Bloomfield and historical linguistics

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 73-88
Author(s):  
Henry M. Hoenigswald

Summary Bloomfield worked in both historical and synchronic linguistics. To the former, he contributed: (1) a large amount of work in specific fields; (2) scrutiny of the nature of historical linguistic investigation; and (3) an analysis of the phenomenon of linguistic change. In his Language (1933), he did not narrate the procedures involved in synchronic investigation, nor did he set forth the steps to be followed in analysis. In his exposition of the results of diachronic linguistics, his approach was one of respect and admiration for the achievements of nineteenth-century historical linguistics. Since he accepted the (often disputed) postulate of the regularity of sound-change, he defended it by indirect persuasion in setting forth the arguments by which it is confirmed. His view of the causation of phonological and morphological change is interpreted as an anticipation of later sociolinguistics. In so doing, he restated his predecessors’ and his own insights, thereby rescuing them from the ministrations of their would-be defenders.

1985 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Milroy ◽  
Lesley Milroy

This paper is concerned with the social mechanisms of linguistic change, and we begin by noting the distinction drawn by Bynon (1977) between two quite different approaches to the study of linguistic change. The first and more idealized, associated initially with traditional nineteenth century historical linguistics, involves the study of successive ‘states of the language’, states reconstructed by the application of comparative techniques to necessarily partial historical records. Generalizations (in the form of laws) about the relationships between these states may then be made, and more recently the specification of ‘possible’ and ‘impossible’ processes of change has been seen as an important theoretical goal.


Author(s):  
Koen Bostoen ◽  
Yvonne Bastin

Lexical reconstruction has been an important enterprise in Bantu historical linguistics since the earliest days of the discipline. In this chapter a historical overview is provided of the principal scholarly contributions to that field of study. It is also explained how the Comparative Method has been and can be applied to reconstruct ancestral Bantu vocabulary via the intermediate step of phonological reconstruction and how the study of sound change needs to be completed with diachronic semantics in order to correctly reconstruct both the form and the meaning of etymons. Finally, some issues complicating this type of historical linguistic research, such as “osculance” due to prehistoric language contact, are addressed, as well as the relationship between reconstruction and classification.


Author(s):  
Claire Bowern

I survey the history of work in historical morphology and recent advances in the study of morphological change. Morphology has played an important role in historical linguistics, from arguments concerning constraints on the regularity of sound change, to language classification. I describe how inflectional morphology interacts with other linguistic systems in language change (particularly phonology and syntax), and discuss arguments regard the autonomy of morphology change. Morphology has been considered quite stable in language, which would appear to make it a valuable source of evidence for the reconstruction of remote genetic relationships; however, while several families have been proposed where the argument relies on morphological categories alone, such evidence does not constitute a reliable argument for relationship in the absence of cognate material.


Author(s):  
Michael Silverstein

Analyzing Franz Boas's critically new insights under the lens of philology, this chapter redefines Boasian linguistics as a globalizing mode of mutual enlightenment through the exchange of grammatical concepts between selves across borders of sound and sense—a process he calls “comparative calibrationism,” the asymptotic pursuit of the always-inaccessible yet ever-closer universal truth. It focuses on the Handbook of American Indian Languages, where Boas dismantled every plank in the language-focused platform on which inferences of evolutionary primitivism stand. Boas also went after the very applicability to American languages of the comparative method of historical linguistics, from which inferences of so-called linguistic families descended from single proto-languages emerged in the nineteenth century.


