Aux Sources De La Sociolinguistique

1986 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.F.K. Koerner

RESUME Bien que le terme 'sociolinguistics' n'ait ete introduit dans le vocabulai-re technique de la linguistique qu'en 1952 par Haver Currie et que la socio-linguistique ne soit devenue une sous-discipline importante de la science du langage que depuis les annees soixante (v. Bright 1966), cet article main-tient qu'une telle approche du langage existait depuis longtemps, peut-etre plus de cent ans. En d'autres mots, nous avangons qu'il y avait une sociolin-guistique bien avant la lettre. En effet, on retrouve dans la linguistique generate de Wiliam Dwight Whitney (1827-1894) et de Heymann Steinthal (1823-1899) et dans quel-ques articles de Michel Breal (1832-1915) des annees 60 et 70 du siecle dernier des observations qui mettent en relief la nature sociale du langage. Les dialectologues de la meme periode, surtout en France et dans les pays de langue allemande, etaient tout a fait conscients du fait que l'etude des patois, des parlers et des langues orales en general devait etre guidee par des considerations sociologiques (v. Malkiel 1976). Dans la linguistique compa-ree et historique c'est Antoine Meillet (1866-1936), eleve de Saussure et de Breal et collaborates de la revue d'Emile Durkheim, Vannee sociologique, au debut de notre siecle, qui a insiste sur l'importance de l'aspect social (et sociologique) dans l'etude du changement linguistique (par ex., Meillet 1905). Avec ses eleves de Paris, surtout Joseph Vendryes (1875-1960), Alf Sommerfelt (1892-1965) et Marcel Cohen (1884-1974), Meillet etablit l'ecole sociologique du langage (par ex., Vendryes 1921; Sommerfelt 1932; Cohen 1956). Enfin, il existe — a cote de la dialectologie et de l'histoire des langues — encore une troisieme source de la sociolinguistique: l'etude du bilinguisme (par ex., Max Weinreich 1931; Haugen 1953). Ces trois traditions de la recherche linguistique se trouvent toutes reunis dans l'etude de Uriel Weinreich (1926-1967), Languages in Contact (1953), et puisque l'ouvrage de William Labov de 1966, The Social Stratification of English in New York City, qui est souvent cite (bien a tort) comme point de depart de la sociolo-gie moderne, representait sa these de doctorate ecrite sous la direction de Weinreich, il n'est pas etonnant de voir ces traditions, surtout celles de la linguistique geographique et de la linguistique historique, maintenues dans l'oeuvre de Labov (par ex., 1976, 1982). SUMMARY Although the term 'sociolinguistics' was not introduced into linguistic nomenclature before 1952 (see Currie 1952) and the field became a recognized field of research in the late 1960s only (e.g., Bright 1966), it is clear that the subject did not begin two decades ago. Indeed, an investigation into the sources of 'sociolinguistics' reveals that its beginnings go back at least 100 years, to the work of William Dwight Whitney (1827-1894), Heymann Steinthal (1823-1899), Michel Breal (1832-1915), and others. However, these were the first programmatic statements and a number of developments in the study of language were necessary to converge upon the kind of sociolinguistics which most students of language associate with the name of William Labov (e.g., Labov 1966), at least in North America. Interestingly enough, it is also in the work of Labov (e.g., 1972) that the origins of 'sociolinguistics' (to some extent in contradistinction to the 'sociology of language' approach associated with Basil Bernstein, Joshua A. Fishman, and others) could be traced, although neither Labov nor the prolific Dell Hymes has written anything on the history of sociolinguistics. (Indeed, the only paper that comes close to it was written by an outsider to the field, the great Romance scholar Yakov Malkiel, in 1976.) In my paper, I shall demonstrate that there are essentially three major traditions of investigation that led to 'sociolinguistics', namely, (1) Dialectology, especially the work done in German-speaking lands and in France from the 1870s onwards (e.g., Georg Wenker [1852-1911], Jules Gillieron [1854-1926], and others) — part of which had been undertaken in an effort to verify and possibility to support the neogrammarian 'regularity hypothesis' of sound changes; (2) Historical Linguistics, in particular the kind advocated by Antoine Meillet (1866-1936) and his school (e.g., Meillet 1905; Vendryes 1921), which developed into a 'science sociologique' of linguistics in general (Sommerfelt 1932) and a 'sociologie du langage' (e.g., Cohen 1956) among the younger Meillet disciples, and (3) Bilingualism Studies (e.g., Max Weinreich 1931; Haugen 1953), traditions all of which can be found united in the 1953 study of Uriel Weinreich (1926-1967), who happens to have been Labov's teacher and mentor.

