scholarly journals Demographic science aids in understanding the spread and fatality rates of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (18) ◽  
pp. 9696-9698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Beam Dowd ◽  
Liliana Andriano ◽  
David M. Brazel ◽  
Valentina Rotondi ◽  
Per Block ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Care ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Age Composition ◽  
The World ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Age And Sex

Governments around the world must rapidly mobilize and make difficult policy decisions to mitigate the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Because deaths have been concentrated at older ages, we highlight the important role of demography, particularly, how the age structure of a population may help explain differences in fatality rates across countries and how transmission unfolds. We examine the role of age structure in deaths thus far in Italy and South Korea and illustrate how the pandemic could unfold in populations with similar population sizes but different age structures, showing a dramatically higher burden of mortality in countries with older versus younger populations. This powerful interaction of demography and current age-specific mortality for COVID-19 suggests that social distancing and other policies to slow transmission should consider the age composition of local and national contexts as well as intergenerational interactions. We also call for countries to provide case and fatality data disaggregated by age and sex to improve real-time targeted forecasting of hospitalization and critical care needs.

scholarly journals Demographic science aids in understanding the spread and fatality rates of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Beam Dowd ◽  
Liliana Andriano ◽  
Valentina Rotondi ◽  
David M. Brazel ◽  
Per Block ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Social Connectedness ◽  
Age Composition ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Age And Sex

AbstractGovernments around the world must rapidly mobilize and make difficult policy decisions to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic. Because deaths have been concentrated at older ages, we highlight the important role of demography, particularly how the age structure of a population may help explain differences in fatality rates across countries and how transmission unfolds. We examine the role of age structure in deaths thus far in Italy and South Korea and illustrate how the pandemic could unfold in populations with similar population sizes but different age structures, showing a dramatically higher burden of mortality in countries with older versus younger populations. This powerful interaction of demography and current age-specific mortality for COVID-19 suggests that social distancing and other policies to slow transmission should consider both the age composition of local and national contexts as well as the social connectedness of older and younger generations. We also call for countries to provide case and fatality data disaggregated by age and sex to improve real-time targeted nowcasting.

scholarly journals The Role of Education in Economic Development: A Comparison of South Korea and Kyrgyzstan

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nargiza Sakmurzaeva
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
National Budget ◽  
The World ◽  
Small Economy

Education plays a big role in the economic development of the country. No country can achieve sustainable economic development without educated human capital. Education helps people to understand themselves and world. It improves the quality of their lives and leads to broad social benefits to individuals and society. Education is a very important in raising productivity of people and promotes technological development. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the role of education in the economic development by comparing South Korea and Kyrgyzstan which are represents developed and developing countries of the world. South Korea, for example, is a highly industrialized and developed country which educational system is in the list of the best 10 systems in the world. In opposite, Kyrgyzstan is an agricultural country which economy is dominated by minerals extraction, agriculture, and reliance on remittances from citizens working abroad. As a result of the research it can be concluded that education is a compulsory and one of the major tools for development of one country. A developing country with a small economy such as Kyrgyzstan should take an example from South Korea and allocate much money from the national budget for the education. So, it is important for Kyrgyzstan to implement educational policy of developed countries within the framework of national policy.

scholarly journals Prospects for the development of innovative nano- and biotechnologies

2019 ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
Nadiia Bielikova ◽  
Ivan Yaroshenko
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Basic Characteristic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Innovation Development ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
The World ◽  
Interdisciplinary Nature ◽  
Technological Mode

Nano- and biotechnologies are the key elements of the complex of NBIC-technologies, developed within the concept of continuous growth of innovations in the context of the transition to the sixth technological mode. The purpose of the article is to study the prospects for the development of nano- and biotechnologies in various sectors of the economy, as well as explore opportunities for accelerating the commercialization of research results in these areas. The article’s relevance is confirmed by the strengthening of the role of nano- and biotechnologies in the sphere of innovation development of countries worldwide. The results of the study have shown that the nanotechnology market has a divergent structure, and the basic characteristic of nanoproducts is their interdisciplinary nature. The world leaders in the production and commercialization of nanotechnologies are the United States, China, Japan, Germany and South Korea. Biotechnologies are developing rapidly as well. Worldwide, the largest number of biotechnologies is created in areas such as health care (biomedicine and biopharmaceuticals), industry and agriculture. The leading countries in the field of development and commercialization of biotechnologies are the United States, France, Germany and South Korea.

