Albertus (1573) and Ölinger (1574)

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 7-38
Author(s):  
Nicola McLelland

Summary This article adapts Linn’s ‘stylistics of standardization’ concept, which Linn (1998) has used to compare Norwegian and Faroese grammarians, to look at grammaticization processes in the first two grammars of German (Albertus 1573, Ölinger 1574). While both are clearly indebted to traditional Latin grammar and humanist ideals, these two grammars differ interestingly in the picture of the language that emerges from their metalanguage and structural principles. In his reflection on the language, his structuring and naming of linguistic phenomena and his attitudes to variation, Ölinger is the practical pedagogue, who imposes systematicity and aims for a one-to-one form-function relationship. Albertus on the other hand, though he too envisages his grammar being used for learning German, has a more cultural patriotic motivation, celebrating the richness and variety of German, worthy to be ranked alongside Latin, Greek and Hebrew. Albertus and Ölinger thus come up with quite different versions of the (as yet arguably non-existent) High German language. Each grammar yields a different subset of possible forms, reminding us that grammar-writing is always a task of creative construction.

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 7-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola McLelland

SUMMARY This article adapts Linn’s ‘stylistics of standardization’ concept, which Linn (1998) has used to compare Norwegian and Faroese grammarians, to look at grammaticization processes in the first two grammars of German (Albertus 1573, Ölinger 1574). While both are clearly indebted to traditional Latin grammar and humanist ideals, these two grammars differ interestingly in the picture of the language that emerges from their metalanguage and structural principles. In his reflection on the language, his structuring and naming of linguistic phenomena and his attitudes to variation, Ölinger is the practical pedagogue, who imposes systematicity and aims for a one-to-one form-function relationship. Albertus on the other hand, though he too envisages his grammar being used for learning German, has a more cultural patriotic motivation, celebrating the richness and variety of German, worthy to be ranked alongside Latin, Greek and Hebrew. Albertus and Ölinger thus come up with quite different versions of the (as yet arguably non-existent) High German language. Each grammar yields a different subset of possible forms, reminding us that grammar-writing is always a task of creative construction.RÉSUMÉ Cet article prend comme point de départ la ‘stylistique de standardisation’ que Linn (1998) a utilisé dans sa comparaison d’un grammairien norvégien et d’un grammairien féroïen. Cette approche est adaptée ici pour permettre la comparaison des processus de grammaticisation dans les deux premières grammaires allemandes (Albertus 1573, Ölinger 1574). Tandis qu’Albertus et Ölinger doivent tous les deux beaucoup et à la grammaire latine traditionnelle et aux idéaux humanistes de l’époque, leurs grammaires diffèrent de manière intéressante en ce qui concerne l’image de la langue allemande que créent leur métalangage et leurs principes d’organisation. Dans ses réflexions sur la langue, dans la structure et la façon de nommer les phénomènes linguistiques, et dans son attitude envers la variation, Ölinger est le pédagogue pragmatique, qui cherche à imposer un système et à produire une relation unique entre forme et fonction. Albertus, pour sa part, s’il écrit lui aussi sa grammaire pour faciliter l’apprentissage de la langue, semble avoir une motivation patriotique, célébrant la richesse de l’allemand, digne d’être rangé à côté du latin, du grec et de l’hébreu. Albertus et Ölinger offrent donc deux versions différentes de la langue allemande — chaque grammaire produit un sous-ensemble de formes possibles, nous rappellant que la tâche d’écrire une grammaire est toujours un processus de ‘construction créative’.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG In diesem Artikel wird Linns Ansatz einer ‘Stilistik der Standardisierung’, den Linn (1998) für den Vergleich eines norwegischen und eines färörischen Grammatikers anwandte, auf Grammatisierungsprozesse in den beiden ersten deutschen Grammatiken (Albertus 1573, Ölinger 1574) angewandt. Während beide Grammatiken offensichtlich sowohl der traditionellen lateinischen Grammatik als auch humanistischen Idealen manches schulden, unterscheiden sie sich systematisch im Bild der Sprache, das aus ihrer Metasprache und ihrem Aufbau entsteht. In seiner Reflexion über die Sprache, in der Strukturierung und Benennung sprachlicher Phänomene, und in seiner Einstellung der Variation gegenüber, ist Ölinger durchweg der pragmatische Pädagoge, der ein System — und möglichst eine Eins-zu-eins-Form-Funktion-Beziehung — sucht und findet. Albertus, obwohl er seine Grammatik ebenfalls als Lehrtext konzipiert, geht eher von einer kulturpatriotischen Motivation aus, um den Reichtum der deutschen Sprache zu feiern — einer Sprache, die nicht weniger vollkommen sei als Lateinisch, Griechisch und Hebräisch. Albertus und Ölinger entwerfen also ziemlich verschiedene Versionen der (noch nicht wirklich existierenden) hochdeutschen Sprache — jede Grammatik läßt jeweils verschiedene Formen zu, und wir erkennen noch einmal, dass die Grammatikschreibung stets einen Prozess ‘kreativer Konstruktion’ darstellt.


