How human infants deal with symbol grounding

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Cowley
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
False Belief ◽  
Symbol Grounding ◽  
Speech Sounds ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Over Time

Taking a distributed view of language, this paper naturalizes symbol grounding. Learning to talk is traced to — not categorizing speech sounds — but events that shape the rise of human-style autonomy. On the extended symbol hypothesis, this happens as babies integrate micro-activity with slow and deliberate adult action. As they discover social norms, intrinsic motive formation enables them to reshape co-action. Because infants link affect to contingencies, dyads develop norm-referenced routines. Over time, infant doings become analysis amenable. The caregiver of a nine-month-old may, for example, prompt the baby to fetch objects. Once she concludes that the baby uses ‘words’ to understand what she says, the infant can use this belief in orienting to more abstract contingencies. New cognitive powers will develop as the baby learns to act in ways that are consistent with a caregiver’s false belief that her baby uses ‘words.’

Freedom, Responsibility and Jurisprudence

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62
Author(s):  
Hari Narayanan V ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
The State ◽  
Daniel Dennett ◽  
Major Function ◽  
Over Time

This paper seeks to argue that advances in the study of freewill and responsibility are directly relevant to jurisprudence. Following Daniel Dennett attempts to discredit the existence of freewill with the help of experiments can be checked by arguing that freedom should be understood as something that has evolved over time rather than being a pre-existent feature of our species. The major function served by freedom is to ensure responsibility for actions. This understanding of freedom as something that evolved to enhance responsibility suggests that freedom can be developed further. This can be understood as enhancing the ability to follow social norms by overcoming factors that limit responsibility. Jurisprudence has to take into account the ability to follow norms as a variable, even within the category of adults, and treat violations accordingly. Further, efforts to enhance the capacity to be free from habitual reactions need to be made part of education, and the state has to focus on this aspect without which the task of ensuring adherence to law of citizens will remain incomplete.

A longitudinal study of infant vocalizations during mother–infant games

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tibie Rome-Flanders ◽  
Carolyn Cronk
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Speech Sounds ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Infant Vocalizations ◽  
Language Tests ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Level Of Difficulty ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACTThis study explored the development of verbal behaviours of infants during two mother–infant games. Twenty-five infants were videotaped as they played peek-a-boo and ball with their mothers at 0;6, 0;9, 1;0, 1;3, 1;6, and 2;0. The frequencies of eight categories of vocal/verbal behaviours were analysed as they evolved over time in both games. Despite differences in the structure and level of difficulty of peek-a-boo and ball, the development of these behaviours proved to be similar in the two games. One category, PRIMITIVE VOCALIZATIONS, which did not change in frequency over time, was seen to have a pragmatic rather than a linguistic function. Another category, PRELEXICAL COMMENT, demonstrated an early capacity for conveying topic and comment together in the form of speech sounds combined with an attentiongetting gesture well before the emergence of multiple-word utterances. The vocal behaviours produced during games were compared with the results of language tests administered during the experimental sessions. Strong correlations were found between the results of these two measures of language. The predictive nature of vocal behaviours during games is discussed.

scholarly journals It's the Market: The Broad-Based Rise in the Return to Top Talent

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 35-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven N Kaplan ◽  
Joshua Rauh
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Technical Change ◽  
The United States ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Income Share ◽  
Managerial Power ◽  
The Us ◽  
Biased Technological Change ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Over Time

One explanation that has been proposed for rising inequality is that technical change allows highly talented individuals, or “superstars” to manage or perform on a larger scale, applying their talent to greater pools of resources and reaching larger numbers of people, thus becoming more productive and higher paid. Others argue that managerial power has increased in a way that allows those at the top to receive higher pay, that social norms against higher pay levels have broken down, or that tax policy affects the distribution of surpluses between employers and employees. We offer evidence bearing on the different theories explaining the rise in inequality in the United States over recent decades. First we look the increase in pay at the highest income levels across occupations. We consider the income share of the top 1 percent over time. And we turn to evidence on inequality of wealth at the top. In looking at the wealthiest Americans, we find that those in the Forbes 400 are less likely to have inherited their wealth or to have grown up wealthy. The Forbes 400 of today also are those who were able to access education while young and apply their skills to the most scalable industries: technology, finance, and mass retail. We believe that the US evidence on income and wealth shares for the top 1 percent is most consistent with a “superstar”-style explanation rooted in the importance of scale and skill-biased technological change. It is less consistent with an argument that the gains to the top 1 percent are rooted in greater managerial power or changes in social norms about what managers should earn.