scholarly journals Analysis of Austrian COVID-19 deaths by age and sex

2020 ◽  
Vol 132 (21-22) ◽  
pp. 685-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Posch ◽  
Peter Bauer ◽  
Alexander Posch ◽  
Franz König
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
International Studies ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Age Dependency ◽  
Additional Risk ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Age And Sex

SummaryWe analyze the age and sex distribution of the reported COVID-19 deaths in Austria. In accordance with international studies, the Austrian data also suggests that the risk of death increases substantially with age. The observed age dependency of the proportions of registered COVID-19 deaths in relation to the population sizes in the age groups is approximately exponential, similar to the age dependency of the general age specific mortality rate. Furthermore, we compare the general age specific mortality rate in Austria with the estimates of the SARS-CoV‑2 infection fatality rate by Ferguson et al. (2020). The parallels to the general age specific mortality rates do not imply that COVID-19 does not pose an additional risk. On the contrary, it follows from the structure and magnitude of the infection fatality rate that it is substantial, especially for higher age groups. However, since in many cases persons with severe pre-existing conditions are affected, it is not yet possible to estimate what effects COVID-19 will have on life expectancy.

scholarly journals The Role of Centralization of Power in Combatting Pandemics

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Param Patel ◽  
Jay Sandesara
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Korea ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The World ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Control And Eradication

Advancements in technology have enabled humanity to be more interconnected than ever, strengthening our economies and promoting globalization. However, as seen in the 2020 Coronavirus Pandemic, such a high degree of interconnectedness between nations and peoples allows infectious diseases to spread around the world at unprecedented rates. We have seen hundreds of nations attempt to combat the COVID-19 Pandemic in many different ways with varying amounts of success, from total isolation and quarantine to attempting to procure herd immunity through exposure. The People’s Republic of China, being the first nation to deal with the coronavirus pandemic set a new standard for disease identification, control and eradication by eliminating the disease completely within a matter of months. Method: This paper analyzes the coronavirus strategies of three major nations, China, South Korea, and the United States, by comparing the severity and types of measures taken to contain/prevent spread to the efficacy of those measures as seen in their respective curves. Results: From the analysis, it was clearly seen that having a high degree of power centralization with respect to the federal government as seen in China and South Korea along with minimal opposition from individual states, parties, and the legal system allowed for vastly more effective pandemic control as compared to libertarian nations with higher levels of autonomy for both lower levels of government and individuals such as what is seen in the United States of America.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Detlef Pollack ◽  
Gergely Rosta
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Us South ◽  
Pentecostal Movement ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
Selection Of

Opponents of secularization theory often emphasize that what can be said about religion in Europe cannot be applied to other regions of the world. They regularly refer to non-European countries where processes of modernization and religious revitalization have gone hand in hand. Therefore, to determine the role of religion in the modern world and the reasons for its changes means dealing with non-European societies. This short introductory chapter to Part IV explains the selection of the three case studies to be discussed in more detail in the chapters that follow: the US, South Korea, and the Pentecostal movement.

scholarly journals The age and sex distribution of COVID-19 cases and fatalities in India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sourendu Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Sex Distribution ◽  
Differential Attack ◽  
Male Ratio ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Age Structured ◽  
Age And Sex

Using anonymous publicly available data on COVID-19 infections and gross outcomes in India, the age and sex distribution of infections and fatalities is studied. The age structure in the count of infections is not proportional to that in the population, indicating the role of either co-morbidity or differential attack rate. There is a strong age structure in the sex ratio of cases, with the female to male ratio being about 50% on average. The ratio drops between puberty and menopause. No such structure is visible in the sex ratio of fatalities. The overall age distribution of fatalities is consistent with a model which uses the empirical age structure of infections and a previous determinations of age structured IFR. The average IFR for India is then expected to be 0.4% with a 95% CrI in [0.22%, 0.77%].

scholarly journals The neighborhood age structure and mental health

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
E Verspoor ◽  
M A Beenackers ◽  
J Ouder Groeniger ◽  
J M Noordzij ◽  
F J Van Lenthe
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Social Participation ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Age Composition ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
European Cities ◽  
Feeling At Home ◽  
At Home

