scholarly journals No evidence for colonization of oral bacteria in the distal gut in healthy adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (42) ◽  
pp. e2114152118
Author(s):  
Armin Rashidi ◽  
Maryam Ebadi ◽  
Daniel J. Weisdorf ◽  
Massimo Costalonga ◽  
Christopher Staley
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Sequence Variants ◽  
Healthy State ◽  
Oral Microbes ◽  
Stool Microbiota ◽  
Underlying Pathology

The microbial communities in the mouth and colon are anatomically connected via the saliva. However, the extent to which oral microbes reach and successfully colonize the distal gut has been debated. To resolve this long-standing controversy, we used exact amplicon sequence variants generated from concurrently collected saliva/stool microbiota in 66 healthy adults from two countries to show that, with one exception (Dialister invisus), the two niches are completely distinct. Thus, there is no evidence for colonization of oral bacteria in the distal gut. This defines the healthy state to which pathological states could be compared. Finding the same bacteria in the mouth and stool may warrant clinical investigation for an underlying pathology.

scholarly journals Acquisition of Oral Microbes and Associated Systemic Responses of Newborn Nonhuman Primates

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Ebersole ◽  
S. C. Holt ◽  
J. E. Delaney
Keyword(s):  
Risk Measures ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Primate Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Oral Microbes ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Relationship Of

ABSTRACTThe acquisition and development of the complex oral microbiome remain ill defined. While selected species of oral bacteria have been examined in relation to their initial colonization in neonates, a more detailed understanding of the dynamics of the microbiome has been developed only in adults. The current investigation used a nonhuman primate model to document the kinetics of colonization of the oral cavities of newborns and infants by a range of oral commensals and pathogens. Differences in colonization were evaluated in newborns from mothers who were maintained on an oral hygiene regimen pre- and postparturition with those displaying naturally acquired gingivitis/periodontitis. The results demonstrate distinct profiles of acquisition of selected oral bacteria, with the transmission of targeted pathogens,Porphyromonas gingivalisandAggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, being passed on primarily from mothers with gingivitis/periodontitis. This colonization resulted in defined patterns of systemic antibody responses in the infants. The significant relative risk measures for infection with the pathogens, as well as the relationship of oral infection and blood serum antibody levels, were consistent with those of the newborns from mothers with gingivitis/periodontitis. These findings indicate that the early acquisition of potentially pathogenic oral bacterial species might impact the development of mucosal responses in the gingiva and may provide an enhanced risk for the development of periodontitis later in life.

scholarly journals Pilot Dietary Intervention with Heat-Stabilized Rice Bran Modulates Stool Microbiota and Metabolites in Healthy Adults

Nutrients ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1282-1300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Sheflin ◽  
Erica Borresen ◽  
Melissa Wdowik ◽  
Sangeeta Rao ◽  
Regina Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Bran ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Stool Microbiota

scholarly journals Stick to Your Gums

2011 ◽  
Vol 90 (11) ◽  
pp. 1271-1278 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.H. Nobbs ◽  
H.F. Jenkinson ◽  
N.S. Jakubovics
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Major Focus ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Bacterial Surface ◽  
Bacterial Proteins ◽  
Functional Regions ◽  
Binding Pockets ◽  
Microbiology Research

Studies on the adherence properties of oral bacteria have been a major focus in microbiology research for several decades. The ability of bacteria to adhere to the variety of surfaces present in the oral cavity, and to become integrated within the resident microbial communities, confers growth and survival properties. Molecular analyses have revealed several families of Gram-positive bacterial surface proteins, including serine-rich repeat, antigen I/II, and pilus families, that mediate adherence to a variety of salivary and oral bacterial receptors. In Gram-negative bacteria, pili, auto-transporters, and extracellular matrix-binding proteins provide components for host tissue recognition and building of complex microbial communities. Future studies will reveal in greater detail the binding pockets for these adhesin families and their receptors. This information will be crucial for the development of new inhibitors or vaccines that target the functional regions of bacterial proteins that are involved in colonization and pathogenesis.

scholarly journals The Bacterial Connection between the Oral Cavity and the Gut Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (9) ◽  
pp. 1021-1029 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kitamoto ◽  
H. Nagao-Kitamoto ◽  
R. Hein ◽  
T.M. Schmidt ◽  
N. Kamada
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
Oral Microbes ◽  
Irritable Bowel

