Cognitive processes as evidence of the idiom principle

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Britt Erman
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Important Implication ◽  
Basic Assumption ◽  
Mental Lexicon ◽  
Pause Duration ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Lexical Retrieval ◽  
Spreading Activation ◽  
Conceptual Network ◽  
Linguistic Units

The study seeks to establish whether pause frequency and pause duration could inform us about the size of linguistic units stored in the mental lexicon. Pauses are seen as a reflection of cognitive effort in lexical retrieval. The basic assumption is that a particular concept starts activating related concepts in a conceptual network via spreading activation. Pausing is assumed to be rare when spreading activation is at work, i.e. in the recall of multiword, or prefabricated, structures. The results show that pausing was significantly more frequent in connection with lexical search in computed as compared to prefabricated structures, thus indicating that prefabricated structures are stored and retrieved as wholes. The most important implication of the study is that the results give further support to John Sinclair’s proposed ‘idiom principle’, according to which strings that would appear to be analyzable into segments nevertheless constitute single choices.

A Three Dimensional Model for the Classification of Cognitive Processes

1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isaac Lewin
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Divergent Thinking ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Learning Problem ◽  
Semantic Organization ◽  
Conceptual Network

A model is suggested here which describes the theoretical relationships between different cognitive processes. It is hoped that this model will contribute towards a tightening of the scientific conceptual network, mainly on the “soft” side of cognitive processes theorization. Concepts which are hitherto loosely used will gain clearer, distinctive definition; this applies to concepts like imagery, imagination, fantasy, daydreaming, dreaming, divergent thinking, creativity, etc. In this same model the relationships between these concepts and concepts such as learning, problem solving, information processing, thinking, semantic organization, etc., as well as the relationships among the latter concepts to each other, will also become explicit.

scholarly journals Directionality and context effects in word translation tasks performed by conference interpreters

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Chmiel
Keyword(s):  
International Institutions ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Context Effect ◽  
Context Effects ◽  
Mental Lexicon ◽  
Lexical Retrieval ◽  
Semantic Constraint ◽  
Word Translation

AbstractProfessional interpreters employed by international institutions usually work into their L1 from their L2, while freelance interpreters tend to work both into and from their L1. A study was devised to see if the long-term interpreting unidirectional practice (in the L2–L1 direction only), in contrast to bidirectional practice (in the L2–L1 and L1–L2 direction), influences the speed of lexical retrieval manifested through shorter translation latencies. Forty-eight professional conference interpreters produced oral translations of nouns presented in isolation, in high context constraint sentences and in low context constraint sentences. Contrary to predictions, unidirectional interpreters did not manifest directionality asymmetry and their L2–L1 translation latencies were not shorter than L1–L2 translation latencies. Surprisingly, the L2–L1 direction advantage was found in the group of bidirectional interpreters. The data suggest that the dominant directionality in interpreting practice has little impact on the strength of interlingual lexical links in the interpreter’s mental lexicon or that other factors (such as language use, exposure and immersion) might offset any such impact. The study also revealed an expected context effect, which shows that interpreters use semantic constraint to anticipate sentence-final words.

scholarly journals Exploring Destination Choice Intention by Using the Tourism Photographic: From the Perspectives of Visual Esthetic Processing

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiwei Deng ◽  
Yingxing Lin ◽  
Lijun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Processing Fluency ◽  
Destination Choice ◽  
Visual Appeal ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
First Impression ◽  
Practical Implications

This study aims to deepen the understanding of tourism photography by developing and testing a theoretical model that accounts for the relationships between visual esthetics and destination choice intention of tourists. Thus, we sought to use a stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) paradigm to predict destination choice intention, which includes three variables related to visual esthetics: first impression, visual appeal, and esthetic emotion. We used the combination of self-reported and eye movement data to examine the cognitive processes of tourists that visual esthetic formation. We found that compared to the built environment and amateur esthetic images, natural environment and professional esthetic images can get (1) higher visual appeal, (2) better first impression, and (3) higher visual processing fluency (or less cognitive effort) and positive esthetic emotions. Furthermore, visual appeal, first impression, and esthetic emotion deriving from environment esthetics and photograph esthetics have a positive impact on destination choice intention. This study has practical implications for destination planning and management.

scholarly journals Cohort and rhyme priming emerge from the multiplex network structure of the mental lexicon