Author(s):  
Terfa Aor ◽  
Torkuma Tyonande Damkor

All levels of language analysis are prone to changes in their phonology, morphology, graphology, lexis, semantics and syntax over the years. Tiv language is not an exception to this claim. This study investigates various aspects of phonological or sound changes in Tiv language. This paper therefore classifies sound changes in Tiv; states causes of sound changes in Tiv and explores implications of sound changes. The research design used in this paper is purposive sampling of relevant data. The instrument used in this paper is the observation method in which the author selected words that showed epenthesis, deletion and substitution. It has been noted that the use of archaic spellings in the Modern Tiv literatures shows their ancientness. Phonological change is not a deviation but a sign of language growth and changes in spellings result in changes in sounds. The author recommends that scholars should write papers or critical works on lexical/morphological, syntactic, semantic, graphological changes in Tiv language. Students should write projects, dissertations and theses on language change and diachronic linguistics. This study introduces Tiv historical linguistics and diachronic phonology which serve as catalysts for the study of Tiv language. The understanding of Tiv sound change provides students with a much better understanding of Tiv phonological system in general, of how Tiv phonology works and how the phonemes fit together


1971 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. Newton

1. It may be claimed that current views regarding the nature of sound change fall into two broad categories: the more traditional attitude would treat an individual sound change as a complex trend or process taking perhaps several generations to establish itself, and then retaining its activity over a long period of time; whence the characteristic concern of classical historical linguistics with the establishment of absolute and relative termini post and ante quern, i More recently adherents of the generative–transformational school have interpreted sound changes as readjustments in the system of phonological rules; thus Postal (1968: 270) claims:‘What really changes is not sounds but grammars. And grammars are abstract objects – sets of rules represented in human organisms.’


Diachronica ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheri Pargman

SUMMARY Hypercorrection, as it has traditionally been defined in historical linguistics, is often described as a sporadic and irregular performance error that does not affect the structure of a language in any sort of systematic or lasting way. In this article, evidence is presented from the South Dravidian family of languages to show that such an assumption cannot be supported in all cases. Early in the history of this family, a phonological change involving umlaut operated to lower high vowels in root syllables before a low-vowel suffix. However, in one of the languages of this family, Literary Tamil, a subsequent change occurred whereby the effects of umlaut were reversed, and the resultant new pattern was hypercorrectively extended to new environments that did not originally contain the appropriate conditioning for the change. So widespread was the overextension of the pattern that its outcome was virtually identical to the outcome of a regular, phonetically-conditioned sound law. This suggests not only a reformulation of the importance of hypercorrection in bringing about significant linguistic change, but also a reconsideration of the role accorded to phonetic factors as the only means through which exceptionless phonological change can be effected. RÉSUMÉ L'hypercorrection, selon la définition traditionnelle qu'en donne la linguistique historique, est une erreur sporadique et irrégulière qui ne concerne que la parole et qui n'a pas de conséquences systématiques ou permanentes pour ce qui est la structure de la langue. Cet article présente pourtant des données linguistiques de la famille sud-dravidienne qui montrent qu'en fait cette supposition ne tient pas toujours. Tout au début dans l'histoire de cette famille, un changement métaphonique a eu lieu dont le résultat a été l'abaissement d'une voyelle haute dans une syllabe de racine devant un suffixe comprenant une voyelle basse. Toutefois, dans une des langues de cette famille, le tamoul littéraire, un changement s'est produit plus tard, renversant les effets de la métaphonie, et par lequel la nouvelle distribution phonologique qui résultait du renversement s'étendait par hypercorrection aux mots qui n'avaient pas ä l'origine les conditions nécessaires pour subir le changement métapho-nique. L'hyperextension de cette nouvelle distribution phonologique a été si générale dans la langue que ses effets sont pratiquement identiques ä ceux d'un changement phonique régulier et attendu. Ces données mènent ä revoir l'importance de l'hypercorrection dans l'introduction de changements linguistiques importants, et ä repenser le rôle des facteurs phonétiques comme seul moyen d'arriver aux changements phonologiques sans exceptions. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Hyperkorrektion, ihrer traditionellen Stellung innerhalb der histori-schen Sprachwissenschaft zufolge, wird oft als ein sporadischer, unregelmäs-siger Performanzfehler beschrieben, der keine systematische, dauernde Wir-kung auf die Struktur einer Sprache ausube. In diesem Beitrag werden Fakten aus der süddravidischen Sprachfamilie vorgelegt, die die Unannehmbarkeit einer allgemeinen Gültigkeit dieser Auffassung beweisen. In der frühen Ge-schichte dieser Familie fand nämlich ein Lautwandel statt, der den hohen Vokal einer Wurzelsilbe niedrig werden liess, wenn diese einem Suffix, der einen niedrigen Vokal enthielt, voranging. In einem Mitglied dieser Sprachfamilie — der tamilischen Schriftsprache — hat aber eine spätere Entwick-lung die Ergebnisse des Umlautwandels beseitigt, und danach ist ein daraus resultierendes Muster entstanden, das durch Hyperkorrektion nun in neuen Umgebungen verbreitet worden ist, die die urspriinglich zutreffende Bedin-gung nicht besassen. So verallgemeinert wurde dièse iibertriebene Ausdeh-nung des Musters, daß ihr Ergebnis wie das Ergebnis eines regelmässigen, phonetisch bedingten Lautwandels — zumindest der äußeren Erscheinung nach — aussah. Daraus lässt sich schliessen, dass die Bedeutung der Hyperkorrektion bei der Sprachentwicklung, sowie die Rolle der phonetischen Fak-toren, die man im allgemeinen fur das einzige Mittel hait, durch das ein aus-nahmsloser Lautwandel statt findet — eine neue Einschätzung verdienen.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian B Stewart

