scholarly journals Recent responses to climate change reveal the drivers of species extinction and survival

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (8) ◽  
pp. 4211-4217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian Román-Palacios ◽  
John J. Wiens
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Important Work ◽  
Species Extinction ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
Niche Shifts ◽  
Local Extinctions ◽  
Over Time

Climate change may be a major threat to biodiversity in the next 100 years. Although there has been important work on mechanisms of decline in some species, it generally remains unclear which changes in climate actually cause extinctions, and how many species will likely be lost. Here, we identify the specific changes in climate that are associated with the widespread local extinctions that have already occurred. We then use this information to predict the extent of future biodiversity loss and to identify which processes may forestall extinction. We used data from surveys of 538 plant and animal species over time, 44% of which have already had local extinctions at one or more sites. We found that locations with local extinctions had larger and faster changes in hottest yearly temperatures than those without. Surprisingly, sites with local extinctions had significantly smaller changes in mean annual temperatures, despite the widespread use of mean annual temperatures as proxies for overall climate change. Based on their past rates of dispersal, we estimate that 57–70% of these 538 species will not disperse quickly enough to avoid extinction. However, we show that niche shifts appear to be far more important for avoiding extinction than dispersal, although most studies focus only on dispersal. Specifically, considering both dispersal and niche shifts, we project that only 16–30% of these 538 species may go extinct by 2070. Overall, our results help identify the specific climatic changes that cause extinction and the processes that may help species to survive.

scholarly journals Climate change contributes to widespread declines among bumble bees across continents

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 367 (6478) ◽  
pp. 685-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Soroye ◽  
Tim Newbold ◽  
Jeremy Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Bumble Bee ◽  
Species Extinction ◽  
Population Extinction ◽  
Colonization Dynamics ◽  
Term Data ◽  
Related Population

Climate change could increase species’ extinction risk as temperatures and precipitation begin to exceed species’ historically observed tolerances. Using long-term data for 66 bumble bee species across North America and Europe, we tested whether this mechanism altered likelihoods of bumble bee species’ extinction or colonization. Increasing frequency of hotter temperatures predicts species’ local extinction risk, chances of colonizing a new area, and changing species richness. Effects are independent of changing land uses. The method developed in this study permits spatially explicit predictions of climate change–related population extinction-colonization dynamics within species that explains observed patterns of geographical range loss and expansion across continents. Increasing frequencies of temperatures that exceed historically observed tolerances help explain widespread bumble bee species decline. This mechanism may also contribute to biodiversity loss more generally.

scholarly journals CLIMATE CHANGE: CAUSES AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (9SE) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Abha Laddha
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Weather Extremes ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
Life On Earth ◽  
Threat To Life

Global climatic changes because of human activities have become a major threat to life on Earth. Changing climatic conditions are the result of man-made activities and are continuously leading to a serious deterioration in the earth’s atmosphere. Basically it is leading to erratic climate and weather extremes, altered ecosystems and habitats and risks to human health and society. This problem can be solved only if some judicious steps are taken, including improvements to energy efficiency and vehicle fuel economy, increases in wind and solar power, hydrogen produced from renewable sources, biofuels (produced from crops), natural gas, and nuclear power.

Climate Change Impacts on Biodiversity in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas

2022 ◽  
pp. 578-602
Author(s):  
Hanane Boutaj ◽  
Aicha Moumni ◽  
Oumayma Nassiri ◽  
Abdelhak Ouled Aitouna
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Arid Zones ◽  
Local Extinctions ◽  
Ecological Tourism ◽  
Biodiversity Decline ◽  
Semi Arid

Considerable attention has been paid to climate change and its impacts on biodiversity. The climate change has caused several problems such as continuous ecosystem degradation and a resultant biodiversity decline. In addition, climate warming has a range of indirect effects through changes in vegetation type level and sea that affect physical and biological systems. This has also led to changes in the distribution of species, as well as reductions in the size of populations, or even local extinctions of these populations. Moreover, many species are disappearing with time due to climate change combined with the emergence of disease that develops and increases with time. These problems affect different biodiversity components that are close to collapse. This chapter explored the richness of biodiversity in arid and semi-arid zones. It is also illuminates the effects of climate change on distribution of biodiversity. The authors highlight the responses of biodiversity under climate change, in terms of species extinction, biodiversity loss, and the impacts of climate change to ecological tourism. Finally, the authors show how biodiversity can overcome the effect of climate change, by developing some systems that allow to them to survive and conservation of species and ecosystems.

scholarly journals Rates of change in climatic niches in plant and animal populations are much slower than projected climate change

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1843) ◽  
pp. 20162104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tereza Jezkova ◽  
John J. Wiens
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Critical Question ◽  
Geographic Ranges ◽  
Rates Of Change ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Niche Shifts ◽  
Relevant Variables ◽  
Global Biodiversity

Climate change may soon threaten much of global biodiversity. A critical question is: can species undergo niche shifts of sufficient speed and magnitude to persist within their current geographic ranges? Here, we analyse niche shifts among populations within 56 plant and animal species using time-calibrated trees from phylogeographic studies. Across 266 phylogeographic groups analysed, rates of niche change were much slower than rates of projected climate change (mean difference > 200 000-fold for temperature variables). Furthermore, the absolute niche divergence among populations was typically lower than the magnitude of projected climate change over the next approximately 55 years for relevant variables, suggesting the amount of change needed to persist may often be too great, even if these niche shifts were instantaneous. Rates were broadly similar between plants and animals, but especially rapid in some arthropods, birds and mammals. Rates for temperature variables were lower at lower latitudes, further suggesting that tropical species may be especially vulnerable to climate change.