More than 100 trillion symbiotic microorganisms constitutively colonize throughout the human body, including the oral cavity, the skin, and the gastrointestinal tract. The oral cavity harbors one of the most diverse and abundant microbial communities within the human body, second to the community that resides in the gastrointestinal tract, and is composed of >770 bacterial species. Advances in sequencing technologies help define the precise microbial landscape in our bodies. Environmental and functional differences render the composition of resident microbiota largely distinct between the mouth and the gut and lead to the development of unique microbial ecosystems in the 2 mucosal sites. However, it is apparent that there may be a microbial connection between these 2 mucosal sites in the context of disease pathogenesis. Accumulating evidence indicates that resident oral bacteria can translocate to the gastrointestinal tract through hematogenous and enteral routes. The dissemination of oral microbes to the gut may exacerbate various gastrointestinal diseases, including irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and colorectal cancer. However, the precise role that oral microbes play in the extraoral organs, including the gut, remains elusive. Here, we review the recent findings on the dissemination of oral bacteria to the gastrointestinal tract and their possible contribution to the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal diseases. Although little is known about the mechanisms of ectopic colonization of the gut by oral bacteria, we also discuss the potential factors that allow the oral bacteria to colonize the gut.

Effects of Carbohydrate Pulses and pH on Population Shifts within Oral Microbial Communities in vitro

1989 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 1298-1302 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.J. Bradshaw ◽  
A.S. McKee ◽  
P.D. Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
The Other ◽  
Carbohydrate Availability ◽  
Oral Microflora ◽  
End Products ◽  
Per Se

A mixed culture chemostat system was used to distinguish between the effects of carbohydrate availability per se and the low pH generated from carbohydrate metabolism on the proportions of bacteria within microbial communities. Nine oral bacteria were grown at pH 7 and pulsed with glucose on ten consecutive days. In one chemostat, the pH was maintained automatically at 7 throughout the experimental period, while in the other, pH control was discontinued for six hours after each pulse. Glucose pulses at neutral pH had little effect on the composition of the microflora. Only the proportions of A. viscosus and V. dispar increased; L. casei and S. mutans remained at low levels (0.2% and 1.0%, respectively). Acetate and propionate were the predominant end-products of metabolism; lactate levels were low. In contrast, when pH was allowed to fall after each glucose pulse, the composition of the microflora altered dramatically. The amounts of L. casei and S. mutans increased both as a proportion of the total count and in absolute numbers, as did V. dispar, whereas the amounts of the other Gram-negative organisms (B. intermedius, F. nucleatum, and N. subflava) and S. sanguis were considerably reduced. Lactate formed a major portion of the metabolic end-products. Successive glucose pulses resulted in both amplified changes in the microflora and a steadily greater rate and final extent of acid production. This is in agreement with the reported shifts in the oral microflora in vivo in response to frequent carbohydrate intake. Analysis of the data strongly suggests that the pH generated from carbohydrate metabolism, rather than carbohydrate availability per se, is responsible for the widely reported shifts in composition and metabolism of the oral microflora in vivo.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Source of Fecal and Oral Bacteria on Infant, Child, and Adult Hands

mSystems ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Shaffer ◽  
Catherine Lozupone
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Antibacterial Treatment ◽  
Fecal Bacteria ◽  
Everyday Lives ◽  
Risk Of Disease ◽  
Oral Microbes

Bacteria live all around us, and we are constantly exposed to them during our everyday lives. Modern standards of hygiene aim to limit exposure to fecal bacteria, and yet bacteria rapidly colonize the gut in early life and following antibacterial treatment. Exposures to fecal and oral microbes provide risk of disease, but are also necessary since commensal microbes play important roles in health. This work establishes that bacteria of both fecal and oral origins are commonly found on hands. It also establishes that the uniqueness of fecal and oral bacterial communities across people can allow for determination of the likely individual from whom the fecal and oral bacteria came. These techniques allow for understanding the hands as a vector for microbial transmission within families and across populations, which has important implications for public health.

scholarly journals Determining the Antibacterial Activity of Chlorhexidine Mouthwashes with and without Alcohol against Common Oral Pathogens

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 15-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sepideh Bahlouli ◽  
Zahra Aghazadeh ◽  
Marzieh Aghazadeh ◽  
Sevda Shojani ◽  
Hossein Samadi Kafil
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Saline Group ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Oral Microbes

Aims and Objectives Mouthwashes with antibacterial activity inhibit the growth of bacteria in the mouth and teeth. Chlorhexidine is one of the most widely used mouthwashes that inhibits dental plaque and prevents tooth surface decay. Recently, concerns have been raised that alcohol-containing mouthwashes may have carcinogenic properties and may be harmful to children and pregnant and lactating women. The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial effects of chlorhexidine mouthwashes with and without alcohol on common oral bacteria. Material and Methods In this in vitro study, bacterial species were purchased from a research center and were cultured separately in proprietary environments in test tubes. Thereafter, mouthwashes with alcohol, without alcohol, and with salt water (saline) were added to test tubes containing the bacteria grown. The samples were then analyzed using a spectrophotometer to determine viability, growth rate, and bacteria waste. Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS version 17 through analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey statistical tests. Results The obtained results showed that the saline group had the highest antibacterial activity and that the average antibacterial activity of the alcohol and alcohol-free groups did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). Post hoc test results showed that the antibacterial activity of the saline group was significantly different statistically from that of the other two groups. Conclusion On the basis of the results, it can be concluded that both alcohol-free chlorhexidine and alcohol-containing chlorhexidine are effective in removing oral microbes. Moreover, by using alcohol-free chlorhexidine, the harmful effects of alcohol can be prevented.

