类型学视角下汉语的双系式结构

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Behavior

抽象 类型学发现，典型的双系式（applicative）结构将宾语（直接宾语或间接宾语）这个句法角色指派给一个本来不能作宾语的项，见于很多语言。本文证明汉语中以下结构都是类型学中所谓的“双系式”：在共时层面，有普通话中的“吃食堂”结构，自陆俭明、郭锐（1998）提出以来，有诸多学者从不同角度对其进行了研究；在历时层面，上古汉语中有名词（性结构）直接作补语和介词短语作补语交替的现象。汉语虽然是典型的孤立语，（几乎）没有判断双系式的形态依据，但这些结构在语义-句法层面表现出了双系式结构的基本特点，是完全可以归类为双系式结构的。这一结论也为类型学的动词配价（valency）研究打开了新思路，即在以往对于动词配价研究更侧重形态标准的基础上，也应参考句法行为特征（syntactic behavior），这对于研究汉语类的孤立语的动词配价操作尤其重要。

scholarly journals Nominalization and argument structure in Early New High German

2002 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 67-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Demske
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Argument Structure ◽  
German Language ◽  
Decomposition Approach ◽  
Lexical Decomposition ◽  
Early New High German ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Syntactic Behavior ◽  
Different Parts

Recent work on argument selection couched in a lexical decomposition approach (Ehrich & Rapp 2000) postulates different linking properties for verbs and nouns, challenging current views on argument inheritance. In this paper, I show that the different behavior with respect to verbal and nominal linking observed for Present-Day German does not carry over to ung-nominals in Early New High German. Deverbal nouns and corresponding verbs rather behave alike with respect to argument linking. I shall argue that this change is motivated by the growing rift between ung-nominals and their verbal bases both focussing on different parts oftheir lexicosemantic structure in Present-Day German. Evidence for the verb-like behavior of ung-nominals in Early New High German comes from the regular meaning relation between verbs and corresponding derived nouns, the actional properties of event-denoting nouns, and the patterning of ung-nominals with nominalized infinitives. Even their syntactic behavior reflects the verbal character of ung-nominals during that period of the German language. The diachronic facts can be accounted for in a straightforward way once we adopt a lexical decomposition approach to argument selection.  

ANÀLISI CONTRASTIVA INTERDIALECTAL DE LA FRASEOLOGIA: EL CAS DE DÉU-N’HI-DO, AUSA(D)ES/A GOSA(D)ES I ESPAIET

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-175
Author(s):  
Pelegrí Sancho Cremades
Keyword(s):  
Basic Function ◽  
Prepositional Phrase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Syntactic Behavior ◽  
Syntactic Differences

Déu-n’hi-do, ausa(d)es/a gosa(d)es, and espaiet are improper interjections, resulting from the grammaticalization of a sentence (déu-n’hi-do), a prepositional phrase (ausa[d]es), and the diminutive form of an adverb (espaiet), respectively. From a pragmatic perspective, the basic function of these interjections is that of emphasis or intensification. Déu-n’hi-do, ausa(d)es/a gosa(d)es, and espaiet are not entirely equivalent, because they have followed different paths to grammaticalization. When used for emphasis, Déu-n’hi-do, ausa(d)es/a gosa(d)es, and espaiet do not differ substantially at the semantic or pragmatic level. On the other hand, they do present marked syntactic differences: Déu-n’hi-do is used only with emphatic quantitative constructions (such as Déu-n’hi-do, quin concert més divertit!), while ausades may be classified with these constructions (Ausades quin concert més divertit!) or may also take as complement a clause introduced by unstressed que (Ausades que va ser divertit el concert). The syntactic behavior of espaiet is parallel to that of Déu-n’hi-do. Used alone, ausades permits above all the contextual interpretation of the manifestation of the emphasized agreement, while déu-n’hi-do and espaiet admit the interpretation of a much greater variety of subjective attitudes on the part of the speaker, according to context and intonation.

Why can’t the sun bloom roses in Spanish?