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Stella
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representation ◽  
Mental Lexicon ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Lexical Retrieval ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Multiplex Network ◽  
Cognitive Patterns ◽  
Phonological Similarities ◽  
Retrieval From Memory

Complex networks recently opened new ways for investigating how language use is influenced by the mental representation of word similarities. This work adopts the framework of multiplex lexical networks for investigating lexical retrieval from memory. The focus is on priming effects, where the processing of couple of words sharing specific features is faster and more accurate. Supported by recent findings of network distance influencing lexical retrieval, the multiplex network approach tests how the layout of hundreds of thousands of word-word similarities in the mental lexicon of words can lead to priming effects on multiple, combined semantic and phonological levels.Results provides quantitative evidence that priming effects are encoded directly in the multiplex structure of the mental representation of words sharing phonemes either in their onsets (cohort priming) or at their ends (rhyme priming). By comparison with randomised null models, both cohort and priming effects are found to be emerging properties of the mental lexicon arising from its multiplexity: These priming effects are absent on individual layers but become prominent on the combined multiplex structure. The emergence of priming effects due to the multiplex nature of the mental lexicon is displayed both in case only semantic layers are considered, an approximated representation of the so-called semantic memory, but also when semantics is enriched with phonological similarities, an approximated representation of the lexical-auditory nature of the mental lexicon. These results indicate that multiplex lexical networks represent an insightful approach for shedding light on the interplay between multiple aspects of language and human cognition, as it can open new paths for the quantification of cognitive patterns in synergy with experimental psycholinguistic data.

Action Regulation Theory

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannes Zacher
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Work Behavior ◽  
Cognitive Representations ◽  
Regulation Theory ◽  
Régulation Theory ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness

Action regulation theory is a meta-theory on the regulation of goal-directed behavior. The theory explains how workers regulate their behavior through cognitive processes, including goal development and selection, internal and external orientation, planning, monitoring of execution, and feedback processing. Moreover, action regulation theory focuses on the links between these cognitive processes, behavior, the objective environment, and objective outcomes. The action regulation process occurs on multiple levels of action regulation, including the sensorimotor or skill level, the level of flexible action patterns, the intellectual or conscious level, and the meta-cognitive heuristic level. These levels range from unconscious and automatized control of actions to conscious thought, and from muscular action to thought processes. Action regulation at lower levels in this hierarchy is more situation specific and requires less cognitive effort than action regulation at higher levels. Workers further develop action-oriented mental models that include long-term cognitive representations of input conditions, goals, plans, and expected and prescribed results of action, as well as knowledge about the boundary conditions of action and the transformation procedures that turn goals into expected results. The accuracy and level of detail of such action-oriented mental models is closely associated with the efficiency and effectiveness of action regulation. One of three foci can be in the foreground of action regulation: task, social context, or self. A task focus is most strongly associated with high efficiency and effectiveness of action regulation, because it links task-related goals with relevant plans, behavior, and feedback. Action regulation theory has been applied to understand several phenomena in the field of industrial, work, and organizational psychology, including proactive work behavior, work-related learning and error management, entrepreneurship, occupational strain and well-being, reciprocal influences between personality and work, innovation, teamwork, career development, and successful aging at work.

scholarly journals The multiplex structure of the mental lexicon influences picture naming in people with aphasia

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 913-931 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nichol Castro ◽  
Massimo Stella
Keyword(s):  
Picture Naming ◽  
Mental Lexicon ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Closeness Centrality ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Lexical Retrieval ◽  
Network Measures ◽  
Multiplex Network ◽  
Psycholinguistic Variables ◽  
Naming Performance