scholarly journals Following the crowd in times of crisis: Descriptive norms predict physical distancing, stockpiling, and prosocial behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 136843022110235
Author(s):  
Selma C. Rudert ◽  
Stefan Janke
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Longitudinal Survey ◽  
Descriptive Norms ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Perceived Behavior

Individuals engage in a variety of behavioral responses to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic, from complying with or transgressing against physical distancing regulations, to stockpiling or prosocial behavior. We predicted that particularly descriptive social norms are important in driving pandemic-related behavior as they offer guidelines in times of insecurity and crisis. To investigate this assumption, we conducted a longitudinal survey with two measurement points ( n = 1,907) in Germany during the spring of 2020. Results show that descriptive norms (perceived behavior of close others) positively predicted future transgression against distancing regulations, stockpiling, and prosocial behavior over time. In our analysis, we account for previous behavior as well as other potential predictors (subjective threat, personality). In sum, our findings highlight the power of descriptive norms in increasing compliance with pandemic-related regulations and promoting future prosocial behavior.

scholarly journals Representation of Gender Roles in Koirala’s Narendra Dai

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-32
Author(s):  
Asmita Bista
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Gender Issues ◽  
Gender Theory ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Policing ◽  
Over Time

 Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala‟s novel Narendra Dai is replete with gender issues of the then society that has marked its relevance even at the present time. This article examines how this novel has explored the concept of gender as a per formative entity; and shows that the characters perform the traditional gender roles because of the strict socio-cultural obligations. It also examines while performing the traditional gender roles, how the lives of these characters get affected. For that Judith Butler’s idea of gender theory has been used. Butler proposes theory of gender as a constant performance: a series of cues observed, internalized, and repeated over time. The significance of this study is to contribute a different perspective for the reader to see Narendra Dai because in this novel, Koirala has shown that since the characters cannot go against the social norms, they perform traditional gender roles via social policing and polishing. The study concludes that these characters define the socially prescribed gender roles because gender is socio-political construction that achieves legitimacy and naturality via perpetual observation and repetition.

Religiosity as a public good

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 2-12
Author(s):  
Richard Sherlock
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Political Order ◽  
National Defense ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Police Protection ◽  
Over Time

Public Goods can be seen as one important way in which societies sustain themselves over time. These are part of the puzzle of the development of political order. Public goods like the rule of law are non-substractable and non-excludable. For economists the classic textbook examples are national defense and police protection. In this paper I argue that religiosity can function like police protection, a means of sustaining order through fear of punishment from a transcendent source. As a means of reducing defection from social norms it has a role to play as a public good. But religion cannot at the same time be seen as the source of such norms or dissention will undermine the very order that punishment seems to reinforce.

scholarly journals “I AM a Man”: Manhood, Minority Men’s Health and Health Equity

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek M. Griffith, PhD
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Health Equity ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Men’S Health ◽  
Life Course Perspective ◽  
Men's Health ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Over Time