scholarly journals Oxygen as a Virulence Determinant in Polymicrobial Infections

mBio ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M. Selleck ◽  
Michael S. Gilmore
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Electron Acceptor ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Streptococcus Gordonii ◽  
Terminal Electron Acceptor ◽  
Virulence Determinant ◽  
Oral Microbes ◽  
Polymicrobial Infections ◽  
Thigh Abscess

ABSTRACT Infections caused by multiple organisms, or polymicrobial infections, are likely more common than is broadly appreciated. Interaction among microbial communities (and with their host) can change the infection landscape by subverting immunity, providing nutrients and inhibiting competing microbes. Stacy et al. (A. Stacy, D. Fleming, R. J. Lamont, K. P. Rumbaugh, and M. Whiteley, mBio 7:e00782-16, 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00782-16 ) described a novel mechanism that results in synergistic growth of oral microbes Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Streptococcus gordonii . The authors used whole-genome fitness profiling by transposon sequencing (Tn-seq) to identify genes differentially required for growth in vitro versus in a mono- or coinfection in a thigh abscess model. They found that coinfection with S. gordonii allowed A. actinomycetemcomitans to shift from an anaerobic to an aerobic mode of growth. This shift involved the production of a terminal electron acceptor H 2 O 2 by S. gordonii and increased A. actinomycetemcomitans persistence—an interaction termed “cross-respiration.”

scholarly journals Extracellular ribosomal RNA provides a window into taxon-specific microbial lysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Xu Zhong ◽  
Amy M Chan ◽  
Jennifer F Wirth ◽  
Curtis A Suttle
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Biogeochemical Cycles ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Sequence Variants ◽  
Viral Lysis ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Life On Earth ◽  
Marine Microbial Communities

Microbes are by far the dominant biomass in the world's oceans and drive biogeochemical cycles that are critical to life on Earth. The composition of marine microbial communities is highly dynamic spatially and temporally, with consequent effects on their functional roles. In part, these changes in composition result from viral lysis, which is taxon-specific and estimated to account for about half of marine microbial mortality. Here we determined taxon-specific cell lysis of prokaryotes in coastal seawater by sequencing extracellular and cellular ribosomal RNA (rRNA). We detected lysis in about 15% of the 16946 prokaryotic amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) identified, and lysis of up to 34% of the ASVs within a water sample. High lysis was most commonly associated with rare but typically highly productive bacteria, while relatively low lysis was more common in taxa that are often abundant, consistent with the proposed model of "kill the winner", and the idea that less abundant taxa generally experience higher relative lysis than dominant taxa. These results provide an explanation to the long-standing conundrum of why highly productive bacteria that are readily isolated from seawater are often in very low abundance.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Tetracycline Resistance Genes in Oral Bacteria

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 878-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Villedieu ◽  
M. L. Diaz-Torres ◽  
N. Hunt ◽  
R. McNab ◽  
D. A. Spratt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
First Report ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance Genes ◽  
Oral Microflora ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Ribosomal Protection Protein

ABSTRACT Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used in humans, animals, and aquaculture; therefore, many bacteria from different ecosystems are exposed to this antibiotic. In order to determine the genetic basis for resistance to tetracycline in bacteria from the oral cavity, saliva and dental plaque samples were obtained from 20 healthy adults who had not taken antibiotics during the previous 3 months. The samples were screened for the presence of bacteria resistant to tetracycline, and the tetracycline resistance genes in these isolates were identified by multiplex PCR and DNA sequencing. Tetracycline-resistant bacteria constituted an average of 11% of the total cultivable oral microflora. A representative 105 tetracycline-resistant isolates from the 20 samples were investigated; most of the isolates carried tetracycline resistance genes encoding a ribosomal protection protein. The most common tet gene identified was tet(M), which was found in 79% of all the isolates. The second most common gene identified was tet(W), which was found in 21% of all the isolates, followed by tet(O) and tet(Q) (10.5 and 9.5% of the isolates, respectively) and then tet(S) (2.8% of the isolates). Tetracycline resistance genes encoding an efflux protein were detected in 4.8% of all the tetracycline-resistant isolates; 2.8% of the isolates had tet(L) and 1% carried tet(A) and tet(K) each. The results have shown that a variety of tetracycline resistance genes are present in the oral microflora of healthy adults. This is the first report of tet(W) in oral bacteria and the first report to show that tet(O), tet(Q), tet(A), and tet(S) can be found in some oral species.

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