scholarly journals The repertoire for pattern recognition of pathogens by the innate immune system is defined by cooperation between Toll-like receptors

2000 ◽  
Vol 97 (25) ◽  
pp. 13766-13771 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ozinsky ◽  
D. M. Underhill ◽  
J. D. Fontenot ◽  
A. M. Hajjar ◽  
K. D. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Toll Like Receptors

scholarly journals P0022INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES ELICITED BY TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS ARE POSSIBLY INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF NEPHROTIC SYNDROME

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (Supplement_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eriko Tanaka ◽  
Ichiro Hada ◽  
Naoaki Mikami ◽  
Kunimasa Yan
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Nephrotic Syndrome ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Rna Expression ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Tissue Samples

Abstract Background and Aims Pathogenesis of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) is yet to be fully elucidated. Immunological disorders are reported to be involved in the etiology of INS. Due to the efficacy of immunosuppressant agents such as calcineurin inhibitor and rituximab in treating nephrotic syndrome, aberrant activation of the acquired immune system through T and B cells are considered to be the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of INS. Nevertheless, there is a possibility that the innate immune system plays a key role in INS pathogenesis. This study aims to investigate the involvement of innate immunity in INS pathogenesis by examining the expressions of toll-like receptors (TLRs). Method Kidney tissue samples from two INS patients were collected at two points of time: the first biopsy was performed during nephrosis and the second during remission. Total RNA was extracted from the kidney tissue samples, and RNA-sequencing was performed to investigate RNA expression profiles. The differences between RNA expression profiles of TLRs and molecules related to TLR pathways in the tissue samples collected during nephrosis and remission were analyzed. Results There was a significant decrease in RNA expression of TLR9 and TLR10 during remission compared to nephrosis: fold change in each patient was -2.12 and -2.12 for TLR9, and -2.51 and -2.09 for TLR10. RNA expression of TLR8 also decreased: fold change in each patient was -1.19 and -1.75. There were no significant changes in the RNA expression profiles of TLR1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. In addition, there were no differences in the RNA expression profiles of MYD88, IRAK family, and TRAF family molecules that are associated with TLR pathways. However, RNA expressions of IL6, IL1B, IL12B, and TNF, as well as the cytokines controlled by TLR8 and TLR9 pathways, which were activated during nephrosis, disappeared or decreased during remission. Conclusion The involvement of the innate immune system in the pathogenesis of nephrotic syndrome has been suggested in some reports. Based on the fact that the onset or recurrence of nephrosis is triggered by non-specific viral infection, it is highly possible that innate immunity is involved in the pathogenesis of nephrotic syndrome. TLRs play a key role in innate immunity as they elicit the innate immune system after detecting pathogens, induce inflammatory cytokine production, and trigger signaling pathways that activate lymphocytes via maturation of dendritic cells. Specifically, TLR8, 9, and 10 mediate pathways of the first immune response to viral infections. Our study reveals that TLRs play a pivotal role in innate immunity associated with renal tissue during the onset of nephrosis.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Interventions into Innate Immune Diseases by Means of Aptamers

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 955
Author(s):  
Farzana Yasmeen ◽  
Hana Seo ◽  
Nasir Javaid ◽  
Moon Suk Kim ◽  
Sangdun Choi
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Immune System Diseases ◽  
Target Molecules ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Recognition Receptor

The immune system plays a crucial role in the body’s defense system against various pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, as well as recognizes non-self- and self-molecules. The innate immune system is composed of special receptors known as pattern recognition receptors, which play a crucial role in the identification of pathogen-associated molecular patterns from diverse microorganisms. Any disequilibrium in the activation of a particular pattern recognition receptor leads to various inflammatory, autoimmune, or immunodeficiency diseases. Aptamers are short single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid or ribonucleic acid molecules, also termed “chemical antibodies,” which have tremendous specificity and affinity for their target molecules. Their features, such as stability, low immunogenicity, ease of manufacturing, and facile screening against a target, make them preferable as therapeutics. Immune-system–targeting aptamers have a great potential as a targeted therapeutic strategy against immune diseases. This review summarizes components of the innate immune system, aptamer production, pharmacokinetic characteristics of aptamers, and aptamers related to innate-immune-system diseases.