Abstract This article reassesses the Académie celtique (1805–13), an antiquarian society concerned with investigating the origins of the French nation, and the progenitor of the current Société nationale des antiquaires de France. While most prior scholarship has focused on the Académie as an innovator in the field of French folklore studies, it is argued here that the Académie’s main scholarly concern was with language, specifically the use of historical linguistic research for tracing the origins of European nations. Underpinning the Académie’s research programme was a belief that the ancient Celts—based in Gaul—once dominated Europe and spoke a language from which most European tongues descended, and was perhaps preserved in modern Breton. The article therefore also presents a coherent view of the importance of Celtic ancestry for the developing French nation in the early nineteenth century.


Author(s):  
Carola Trips

Morphological change refers to change(s) in the structure of words. Since morphology is interrelated with phonology, syntax, and semantics, changes affecting the structure and properties of words should be seen as changes at the respective interfaces of grammar. On a more abstract level, this point relates to linguistic theory. Looking at the history of morphological theory, mainly from a generative perspective, it becomes evident that despite a number of papers that have contributed to a better understanding of the role of morphology in grammar, both from a synchronic and diachronic point of view, it is still seen as a “Cinderella subject” today. So there is still a need for further research in this area. Generally, the field of diachronic morphology has been dealing with the identification of the main types of change, their mechanisms as well as the causes of morphological change, the latter of which are traditionally categorized as internal and external change. Some authors take a more general view and state the locus of change can be seen in the transmission of grammar from one generation to the next (abductive change). Concerning the main types of change, we can say that many of them occur at the interfaces with morphology: changes on the phonology–morphology interface like i-mutation, changes on the syntax–morphology interface like the rise of inflectional morphology, and changes on the semantics–morphology like the rise of derivational suffixes. Examples from the history of English (which in this article are sometimes complemented with examples from German and the Romance languages) illustrate that sometimes changes indeed cross component boundaries, at least once (the history of the linking-s in German has even become a prosodic phenomenon). Apart from these interface phenomena, it is common lore to assume morphology-internal changes, analogy being the most prominent example. A phenomenon regularly discussed in the context of morphological change is grammaticalization. Some authors have posed the question of whether such special types of change really exist or whether they are, after all, general processes of change that should be modeled in a general theory of linguistic change. Apart from this pressing question, further aspects that need to be addressed in the future are the modularity of grammar and the place of morphology.


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