1999 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florence Myles ◽  
Rosamond Mitchell ◽  
Janet Hooper

This paper explores the relationship between formulaic language and creative construction in SLA by examining the production of interrogatives in an extensive naturalistic corpus of L2 French produced by early classroom learners. The paper first analyzes the production and breakdown of such formulaic language over time, before exploring the development of more creative structures. The interaction between the two processes “rote learning of formulas and creative construction” is then investigated. This interaction is shown to be a dynamic two-way process, with learners being driven forward in the development of their L2 system by their attempts to resolve the tension between structurally complex but communicatively rich formulas on the one hand, and structurally simple but communicatively inadequate creative structures on the other hand.


2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-257
Author(s):  
Kyoko Masuda

Abstract Until recently Japanese interactional particles have largely been investigated in various social contexts without paying much attention to intonation. Building on Shimotani (2006) that examined discourse functions and the intonation yo in informal talk among friends, the current study intends to contribute to interactional particle research by analyzing yo in six sets of one-to-one student-professor conversations. The findings demonstrate that the students and professors exhibited different pitch patterns of yo. Students tended to use yo with a falling pitch [+fall] when performing pre-story-telling, and frequently used the n-desu-yo construction. The professor, on the other hand, often used yo [−fall] when providing opinions or advice. These results will be discussed from Ochs’ social constructive discourse approach perspective. The present study concludes that both discourse functions and pitch patterns in interactional particles are important linguistic resources used to construct speakers’ social personae and stance-building. As such, pedagogical implications will be provided.


لارك ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (8) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Fida Muhsin Matter Al-Mawla

The word ‘term’ can be defined as “a word or expression that has a precise meaning in some uses or is peculiar to a particular field”, (A New Webster Dictionary, 1981:796). The point in a term is being a tool of gathering information, some qualities or features in the smallest linguistic semantic space, i.e., the utterance in which it replaces that particular notion, ( اسماعيل, 1987: 3). Kvam (2007:2) defines a “term” as ‘the systematic designation of defined concept within a specific field requiring specialized knowledge’. It is quite necessary for translators to be able to translate new terms from English into Arabic since the former is witnessing great invention and molding of new terms or neologisms. The problem of terms, as mentioned by Gentzler(1993: 16), has historically troubled translators. Besides, calling for one-to-one transfer approach and method revolves around decoding and recoding process increasingly difficult to hold. The present study is an attempt to shed some light on this aspect of translation. It is divided into two sections; the first of which is dedicated to new English terms or what is called neologisms and their translation into Arabic. Besides, it deals with formation of new terms semantically and morphologically. Section Two, on the other hand, focuses on some criteria for translating new terms and their application. The study ends up with some conclusions.


Author(s):  
Карпік М. ◽  
Павличко О.

The proposed study is aimed at confirming the hypothesis that there exist two opposing trends in media discourse. On the one hand, there is a tendency to globalization; on the other hand, linguocultural communities are quite determined to preserve their culture and identity. To prove this hypothesis we analyzed a corpus of newspaper texts published over several years. Namely, we studied 1483 Austriacisms recorded by the dictionary Variantenwörterbuch des Deutschen. The objective was to discover the frequency in the use of certain Austriacisms and their Teutonic equivalents in Austrian newspaper Die Presse to identify convergent or divergent processes in the development trends of the German language in Austrian media discourse. The research showed that only 453 lexical units dominated in newspaper articles; it made 30% of 1483 codified Austriacisms. We found that 71 lexemes showed tendency to the parallel use in forms of Austriacisms and Teutonisms which makes less than 5 % of the total number of the lexical units. Such terms have predominantly similar pronunciation hence we can draw a conclusion that such phonemic similarity facilitates equal use of these Austriacisms and Teutonisms in newspapers and stipulates their convergence. These lexical units are not marked by any particular ethnocultural specificity. Furthermore, the analysis shows that the word stock denoting Austrian culture, traditions, and realia of daily life.