Abstract An emerging area of research in cognitive science is the utilization of networks to model the structure and processes of the mental lexicon in healthy and clinical populations, like aphasia. Previous research has focused on only one type of word similarity at a time (e.g., semantic relationships), even though words are multi-faceted. Here, we investigate lexical retrieval in a picture naming task from people with Broca’s and Wernicke’s aphasia and healthy controls by utilizing a multiplex network structure that accounts for the interplay between multiple semantic and phonological relationships among words in the mental lexicon. Extending upon previous work, we focused on the global network measure of closeness centrality which is known to capture spreading activation, an important process supporting lexical retrieval. We conducted a series of logistic regression models predicting the probability of correct picture naming. We tested whether multiplex closeness centrality was a better predictor of picture naming performance than single-layer closeness centralities, other network measures assessing local and meso-scale structure, psycholinguistic variables and group differences. We also examined production gaps, or the difference between the likelihood of producing a word with the lowest and highest closeness centralities. Our results indicated that multiplex closeness centrality was a significant predictor of picture naming performance, where words with high closeness centrality were more likely to be produced than words with low closeness centrality. Additionally, multiplex closeness centrality outperformed single-layer closeness centralities and other multiplex network measures, and remained a significant predictor after controlling for psycholinguistic variables and group differences. Furthermore, we found that the facilitative effect of closeness centrality was similar for both types of aphasia. Our results underline the importance of integrating multiple measures of word similarities in cognitive language networks for better understanding lexical retrieval in aphasia, with an eye towards future clinical applications.

Computer Ondersteunde Vreemde-Taalverwerving op de Hogere Niveaus

1999 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 111-126
Author(s):  
Peter Groot
Keyword(s):  
Word Learning ◽  
Mental Lexicon ◽  
Lexical Retrieval ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Processing Theory ◽  
Term Retention ◽  
Study Programme ◽  
Word Lists ◽  
Long Term Retention

The interactive self-study programme (called CAVOCA: Computer Assisted VOCabulary Acquisition) is based on generally accepted theories about the mental lexicon (cf. Aitchison's Words in the Mind) and the "levels of processing" theory first advanced by Craik and Lockhart. The programme constitutes a systematic attempt to operationalize the theoretical analysis of the word learning process that recognizes various stages in this same process: learning about the various features of the word, embedding it in various networks, consolidation etc. leading to efficient lexical retrieval. With this end in mind, the words are presented in a variety of L2 contexts, enabling the learner to process the word intensively and facilitating long-term retention. The programme is intended as an alternative to more orthodox word learning techniques such as bilingual word lists with their disappointing long-term retention results. The programme has been contrasted in various experimental (differential treatment) settings with bilingual word lists, and the results confirm the theory concerning the structure of the mental lexicon in that a deeper level of processing results in better long-term retention.

scholarly journals Gaze and eye movement in dialogue interpreting: An eye-tracking study

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 780-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabet Tiselius ◽  
Kayle Sneed
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Simultaneous Interpreting ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Averted Gaze

AbstractPrevious studies have investigated the cognitive processes of simultaneous interpreting and translation using eye-tracking. No study has yet utilized eye-tracking to investigate cognitive load and cognitive effort in dialogue interpreting. An eye-tracking study was conducted on two groups of interpreters (experienced and inexperienced) with varying language backgrounds during a staged dialogue interpreting session. The aim of the study was to explore gaze patterns in dialogue interpreting in relation to the interpreters’ action and translation direction. The results indicated there were differences in gaze patterns depending on the action and the language used. Participants averted gaze more when interpreting into the allophone language (the L2 for a majority of the participants in this study). This may indicate that interpreting into L2 in a dialogue may involve more cognitive effort than interpreting into L1. Finally, gaze patterns did not differ significantly between inexperienced and experienced dialogue interpreters.

scholarly journals Applied linguistics

2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-182
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Applied Linguistics ◽  
Language Planning ◽  
Mental Lexicon ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
Discourse Processes ◽  
Language Problems ◽  
Oxford University Press

