decision-making

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Jan P. Gläscher
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Functional Coupling ◽  
Integrated Network ◽  
Temporoparietal Junction ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Right Temporoparietal Junction ◽  
The Right

AbstractHumans learn from their own trial-and-error experience and from observing others. However, it remains unanswered how brain circuits compute expected values when direct learning and social learning coexist in an uncertain environment. Using a multi-player reward learning paradigm with 185 participants (39 being scanned) in real-time, we observed that individuals succumbed to the group when confronted with dissenting information, but increased their confidence when observing confirming information. Leveraging computational modeling and fMRI we tracked direct valuation through experience and vicarious valuation through observation, and their dissociable, but interacting neural representations in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex, respectively. Their functional coupling with the right temporoparietal junction representing instantaneous social information instantiated a hitherto uncharacterized social prediction error, rather than a reward prediction error, in the putamen. These findings suggest that an integrated network involving the brain’s reward hub and social hub supports social influence in human decision-making.

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