Author(s):  
Ole Lauridsen

It is a general and undoubtedly true assumption that the passive has a higher frequency in Danish than in German. One of the reasons for this is that the Danish language allows passivization to a much larger degree than does the German, not least because of its special -s-passive. In both languages passivization depends on the non-identity of the grammatical subject and the semantic case objective; in Danish all verbs with this feature are fundamentally passivizable, in German only when besides that they involve an element of controllability. This fact reflects special historical circumstances, developed from reflexive constructions as a substitute for the crumbling medium, the -s-passive in its inmost essence does not demand an agent and was therefore originally attached only to non-agentive verbs. On the other hand the complex passive (the blive-/werden-passive) seems originally to have been used only in connection with agentive verbs; the German language did not develop a new passive after the disappearance of the medium and consequently only verbs, the contents of which can at least be controlled by the subject, were absorbed in the periphrastic passive.


Mäetagused ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 81 ◽  
pp. 45-64
Author(s):  
Eve Annuk ◽  

The article deals with the representation of nationalism in Lilli Suburg’s (1841–1923) short story “Liina” (1877). Lilli Suburg was a writer, journalist, pedagogue, and the first Estonian feminist. “Liina” is her most famous literary work, which also belongs among the most important works of early Estonian literature. “Liina” was published in two editions (1877, 1884) and was also translated into Finnish (1892). It is important in the context of Estonian national movement because it is a short story based on the central idea which emphasizes the importance of being Estonian. It became popular among readers and made the author famous. “Liina” is based on Suburg’s German-language diary, and it is an autobiographical short story about an Estonian peasant girl who struggles to remain Estonian. The national ideas represented in “Liina” emphasize the importance of remaining Estonian in an environment where social mobility rather implied Germanization. On the other hand, the national theme in “Liina” represents a gendered viewpoint. Suburg understood the woman as a national subject equal to the man and therefore the carrier of national ideas is a woman – the protagonist called Liina. The article deals with the representation of nationalism and gender in the short story and also with the context of the creation and reception of the work.


Author(s):  
Marcel Reich-Ranicki

This part details the author's childhood, when he attended a Protestant, German-language, primary school. In spite of her origin, his mother did not want to know anything about religion and had little interest in things Jewish. His father, on the other hand, remained closely linked to Judaism. In 1929, when the author was nine years old and about to move from the Polish city of Wloclawek, one of his favorite teachers told him that he was going to travel into the land of culture. He did soak up German culture in Berlin and did develop a great love affair with German literature. But as an 'alien Jew', the Nazis compelled him and his family to return to Poland.


1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 275-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Bamberg

This article develops the argument that narratives are organized along two orienting axes, one of horizontally sequencing the events, the other of vertically and hierarchically relating events to each other. The use of particular linguistic devices (references to emotions, references to negative states, and active/passive alternations) is explained in terms of their particular indexing functions regarding the relationship between these two axes. The suggested type of discourse analysis elaborates on the form-function relationship relevant to reconstruct the textual and interpersonal context bearing on all interpretation or listening processes—especially the therapeutic setting.


2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (04) ◽  
pp. 2050078
Author(s):  
A. Mozaffarikhah ◽  
E. Momtahan ◽  
A. R. Olfati ◽  
S. Safaeeyan

In this paper, we introduce the concept of [Formula: see text]-semisimple modules. We prove that a multiplication reduced module is [Formula: see text]-semisimple if and only if it is a Baer module. We show that a large family of abelian groups are [Formula: see text]-semisimple. Furthermore, we give a topological characterizations of type submodules (ideals) of multiplication reduced modules ([Formula: see text]-semisimple rings). Moreover, we observe that there is a one-to-one correspondence between type ideals of some algebraic structures on one hand and regular closed subsets of some related topological spaces on the other hand. This also characterizes the form of closed ideals in [Formula: see text].


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