Author(s):  
Patrick Chura

This chapter looks at the effects of capitalism and social stratification on notions of class identity in two groups of American realist novels. First, it analyzes a pair of literary responses by William Dean Howells to the 1886 Chicago Haymarket bombing as the lead-in to a discussion of realist works about voluntary downward class mobility or “vital contact.” With Howells’s A Hazard of New Fortunes as a reference point and paradigm, the chapter also explores the ideologies implicit in several novels about upward social mobility, noting how both groups of texts are ultimately guided by a genteel perspective positioned between dominant and subordinate classes. In similar ways, the novels treated in the chapter balance middle-class loyalties against identities from higher and lower on the social scale while sending messages of both complicity and subversion on the subject of capitalist class relations.


2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-175
Author(s):  
NIMROD HURVITZ ◽  
EDWARD FRAM

Professional jurists are often inquisitive about the subject matter of their calling and in the course of their careers may well develop fascinating insights into the law and those who interpret it. Their employers, however, be they governments, corporations, firms, or private clients, rarely show similar enthusiasm for such insights unless the hours spent pondering the social or historical significance of this or that legal view have a contemporary value that justifies the lawyer's fee.Thankfully, other members of society are rewarded for mining the legal records of the past. For legal historians, the search often focuses on the changing legal ideas and how legal doctrine develops over time to meet the changing needs of societies. Yet because the law generally deals with concrete matters – again, because jurists are paid by people who are unlikely to remunerate those who simply while away their hours making up legal cases – it offers a reservoir of information that can be used, albeit with caution, in fields other than just the history of the law.A partial reconstruction of the law of any given time and place is among the more obvious historical uses of legal documents but statutes, practical decisions, and even theoretical texts can be used to advance other forms of the historical endeavour. Legal works often reflect the values both of jurists and society-at-large, for while the law creates social values it is not immune to changes in these very values.


1948 ◽  
Vol 135 (879) ◽  
pp. 133-147

In 1880 George Eastman commenced the manufacture and sale of gelatin photographic dry plates in Rochester, New York. From that undertaking, the Eastman Kodak Company, incorporated as an American company in 1902, has developed. In 1912 Mr Eastman decided to organize a laboratory, independent of the factory laboratories, which should carry out work on both the science and practice of photography. He was influenced by his observation of the success of industrial research under Dr Whitney’s direction at the research laboratory of the General Electric Company in Schenectady, New York, U. S. A. and of the laboratories of the great German dye works. He had been particularly impressed by the work done by the Bayer Company at Elberfeld. In 1906 I had completed my thesis for the doctorate of science at University College, London, the subject being the theory of the photographic process, and had joined the old-established but very small firm of Wratten and Wainwright, Ltd., of Croydon as joint managing director. At Croydon both the conduct of research on photography and its application to the manufacture of photographic materials were continued actively, so that by 1912 many new materials had been introduced, especially panchromatic plates and the light filters and dark-room safe-lights required for their use; and the little firm was flourishing.


2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juli Antoni Aguado Hernández

La historia del antimilitarismo en el Estado español es, en gran medida, desconocida. El presente trabajo pretende subsanar parcialmente esta carencia mediante la compilación de la literatura y las fuentes existentes sobre la materia, parciales o basadas en períodos específicos, exponiendo estas resistencias desde el pacifismo inicial del siglo XIX hasta el final de la Guerra Civil. Esta labor se realiza desde la confluencia entre la historia y la sociología, insertando estas movilizaciones en los conflictos y los movimientos internacionales, mostrando cómo se influyen mutuamente, así como la convergencia entre el feminismo y el antimilitarismo. Asimismo, se constata cómo la defensa de la paz o la resistencia al servicio de armas y la militarización social sólo pueden ser movilizadas cuándo la narrativa del sometimiento puede ser percibida como opresión, al imponerse el principio democrático de libertad e igualdad en el imaginario social (tesis de los efectos de desplazamiento). De forma paralela, se evidencia cómo el antimilitarismo proporciona el espacio para la emergencia de nuevos conocimientos y prácticas de resistencia noviolentas (tesis de los movimientos como laboratorios de la sociedad civil), extendiendo la concepción prevaleciente del derecho.The history of antimilitarism in the Spanish State is largely unknown. The present work intends to complete particularly this lack by compiling literature and existing sources on the subject, partial or based on specific periods, exposing these resistances from the initial pacifism of the 19th century until the end of the Civil war. This work is carried out from the confluence between history and sociology, inserting these mobilizations in conflicts and international movements, and showing how they influence each other, as well as the convergence between feminism and antimilitarism.Furthermore, it can be seen how the defense of peace or resistance to arms service and social militarization can only be mobilized when the narrative of subjugation can be perceived as oppression by imposing the democratic principle of freedom and equality in the social imaginary (thesis of the displacement effects). Similarly, it is evident how antimilitarism provides the space for the emergence of new knowledge and practices of nonviolent resistance (thesis of movements as laboratories of civil society) extending the prevailing conception of right.


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