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Binary Classification ◽  
External Factors ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Change Of State ◽  
Syntactic Behavior ◽  
Work Done ◽  
The Continuum

Levin and Rappaport (1995) have proposed a binary classification for change of state verbs that revolves around the locus of cause for these changes: whether the cause is internal or external to the entity undergoing change. They claim this distinction is crosslinguistically viable and explains the syntactic behavior of these predicates. Based on work done by Smith (1970) and Wright (2001), this paper argues for an extension of Levin and Rappaport’s binary classification. Instead, I propose a continuum resulting from the analysis of corpora in English and Spanish for verbs that would enter the binary categories advanced by Levin and Rappaport. One of the problematic pairs of verbs for their classification when applied to Spanish, florecer ‘to bloom’ and marchitar(se) ‘to wilt’ is analyzed in detail. The continuum proposed here extends Levin and Rappaport’s categories and takes into account the locus of control of the change and whether external factors may be necessary conditions for the change to occur. In particular, this new focus can account for the presence or absence of the clitic se with some of the predicates in Spanish.

scholarly journals Person as an inflectional category

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Gender Assignment ◽  
Closed Class ◽  
Syntactic Behavior ◽  
Open Class

AbstractThe category of person has both inflectional and lexical aspects, and the distinction provides a finely graduated grammatical trait, relatively stable in both families and areas, and revealing for both typology and linguistic geography. Inflectional behavior includes reference to speech-act roles, indexation of arguments, discreteness from other categories such as number or gender, assignment and/or placement in syntax, arrangement in paradigms, and general resemblance to closed-class items. Lexical behavior includes sharing categories and/or forms and/or syntactic behavior with major lexical classes (usually nouns) and generally resembling open-class items. Criteria are given here for typologizing person as more vs. less inflectional, some basic typological correlations are tested, and the worldwide linguistic-geographical distribution is mapped.

Enclitic -(m)a ‘but’, clause architecture and the prosody of focus in Hittite

2015 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrej Sideltsev ◽  
Maria Molina
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Left Periphery ◽  
Clear Tendency ◽  
Free Distribution ◽  
Free Position ◽  
The Common ◽  
Prosodic Boundary ◽  
Syntactic Behavior ◽  
First Time ◽  
Relative Pronouns

Abstract We discuss the extraordinary syntax of the enclitic -(m)a: as different from other enclitics it does not cliticize to a set of words like nu, mān, etc. However, as different from -pat with its free distribution within the clause -(m)a attests a very clear tendency to be positioned after the first stressed word. To make things even more complicated, in the focusing function it attests a seemingly free position in the clause. The paradox of -(m)a is that most of the details of its aberrant syntactic behavior, save some clause internal usage which we are demonstrating for the first time, are perfectly well known, but several pieces of evidence have never been brought together. The main one is the fact that the set of words which does not host -(m)a as well as -ya is precisely the set of words which is not taken into consideration when the second position of such constituents as relative pronouns in determinate clauses, subordinators maḫḫan and kuit is determined. The paper also provides a unitary explanation of both topicalising -(m)a in the left periphery and focusing -(m)a in the preverbal position: the common feature might be the prosodic boundary to the left of both hosts triggered by information structure to the left of the host of both topicalizing -(m)a/additively focusing -ya in the left periphery and focusing -(m)a/ya preverbally.

Inversion after Clause-Initial Adverbs in Old English: The Special Status of þa, þonne, nu, and swa

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 308-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Cichosz
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Information Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Syntactic Behavior ◽  
Diachronic Changes

This study is a corpus-based analysis of clause-initial adverbs and their ability to invert pronominal and nominal subjects in Old English (OE) prose. There is a limited set of adverbs, referred to as “operators” in generative studies of OE syntax, which may cause inversion of personal pronoun subjects; these are þa, þonne, nu, and swa. In this study, numerous differences between the syntactic behavior of these adverbs are revealed, showing that they should not be treated as a syntactically coherent group. The analysis is focused on various factors that have an impact on inversion rates of the adverbs: the presence of the interjection hwæt before the adverb the frequency of correlation, Latin influence on translated texts, information status of the subject, semantic differences and the extra-clausal status of the adverb, as well as diachronic changes within the OE period.

scholarly journals Factorization of Verbs: An Analysis of Verbs of Seeing

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aravind Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Behavior

Previously unpublished analysis cited in "Lexical Factorization and Syntactic Behavior" in this volume.