Abstract Background Against the background of urbanization and aging and the aim to design age-friendly cities, it is crucially important to understand whether and why older adults’ health may benefit from being surrounded by older peers mainly, or by residents from all ages. We assessed the association between neighborhood age structure and mental health and the mediating role of social neighborhood perceptions. Methods Survey data were obtained from 1255 older adults aged 65 years and over, participating in the Dutch GLOBE study. The neighborhood age structure, measured in 2011, was defined as the Herfindahl-Hirschman index to assess homogeneity in the age composition (range from 0-100, a higher score indicating more homogeneity) and percentages of different age groups in a neighborhood. Mental health was measured in 2014 by the Mental Health Inventory-5 score, ranging from 0 to 100, where a higher score indicates better mental health. Perceptions of neighborhood social cohesion, feeling at home in a neighborhood, and social participation was assessed in 2011. Linear regression models were used to assess the association of neighborhood age composition with mental health. Causal mediation analysis was used to assess the potential mediating role of social neighborhood perceptions. Results A more homogeneous neighborhood age structure was associated with better mental health status. Feeling at home in a neighborhood partly mediated the association, whereas social cohesion and social participation did not mediate the association. While a higher percentage of children in the neighborhood was associated with better mental health, a higher percentage of elderly in the neighborhood was associated with lower mental health status. Conclusions The neighborhood age composition is a promising, but currently insufficiently understood, entry point for policies addressing the challenge of growing urban and aging European cities. Key messages The neighborhood age composition is a promising, but currently insufficiently understood, entry point for policies addressing the challenge of growing urban and aging European cities. Feeling at home in a neighborhood partly mediated the association between neighborhood age structure and mental health; social cohesion and social participation did not mediate the association.

scholarly journals How should we use imaging in the determination of brainstem death?

BJR|Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 20180013
Author(s):  
Sanjeev Ramachandran ◽  
Harish Venkatesh ◽  
Robert William Foley
Keyword(s):  
Critical Care ◽  
Brainstem Death ◽  
Irreversible Brain Damage ◽  
The World ◽  
Brainstem Function ◽  
Ancillary Studies ◽  
Irreversible Cessation ◽  
Key Questions

Brainstem death is defined as the “irreversible cessation of brainstem function”, either due to primary intracranial events or extracranial factors such as hypoxia. The importance of accurate and timely diagnosis of brainstem death in critical care should not be understated, as it allows the withdrawal of treatment when it is no longer deemed to beneficial. Additionally, it may facilitate the process of organ donation. Overall, the diagnosis of brainstem death has four common principles across the world: (1) neurological criteria based on clinical assessment; (2) evidence of irreversible brain damage from known aetiology; (3) demonstrating an absence of a reversible cause; and (4) the use of ancillary studies. The latter in particular has been a controversial issue, with much debate continuing on how imaging should be used. We discuss three key questions surrounding the role of imaging in the diagnosis of brainstem death as well as important issues the radiology community should consider.

scholarly journals Explaining Compliance with Social Distancing During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Roles of Cultural Orientations, Trust and Self-Conscious Emotions in the US, Italy, and South Korea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni A. Travaglino ◽  
Chanki Moon
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Cultural Orientations ◽  
The Us ◽  
Individualism And Collectivism ◽  
The World ◽  
Shame And Guilt

The coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented health crisis. Many governments around the world have responded by implementing lockdown measures of different degrees of intensity. To be effective, such measures must rely on citizens’ compliance. In the present study, we drew on samples from the US (N = 597), Italy (N = 606) and South Korea (N = 693) and examined predictors of compliance with social distancing, and intentions to disclose the disease to authorities and acquaintances/friends. Data were collected between April 6th and 8th. We investigated the role of cultural orientations of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism, trust in the government’s action, and self-conscious emotions of shame and guilt related to the disease. Across all countries, vertical collectivism predicted stronger shame whereas horizontal collectivism predicted stronger trust in the government’s action. Only in the US, vertical collectivism was associated with stronger trust. Subsequently, shame predicted lower compliance and intentions to disclose the disease, whereas guilt was associated with stronger intentions to disclose the disease to the authorities, and trust was associated with stronger compliance and intentions to disclose the disease to the authorities. Unlike Italy and South Korea, the association between trust on compliance was not statistically significant in the US, Implications of the findings, and directions for future research are discussed.

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