Role of Toll-like receptors in liver health and disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 121 (10) ◽  
pp. 415-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Broering ◽  
Mengji Lu ◽  
Joerg F. Schlaak
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Liver Health ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Molecular Patterns

TLRs (Toll-like receptors), as evolutionarily conserved germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors, have a crucial role in early host defence by recognizing so-called PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) and may serve as an important link between innate and adaptive immunity. In the liver, TLRs play an important role in the wound healing and regeneration processes, but they are also involved in the pathogenesis and progression of various inflammatory liver diseases, including autoimmune liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrogenesis, and chronic HBV (hepatitis B virus) and HCV (hepatitis C virus) infection. Hepatitis viruses have developed different evading strategies to subvert the innate immune system. Thus recent studies have suggested that TLR-based therapies may represent a promising approach in the treatment in viral hepatitis. The present review focuses on the role of the local innate immune system, and TLRs in particular, in the liver.

scholarly journals Toll-like Receptors on Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells Stimulate Innate Immune System Replenishment

Immunity ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 801-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshinori Nagai ◽  
Karla P. Garrett ◽  
Shoichiro Ohta ◽  
Uleng Bahrun ◽  
Taku Kouro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Hematopoietic Progenitor

scholarly journals Toward a structural understanding of nucleic acid-sensing Toll-like receptors in the innate immune system

FEBS Letters ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 591 (20) ◽  
pp. 3167-3181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhikuan Zhang ◽  
Umeharu Ohto ◽  
Toshiyuki Shimizu
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Toll Like Receptors

scholarly journals Toll-like receptors and hypertension

2014 ◽  
Vol 307 (5) ◽  
pp. R501-R504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhu V. Singh ◽  
François M. Abboud
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Adaptor Proteins ◽  
Nuclear Factor Κb ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Cardiovascular Damage ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Hypertension and associated inflammatory processes that accelerate cardiovascular damage are regulated by the innate immune system. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are major components of the innate immune system that recognize endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns to activate prominent inflammatory signaling including activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). However, the role of TLR in the etiology of hypertension is not well understood. TLR signaling is dependent on adaptor proteins that, along with the TLR expression patterns, confer specificity of the inflammatory response and its pathological targets. Here we review the conceptual framework of how TLR and their adaptor proteins may differentially affect hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy by different stimuli.

Antibody equivalent molecules of the innate immune system: parallels between innate and adaptive immune proteins

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nades Palaniyar
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Surfactant Protein ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Surfactant Protein D ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Carbohydrate Arrays

Soluble pattern-recognition innate immune proteins functionally resemble the antibodies of the adaptive immune system. Two major families of such proteins are ficolins and collectins or collagenous lectins (e.g. mannose-binding lectin [MBL], surfactant proteins [SP-A and SP-D] and conglutinin). In general, subunits of ficolins and collectins recognize the carbohydrate arrays of their targets via globular trimeric carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs) whereas IgG, IgM and other antibody isotypes recognize proteins via dimeric antigen-binding domains (Fab). Considering the structure and functions of these proteins, ficolins and MBL are analogous to molecules with the complement activating functions of C1q and the target recognition ability of IgG. Although the structure of SP-A is similar to MBL, it does not activate the complement system. Surfactant protein-D and conglutinin could be considered as the collagenous non-complement activating giant IgMs of the innate immune system. Proteins such as peptidoglycan-recognition proteins, pentraxins and agglutinin gp-340/DMBT1 are also pattern-recognition proteins. These proteins may be considered as different isotypes of antibody-like molecules. Proteins such as defensins, cathelicidins and lactoferrins directly or indirectly alter microbes or microbial growth. These proteins may not be considered as antibodies of the innate immune system. Hence, ficolins and collectins could be considered as specialized ‘antibodies of the innate immune system’ instead of ‘ante-antibody’ innate immune molecules. The discovery, structure, functions and future research directions of many of these soluble proteins and receptors such as Toll-like and NOD-like receptors are discussed in this special issue of Innate Immunity.

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