1920-1938

Author(s):  
Marcel Reich-Ranicki

This part details the author's childhood, when he attended a Protestant, German-language, primary school. In spite of her origin, his mother did not want to know anything about religion and had little interest in things Jewish. His father, on the other hand, remained closely linked to Judaism. In 1929, when the author was nine years old and about to move from the Polish city of Wloclawek, one of his favorite teachers told him that he was going to travel into the land of culture. He did soak up German culture in Berlin and did develop a great love affair with German literature. But as an 'alien Jew', the Nazis compelled him and his family to return to Poland.

Traditio ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 161-185
Author(s):  
Kurt Lewent

Cerveri was decidedly no poetical genius, and often enough he follows the trodden paths of troubadour poetry. However, there is no denying that again and again he tries to escape that poetical routine. In many cases these attempts result in odd and eccentric compositions, where the unusual is reached at the cost of good taste and poetical values. On the other hand, it must be admitted that Cerveri's efforts in this respect were not always futile. His is, e.g. an amusing satire upon bad women. One of his love songs, characteristically called libel by the MS (Sg), assumes the form of a complaint submitted to the king as the supreme earthly judge, in which the defendant is the lady whose charms torture the lover and have made him a prisoner. This poem combines the traditional praise of the beloved and a flattery addressed to the king. Its slightly humoristic tone is also found in a song entitled lo vers del vassayll leyal. Here Cerveri, basing himself on a certain legend connected with St. Mark, gives the king advice in his love affair. Again the poet kills two birds with one stone, flattering the sovereign and pointing, for obvious purposes, to his own poverty. The latter is the only topic of a remarkably personal poem in which the author complains bitterly that, while many of his playmates have become rich in later years, the only wealth he himself did amass were the chans gays and sonetz agradans which he composed for other people to enjoy. Cerveri even tries to renew the traditional genre of the chanson de la mal mariée by adding motifs of—presumably—his own invention. This tendency towards a more independent way of thinking and greater originality in its poetical presentation could not be better illustrated than by the two poems which the MS calls Lo vers de la terra de Preste Johan and Pistola The one puts the poet's moral argumentation against the background of the medieval legend of Prester John, the other, which forms the subject of the present study, sets its teachings in a still more solemn framework, the liturgy of the Mass.


Author(s):  
Józsa István

The figure and story of Faustus is part of the European cultural heritage, and as it usually, even inevitably happens with legends, it lives further in the adaptations of later periods and authors . It is mainly linked to Goethe’s name, his figure became well known and immortal in his works. Ever since Goethe, all authors – who respect themselves – in German literature must write a new Faustus, while in other nation’s literatures newer and newer paraphrases were born, which on their turn gave rise to further adaptations, and the scientific, aesthetic etc. literature also has gotten richer. However the canonized, more precisely, classicisized framework of interpretation is not transgressed by any of the newer writers and poets of the past centuries, moreover it is only the form of the legend that is rewritten – naturally with the aim of modernization. All of that as part of the literary heritage. As far as the problem of original sources is concerned: what can be regarded as a source and what is adaptation, which are the works that motivated writers, are just a matter of the preliminary work of the interpretation. On the other hand the problem that within the ancient, mythical tradition there is an original, ancient Faustus legend, does not raise any attention as that is “mere raw material”. The truth is ... that the beginning that has been preliminarily, yet directly definitory for centuries, is that original force that is given in the topic and thus it is difficult to bring it to the surface, preferably independently from the heritage that was built upon it. As far as the time dimension is concerned, we are searching in an undefineable, open past, moreover it is most probable that the legend itself is not entirely original, so to say, but it is the adaptation of a more ancient idea or topic. And by this its symbolism and hidden semantics lose their European characteristics.


2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 7-38
Author(s):  
Nicola McLelland

Summary This article adapts Linn’s ‘stylistics of standardization’ concept, which Linn (1998) has used to compare Norwegian and Faroese grammarians, to look at grammaticization processes in the first two grammars of German (Albertus 1573, Ölinger 1574). While both are clearly indebted to traditional Latin grammar and humanist ideals, these two grammars differ interestingly in the picture of the language that emerges from their metalanguage and structural principles. In his reflection on the language, his structuring and naming of linguistic phenomena and his attitudes to variation, Ölinger is the practical pedagogue, who imposes systematicity and aims for a one-to-one form-function relationship. Albertus on the other hand, though he too envisages his grammar being used for learning German, has a more cultural patriotic motivation, celebrating the richness and variety of German, worthy to be ranked alongside Latin, Greek and Hebrew. Albertus and Ölinger thus come up with quite different versions of the (as yet arguably non-existent) High German language. Each grammar yields a different subset of possible forms, reminding us that grammar-writing is always a task of creative construction.