07–341Al-Kufaishi, Adil (Copenhagen U, Denmark; [email protected]), A pedagogic model of translating expository texts. Babel (John Benjamins) 52.1 (2006), 1–16.07–342Anderson, Wendy (U Glasgow, UK), ‘Absolutely, totally, filled to the brim with the Famous Grouse’. English Today (Cambridge University Press) 22.3 (2006), 10–16.07–343Boudreault, Patrick (California State U, Northridge, USA; [email protected]) & Rachel I. Mayberry, Grammatical processing in American Sign Language: Age of first-language acquisition effects in relation to syntactic structure. Language and Cognitive Processes (Routledge/Taylor&Francis) 21.5 (2006), 608–635.07–344Charles, M. (U Oxford, UK), The construction of stance in reporting clauses: A cross-disciplinary study of theses. Applied Linguistics (Oxford University Press) 27.3 (2006), 492–518.07–345Frazier, Lyn (U Massachusetts, Amherst, USA; [email protected]), Katy Carlson & Charles Clifton Jr., Prosodic phrasing is central to language comprehension. Trends in Cognitive Sciences (Elsevier) 10.6 (2006), 244–249.07–346Goatly, Andrew (Lingnan U, Hong Kong, China), Ideology and metaphor. English Today (Cambridge University Press) 22.3 (2006), 25–39.07–347Goral, Mira (City U New York, USA; [email protected]), Erika S. Levy, Loraine K. Obler & Eyal Cohen, Cross-language lexical connections in the mental lexicon: Evidence from a case of trilingual aphasia. Brain and Language (Elsevier) 98.2 (2006), 235–247.07–348Hellermann J. (Portland State U, USA), Classroom interactive practices for developing L2 literacy: A microethnographic study of two beginning adult learners of English. Applied Linguistics (Oxford University Press) 27.3 (2006), 377–404.07–349Joseph, John E. (U Edinburgh, UK), Linguistic identities: Double-edged swords. Language Problems & Language Planning (John Benjamins) 30.3 (2006), 261–267.07–350Kuo, I-Chun (Canterbury Christ Church U College, UK; [email protected]), Addressing the issue of teaching English as a lingua franca. ELT Journal (Oxford University Press) 60.3 (2006), 213–221.07–351McDonald, Janet L. (Louisiana State U, Baton Rouge, USA; [email protected]), Beyond the critical period: Processing-based explanations for poor grammaticality judgment performance by late second language learners.Journal of Memory and Language (Elsevier) 55.3 (2006), 381–401.07–352Mori, Junko & Makoto Hayashi (U Wisconsin-Maddison, USA), The achievement of intersubjectivity through embodied completions: A study of interactions between first and second language speakers. Applied Linguistics (Oxford University Press) 27.2 (2006), 195–219.07–353Oberlander, Jon (U Edinburgh, UK) & Alastair J. Gill, Language with character: A stratified corpus comparison of individual differences in e-mail communication. Discourse Processes (Erlbaum) 42.3 (2006), 239–270.07–354Rosenberger Shankar, Tara (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA), Speaking on the record: A theory of composition. Computers and Composition (Elsevier) 23.3 (2006), 374–373.07–355Sanford, Anthony J. (U Glasgow, UK) & Arthur C. Graesser, Shallow processing and underspecification. Discourse Processes (Erlbaum) 42.2 (2006), 99–108.07–356Sears, Christopher R. (U Calgary, Canada), Crystal R. Campbell & Stephen J. Lupker, Is there a neighborhood frequency effect in English? Evidence from reading and lexical decision. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance (American Psychological Association) 32.4 (2006), 1040–1062.07–357Sebastian-Gallés, Núria (GRNC, Parc Científic Universitat de Barcelona & Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Spain; [email protected]), Antoni Rodríguez-Fornells, Ruth de Diego-Balaguer & Begoña Díaz, First- and second-language phonological representations in the mental lexicon. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (MIT Press) 18.8 (2006), 1277–1291.07–358Sebba, Mark (Lancaster U, UK), Ideology and alphabets in the former USSR. Language Problems & Language Planning (John Benjamins) 30.2 (2006), 99–125.07–359Valdois, Sylviane (Université Pierre Mendès France, Grenoble, France) & Sonia Kandel, French- and Spanish-speaking children use different visual and motor units during spelling acquisition. Language and Cognitive Processes (Routledge/Taylor & Francis) 21.5 (2006), 531–561.

scholarly journals COMPUTATIONAL STUDY ON DESIGN SPACE EXPANSION DURING TEAMWORK

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 691-700
Author(s):  
Marija Majda Perisic ◽  
Mario Štorga ◽  
John S. Gero
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Design Space ◽  
Computational Study ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Solution Space ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Design Solution ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Emerging Patterns ◽  
Space Expansion

AbstractWhen observing a design space expansion during teamwork, several studies found that cumulative solution-related issues' occurrence follows a linear trend. Such findings contradict the hypothesis of solution-related issues being characteristic for the later design stages. This work relies on agent-based simulations to explore the emerging patterns in design solution space expansion during teamwork. The results demonstrate trends that accord with the empirical findings, suggesting that a cognitive effort in solution space expansion remains constant throughout a design session. The collected data on agents' cognitive processes and solution space properties enabled additional insights, which led to the detection of four distinct regimes of design solution space expansion.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document