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To consider how manhood is a key social determinant of minority men’s health.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>This commentary explicates how manhood intersects with other determinants of health to shape minority men’s stress responses, health behaviors and health outcomes across the life course.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Manhood, which perpetu­ally needs to be proven, is an aspirational identity that is defined by the intersection of age, race/ethnicity and other identities. Mi­nority men seek to and successfully embody US-cultural and ethnic-specific aspects of manhood in their daily lives by engaging in behaviors that constantly reaffirm their gen­der identity through a complex internal and social calculus that varies by intra-personal characteristics and context. Manhood and health are relational constructs that highlight how the salience of masculinities are shaped by perceived and actual social norms and expectations. A life course perspective adds a framework for considering how some gendered beliefs, goals and behaviors change over time while others remain static. Three life course frameworks highlight dif­ferent mechanisms through which minority men’s life experiences and physiological and behavioral responses to gendered social norms, beliefs and expectations become embodied as premature mortality and other health outcomes over the life course.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Manhood represents an impor­tant lens to understand how minority men’s identities, goals and priorities affect their health, yet the role of manhood in minority men’s health is understudied and under­developed. To achieve health equity, it is critical to consider how manhood shapes minority men’s lives and health across the life course, and to address how man­hood affects gendered and non-gendered mechanisms and pathways that explain minority men’s health over time. <em>Ethn Dis. </em>2015;25(3):287-293.</p>

scholarly journals Information Diffusion and Social Norms Are Associated with Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices in Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 149 (11) ◽  
pp. 2034-2045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phuong H Nguyen ◽  
Edward A Frongillo ◽  
Sunny S Kim ◽  
Amanda A Zongrone ◽  
Amir Jilani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Young Child ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Child Feeding ◽  
Young Child Feeding ◽  
Behavior Change Interventions ◽  
Infant And Young Child ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Interaction within mothers’ social networks can theoretically diffuse messages from interventions and campaigns into norms and practices for infant and young child feeding (IYCF). Objectives We hypothesized that mothers’ social networks, diffusion of information, and social norms differed in intensive [intensive interpersonal counseling (IPC), community mobilization (CM), and mass media (MM)] compared with nonintensive (standard IPC and less-intensive CM and MM) intervention areas, were associated with IYCF practices, and partly explained practice improvement. Methods We conducted household surveys at endline in 2014 and follow-up in 2016 (n = ∼2000 each round). We used multiple regression to test differences and changes in networks, diffusion, and norms within intervention areas. We analyzed paths from intervention exposure to IYCF practices through networks, diffusion, and norms. Results Mothers’ networks were larger in intensive than in nonintensive areas in 2014 and increased in both areas over time [25–38 percentage points (pp)]. The prevalence of receipt of IYCF information was high, with no changes over time in intensive areas but an increase in nonintensive areas (8–16 pp). In both areas, more family members and health workers provided IYCF information over time. Sharing of information increased 17–23 pp in intensive and 11–41 pp in nonintensive areas over time. Perceived descriptive norms improved 8–16 pp in intensive and 17–28 pp in nonintensive areas. Perceived injunctive norms were high in both areas. Breastfeeding practices were associated with networks, diffusion, and norms (OR: 1.6–4.4 times larger comparing highest with lowest quartile). Minimum dietary diversity was associated with larger networks and diffusion (OR: 1.5–2.2) but not with social norms. Indirect paths from intervention exposure to practices explained 34–78% of total effects. Conclusions Diffusion of IYCF information through social networks, reinforced by positive social norms for messages promoted over time, will contribute to positive changes in IYCF practices that may be achieved and sustained through large-scale social and behavior change interventions. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT0274084.

The Future of Friendship

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-60
Author(s):  
Rebecca Roache
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Time Constraints ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Cultural Preferences ◽  
The Future ◽  
Over Time

This chapter focuses on the future of friendship, arguing that there is no reason to believe that the future of friendship will be fundamentally different from how friendship has been in the past. Despite cross-cultural differences, Dunbar’s Number remains constant and people with different friendship styles enjoy roughly the same health and emotional benefits from their friendships. Barring drastic change, it is likely that the future of friendship is not going to be markedly different from the past and the present of friendship. On closer examination, the sorts of things that are commonly viewed as threats to friendship — like social media and echo chambers — turn out to be less ominous. Time constraints, established social norms, and personal and cultural preferences are likely to apply brakes to the speed at which friendship transforms over time.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document