1998 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mothusi Phuthego

This study investigates the in-service training needs of the primary school generalist teacher in Botswana. The findings established that singing is a major cross-curricular activity in schools. Dance on the other hand, despite being the most popular form of entertainment in and outside school, is not regarded as an aspect of music education. Instrumental teaching is virtually non-existent. Teachers' interests in further musical training are influenced by a misconception that singing should be the main activity in music lessons. As a result most are only interested in improving their skills in areas that will improve their singing, such as theory of music to aid sight reading.


2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 7-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola McLelland

SUMMARY This article adapts Linn’s ‘stylistics of standardization’ concept, which Linn (1998) has used to compare Norwegian and Faroese grammarians, to look at grammaticization processes in the first two grammars of German (Albertus 1573, Ölinger 1574). While both are clearly indebted to traditional Latin grammar and humanist ideals, these two grammars differ interestingly in the picture of the language that emerges from their metalanguage and structural principles. In his reflection on the language, his structuring and naming of linguistic phenomena and his attitudes to variation, Ölinger is the practical pedagogue, who imposes systematicity and aims for a one-to-one form-function relationship. Albertus on the other hand, though he too envisages his grammar being used for learning German, has a more cultural patriotic motivation, celebrating the richness and variety of German, worthy to be ranked alongside Latin, Greek and Hebrew. Albertus and Ölinger thus come up with quite different versions of the (as yet arguably non-existent) High German language. Each grammar yields a different subset of possible forms, reminding us that grammar-writing is always a task of creative construction.RÉSUMÉ Cet article prend comme point de départ la ‘stylistique de standardisation’ que Linn (1998) a utilisé dans sa comparaison d’un grammairien norvégien et d’un grammairien féroïen. Cette approche est adaptée ici pour permettre la comparaison des processus de grammaticisation dans les deux premières grammaires allemandes (Albertus 1573, Ölinger 1574). Tandis qu’Albertus et Ölinger doivent tous les deux beaucoup et à la grammaire latine traditionnelle et aux idéaux humanistes de l’époque, leurs grammaires diffèrent de manière intéressante en ce qui concerne l’image de la langue allemande que créent leur métalangage et leurs principes d’organisation. Dans ses réflexions sur la langue, dans la structure et la façon de nommer les phénomènes linguistiques, et dans son attitude envers la variation, Ölinger est le pédagogue pragmatique, qui cherche à imposer un système et à produire une relation unique entre forme et fonction. Albertus, pour sa part, s’il écrit lui aussi sa grammaire pour faciliter l’apprentissage de la langue, semble avoir une motivation patriotique, célébrant la richesse de l’allemand, digne d’être rangé à côté du latin, du grec et de l’hébreu. Albertus et Ölinger offrent donc deux versions différentes de la langue allemande — chaque grammaire produit un sous-ensemble de formes possibles, nous rappellant que la tâche d’écrire une grammaire est toujours un processus de ‘construction créative’.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG In diesem Artikel wird Linns Ansatz einer ‘Stilistik der Standardisierung’, den Linn (1998) für den Vergleich eines norwegischen und eines färörischen Grammatikers anwandte, auf Grammatisierungsprozesse in den beiden ersten deutschen Grammatiken (Albertus 1573, Ölinger 1574) angewandt. Während beide Grammatiken offensichtlich sowohl der traditionellen lateinischen Grammatik als auch humanistischen Idealen manches schulden, unterscheiden sie sich systematisch im Bild der Sprache, das aus ihrer Metasprache und ihrem Aufbau entsteht. In seiner Reflexion über die Sprache, in der Strukturierung und Benennung sprachlicher Phänomene, und in seiner Einstellung der Variation gegenüber, ist Ölinger durchweg der pragmatische Pädagoge, der ein System — und möglichst eine Eins-zu-eins-Form-Funktion-Beziehung — sucht und findet. Albertus, obwohl er seine Grammatik ebenfalls als Lehrtext konzipiert, geht eher von einer kulturpatriotischen Motivation aus, um den Reichtum der deutschen Sprache zu feiern — einer Sprache, die nicht weniger vollkommen sei als Lateinisch, Griechisch und Hebräisch. Albertus und Ölinger entwerfen also ziemlich verschiedene Versionen der (noch nicht wirklich existierenden) hochdeutschen Sprache — jede Grammatik läßt jeweils verschiedene Formen zu, und wir erkennen noch einmal, dass die Grammatikschreibung stets einen Prozess ‘kreativer Konstruktion’ darstellt.