scholarly journals Konjungsi Koordinatif Bahasa Jepang dalam Biografi Helen Keller, Esai Read Real Japanese, dan Kumpulan Cerpen Dondon Yomeru Hanashi

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-304
Author(s):  
Ruli Oknita Sari ◽  
Muhammad Yusdi ◽  
Gusdi Sastra
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Short Stories ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Structural Position ◽  
Helen Keller ◽  
Distributional Method ◽  
Syntactic Behavior ◽  
Equivalent Method ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

Konjungsi merupakan kelas kata yang ada pada setiap bahasa. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan perilaku sintaksis konjungsi koordinatif bahasa Jepang. Perilaku sintaksis tersebut meliputi fungsi konjungsi, letak struktural konjungsi, dan sifat kehadiran konjungsi. Sumber data penelitian ini yaitu Biografi Hellen Keller, Esai Read Real Japanese, dan kumpulan Cerpen DonDon Yomeru IriIro Na Hanashi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif yang bersifat deskriptif. Dalam menganalisis data peneliti menggunakan metode padan translasional untuk pemindahan arti dari bahasa Jepang ke bahasa Indonesia. Untuk menganalisis  fungsi konjungsi, letak struktural konjungsi, dan sifat kehadiran konjungsi peneliti menggunakan metode distribusional beserta tekniknnya. Hasil analisis data menunjukan bahwa fungsi konjungsi koordinatif bahasa Jepang yaitu menghubungkan kata dengan kata yaitu konjungsi to dan konjungsi ya, dan menghubungkan klausa dengan kluasa yaitu konjungsi ga dan konjungsi -shi. Letak struktural konjungsi koordinatif bahasa Jepang  yaitu berada di antara unsur yang digabungkan. Sementara itu, sifat kehadiran konjungsi di dalam konstruksi adalah wajib dan tidak dapat dilesapkan.  Conjunction is a class of words that exist in every language. This study aims to describe the syntactic behavior of Japanese coordinating conjunctions. The syntactic behavior includes the function of the conjunction, the structural location of the conjunction, and the presence of the conjunction. The data sources of this research are Hellen Keller Biography, Real Japanese Read Essays, and a collection of Dondon Yomeru Hanashi short stories. This research is a descriptive qualitative research. In analyzing the data the researcher applies the translational equivalent method for the transfer of meaning from Japanese to Indonesian. To analyze the function of the conjunction, the structural location of the conjunction, and the nature of the presence of the conjunction, the researcher uses the distributional method and its technique. The results of data analysis show that the coordinating conjunctions of Japanese are linking words to words, namely conjunctions to and conjunctions ya and linking clauses with clauses, which is conjunctions ga and conjunctions -shi. The structural position of Japanese coordinating conjunctions is among the elements combined. Meanwhile, the presence of conjunctions in construction is mandatory and cannot be mitigated.

scholarly journals syntax of small clause predication

2001 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 153-170
Author(s):  
Joan Rafel
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Small Clause ◽  
Clause Structure ◽  
Semantic Value ◽  
Syntactic Behavior

In this paper I put forward and justify a syntactic configuration that I call Complex Small Clause-structure. I show that this single syntactic structure can explain both the semantic value and the syntactic behavior of a range of constructions that up to now have been explored separately and, hence, proposed divergent analyses among them.  

scholarly journals PERILAKU SINTAKSIS BAHASA PONOSAKAN (SYNTACTIC OF PONOSAKAN LANGUAGE)

Kadera Bahasa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Diharti
Keyword(s):  
Contextual Approach ◽  
Syntactic Behavior

The study discusses syntactic behavior on adjectival category. Adjektive is a word used to reveal nature or state of persons, objects, or animals. This study is aimed to describe or analyze adjectival types in Ponosakan language, such as mono-morphemic and poly-morphemic adjectives. Besides, this study is also describe syntactic behavior by looking at adjectives in the levels of phrase, namely adjectives as modifier, adjective as nuclei and pivot, and idiomatic adjective.The data anslysis performed by using contextual approach. Contextual approach is a way of analysis that applied on the data by basing, calculating, and connecting contexts. The result shows the use of adjectives in Ponosakan language based on types and levels of phrase. 

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