Climate change and animal diseases: making the case for adaptation

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigfrido Burgos Cáceres
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Severe Weather ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Atmospheric Gases ◽  
Animal Diseases ◽  
Exponential Expansion ◽  
Invasive Flora

AbstractThe exponential expansion of the human population has led to overexploitation of resources and overproduction of items that have caused a series of potentially devastating effects, including ocean acidification, ozone depletion, biodiversity loss, the spread of invasive flora and fauna and climatic changes – along with the emergence of new diseases in animals and humans. Climate change occurs as a result of imbalances between incoming and outgoing radiation in the atmosphere. This process generates heat. As concentrations of atmospheric gases reach record levels, global temperatures are expected to increase significantly. The hydrologic cycle will be altered, since warmer air can retain more moisture than cooler air. This means that some geographic areas will have more rainfall, whereas others have more drought and severe weather. The potential consequences of significant and permanent climatic changes are altered patterns of diseases in animal and human populations, including the emergence of new disease syndromes and changes in the prevalence of existing diseases. A wider geographic distribution of known vectors and the recruitment of new strains to the vector pool could result in infections spreading to more and potentially new species of hosts. If these predictions turn out to be accurate, there will be a need for policymakers to consider alternatives, such as adaptation. This review explores the linkages between climate change and animal diseases, and examines interrelated issues that arise from altered biological dynamics. Its aim is to consider various risks and vulnerabilities and to make the case for policies favoring adaptation.

scholarly journals Economic impact of climate change on cocoa production among South-Western states, Nigeria: Results from ricardian analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-180
Author(s):  
Edet E.O ◽  
P.O Udoe ◽  
S.O Abang
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Producer Price ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cocoa Production ◽  
Net Revenue ◽  
Over Time

The study was carried out to determine the economic impact of climate change on cocoa producing states in south western states, Nigeria using Ricardian analytical procedure. The specific objectives were to: analyze the economic impact of climate change on cocoa production, estimate the marginal impact of climate change on net cocoa farm revenue in the areas of study, find out whether there is a significant mean difference in climatic variables among the cocoa producing states in the south-west Nigeria and make useful recommendations based on findings. Data were sourced from CBN bulletin, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NIMET), spanning 1981 - 2015. Model specification was based on Ordinary Least Square (OLS) multiple regression technique using Ricardian framework on net revenue. Data obtained were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Results show that 11, 47 and 77% of the variations in net revenue from cocoa production were explained by rainfall and temperature for Oyo, Ondo and Osun states respectively. The study also affirms that the climatic (rainfall and temperature) and non climatic (area, producer price, yield and technology) variables accounts for 98%, 97% and 96% of the variations in net revenue per hectare of cocoa production respectively in Oyo, Ondo and Osun states. The study further showed that there was a significant difference in climate change over time across the cocoa producing states at 1% level of probability. The study indicated that climatic changes culminated in economic losses/benefits of about ₦27.63million (₦3.50million), ₦5.6million (₦14.90million) and ₦1.3million (₦5.8million) respectively across the states amidst varying marginal economic losses of ₦1billion (Ondo) and benefits of ₦10.08 and ₦270.48million (Oyo and Osun States) in the study area. Based on these, it was concluded that climatic changes over time are not the only parameters that accounted for economic losses and benefits, other factors also contributed. It was recommended that low-yielding cocoa trees, which have exceeded optimum production ages be replaced with the high-yielding ones alongside farmers should cultivate cocoa varieties that are tolerant to climate change in the area of consideration, ab initio.Keywords: Climate change, Cocoa, Ricardian, Production, Economic impact.

Climate Change Impacts on Biodiversity in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas

2019 ◽  
pp. 117-141
Author(s):  
Hanane Boutaj ◽  
Aicha Moumni ◽  
Oumayma Nassiri ◽  
Abdelhak Ouled Aitouna
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Arid Zones ◽  
Local Extinctions ◽  
Ecological Tourism ◽  
Biodiversity Decline ◽  
Semi Arid

Considerable attention has been paid to climate change and its impacts on biodiversity. The climate change has caused several problems such as continuous ecosystem degradation and a resultant biodiversity decline. In addition, climate warming has a range of indirect effects through changes in vegetation type level and sea that affect physical and biological systems. This has also led to changes in the distribution of species, as well as reductions in the size of populations, or even local extinctions of these populations. Moreover, many species are disappearing with time due to climate change combined with the emergence of disease that develops and increases with time. These problems affect different biodiversity components that are close to collapse. This chapter explored the richness of biodiversity in arid and semi-arid zones. It is also illuminates the effects of climate change on distribution of biodiversity. The authors highlight the responses of biodiversity under climate change, in terms of species extinction, biodiversity loss, and the impacts of climate change to ecological tourism. Finally, the authors show how biodiversity can overcome the effect of climate change, by developing some systems that allow to them to survive and conservation of species and ecosystems.

Cultivating Ice over Time: On the Idea of Timeless Knowledge and Places in the Himalayas

1969 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karine Gagné
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sense Of Community ◽  
Local Knowledge ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
International Organisations ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Local Populations ◽  
Close Study ◽  
Indian Himalayas ◽  
Over Time

Assumptions that local communities have an endogenous capacity to adapt to climate change stemming from time-tested knowledge and an inherent sense of community that prompts mobilisation are becoming increasingly common in material produced by international organisations. This discourse, which relies on ahistorical and apolitical conceptions of localities and populations, is based on ideas of timeless knowledge and places. Analysing the water-place nexus in Ladakh, in the Indian Himalayas, through a close study of glacier practices as they change over time, the article argues that local knowledge is subject to change and must be analysed in light of changing conceptions and experiences of place by the state and by local populations alike.

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