Author(s):  
Michał Kowalewski

It is expected that today’s school shall, on the one hand – to the greatest extent possible, support a pupil in his or her development and education-related activities, on the other hand – prevent exclusion, so easy to occur in today’s, structurally diversified society. The factor which poses a potential source of social exclusion is the evaluation of education-related achievements of pupils, present in the education-related school practice in the form of a grade. The system of evaluating the education-related achievements, in view of the diversity of results, often introduce stereotypical divisions into “better” and “worse” pupils, resulting in school setbacks, implicating negatively perceived competition as well as distorting the relations within the school community. In view of the aforementioned circumstances, the considerations over the evaluation of education-related achievements seem to be well-founded, particularly in the context of primary education of pupils.


Antichthon ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 10-18
Author(s):  
†Charles Tesoriero
Keyword(s):  

Poems 5, 6, 7 and 8 of Catullus form an interconnected series. Catullus draws them together by referring to notions of display and concealment in a love affair. In particular, Catullus explores a paradox inherent in the competing needs to keep a relationship a secret and to announce it to the wider public. In the tongue-wagging world of Rome, hiding the existence of an affair, as Flavius attempts to do in poem 6, can never be successful and will attract the suspicious minds and cruel tongues of observers; hence Catullus advocates that Flavius confess, in order to control the gossip, in the case of poem 6, from Catullus himself. On the other hand, ostentatious display of felicity in love has the power to evoke the inuidia of the observer which can manifest itself in a hex upon the affair: to counter this, in poems 5 and 7, Catullus recommends that the affair, or at least its precise details, be hidden from those who would watch in an envious spirit (5.11-13, 7.11-12). There is something fundamentally perplexing about 5 and 7, since Catullus proclaims what he would conceal, leaving himself, his girl and his affair exposed to the inuidia he wishes to avoid.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Bertiani Eka Sukaca ◽  
Benjarut Prempiwong

Running online classes for grade 1 of primary school in suburban in Indonesia has become a big challenge for teacher. On one hand, teacher has to reach a target of making the students achieve specific competencies as on the national curriculum 2013. On the other hand, different level of students’ skills, and internet credit expanses are two most cases required to be concerned. After doing the second treatment on 28 students of State Primary School 2 Bogem, Kalasan, the researcher found that the appropriate media used were WhatsApp and printed assignments. The teacher conducted WhatsApp classes twice a week and sent printed assignments every fortnight. Through these two media, the parents’ companion on the students’ learning process is getting optimum. 


Author(s):  
Sarah Rose Cole

AbstractTheBildungsromangenre poses a productive challenge for the study of Victorian internationalisms. On the one hand, scholars of German literature often contend that the genre is inextricably tied to German concepts of culture and nationhood; on the other hand, half a century of scholarly practice has linked the term “Bildungsroman” to novels of personal education across Europe and beyond. Seeking to interrogate, rather than simply assume, the internationalism of theBildungsromangenre, I focus on the Franco-British literary exchanges inscribed in a major VictorianBildungsroman, William Makepeace Thackeray’sPendennis. Drawing on a variety of theoretical and historical models, including Margaret Cohen and Carolyn Dever’s concept of the “Channel zone,” I suggest thatPendennisforms a point of intersection between the British and French national traditions of theBildungsroman, thus allowing us to see how a genre with a German name was modified in its passage between France and Britain. Although Thackeray is often thought of as an apolitical writer—a satirist concerned only with the manners and morals of the middle and upper classes—I argue thatPendenniswas crucially shaped by his engagement with the French Revolution of 1848. In order to face and exorcise the threat of revolution, I further suggest, Thackeray turned to the FrenchBildungsromantradition; my hypothesis is that Thackeray reworked Balzac’sLost Illusions, transforming Balzac’s narrative of revolutionary dislocation into a self-consciously British narrative of peaceful change. By working both with and against French literary models, Thackeray reveals the formation of British identity as a complex process of cross-Channel negotiation, rather than a simple negation of the French “other.”


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (SPE3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelina N. Pronina ◽  
Vera S. Merenkova ◽  
Stanislav E. Popov

The sample on the study of digital socialization included 316 primary school students aged 7 to 9. On the one hand, the results showed the preservation and demonstration of the content and methods of traditional socialization among younger students of all levels of Internet involvement in terms of digital socialization. This fact indicates the integration and combination of digital and traditional socialization. On the other hand, the increase in the levels of Internet involvement contributes to the replacement and transition from traditional socialization to a digital one.


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