Going to the zoo

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 380-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerardine M. Pereira

This paper reports on an investigation of gaze patterns and other non-verbal behavior in dyadic, problem-solving based interactions. In a planning activity, participants are given an instruction sheet and a physical map of a zoo. Both participants must coordinate their actions to find a common solution to the problem. This paper aims at examining how activity-based interactions vary from other interactions, such as everyday conversation and story-telling (Goodwin 1980; Bavelas et al. 2002, 2007). The findings of this paper suggest that participants’ non-verbal behavior, such as smiling, nodding and in particular gaze, varies according to the interactional organization. In egalitarian interactions gaze directed at the other person occurs together with meta-task utterances, for example personal and humorous remarks. This paper highlights the role of gaze in task-based interactions to show that gaze is an integral part of stance taking, as it enables participants to position themselves in a joint activity.

Author(s):  
О.В. Принципалова

В статье анализируются показатели градуальности, которые влияют на создание имиджа политической партии и позволяют политикам конструировать свое речевое поведение таким образом, чтобы выставлять в лучшем свете деятельность своей партии, а политику, проводимую политическими оппонентами, критиковать и подвергать сомнению. Слова-градуаторы рассматриваются как операторы имидж-поддерживающих или имидж-нарушающих процессов, объединяющие такие понятия, как «шкала», «норма» и «количество». За норму принимается идеализированная когнитивная модель имиджа. Слова-градуаторы в исследовании распределяются по степени интенсивности наличия признака на градуаторы с повышенной или недостаточной степенью этого признака. Каждая категория в свою очередь подразделяется на два модуса. При использовании градуаторов с повышенной степенью наличия признака акцентируется внимание на соответствии своей партии идеализированной когнитивной модели имиджа или на несоответствии партии оппонентов данной модели. Использование градуаторов с недостаточной степенью наличия признака перемещает фокус с несоответствия своей собственной партии идеализированной когнитивной модели имиджа или «затемняет» полное соответствие конкурентов этой модели имиджа. Доказывается, что формирование смысла градуальности, усиление или уменьшение степени признака связано с когнитивными механизмами фокусирования и дефокусирования, которые являются средством воздействия на общественное сознание. The article analyzes the grading indicators that affect the creation of a political party’s image and allow politicians to design their verbal behavior in such a way as to expose the activities of their party in the best light, and criticize and question the policies pursued by political opponents. Grading words are considered as operators of image-supporting or image-disturbing processes, combining concepts such as “scale”, “norm” and “quantity”. The idealized cognitive model (ICM) of the image, which represents the idea of a positive image of the party and its members, developed over a long period of time, and is present in the minds of most carriers of a certain linguistic culture, acts as a norm on the basis of which the speaker grades the qualities and characteristics of his opponents. We define grading words as unchangeable lexical units, i.e. units that do not have inflections: adverbs of measure and degree, particles, conjunctions, interjections. On the other hand, the measurement relation can express the speaker's attitude to the s ubject of speech also using various lexical, derivational, morphological or syntactic means. In the study, the grading words are divided into those with an emphasized or weakened presence of the semantic sign. Each category, in turn, is subdivided into two modes. Grading words with an emphasized degree of the presence of a feature focus attention on the conformity of their party to the ICM image or on the discrepancy between the party of opponents and he ICM image. Grading words with an insufficient degree of presence of a feature shift the focus from the discrepancy between their own party and the ICM image or "obscure" the full compliance of competitors with the ICM image. It is proved that the formation of a sense of gradation, an increase or decrease in the degree of a feature, is associated with the cognitive mechanisms of focusing and defocusing, which are a means of influencing public consciousness.


Author(s):  
David Chandler

This article analyses how international statebuilding has shifted from ‘problem-solving’ towards a new discursive regime of acceptance and affirmation. It seeks to explore how the shift to ‘bottom-up’ or ‘post-liberal’ approaches in the early 2000s led to a focus upon epistemological barriers to intervention and an appreciation of complexity. It then describes a process of reflection upon statebuilding as a policy practice, whereby the need to focus on local context and relations, in order to take problems seriously, begins to further undermine confidence in the Western episteme. In other words, the ‘bottom-up’ approach, rather than resolving the crisis of policy practices of statebuilding, seems to have further intensified it. It is argued that the way out of this crisis seems to be found in the rejection of the aspiration to know from a position of a ‘problem-solving’ external authority and instead to ‘unlearn’ from the opportunities opened up through the practices of exploring and engaging with the ‘other’.


Author(s):  
Maria Blancas ◽  
Cristina Valero ◽  
Vasiliki Vouloutsi ◽  
Anna Mura ◽  
Paul F. M. J. Verschure

The aim of this work is two-fold. On the one hand, the authors wish to provide relevant information to educators willing to develop an educational robotics (ER) curriculum. They thus provide the current state of the art in the field of ER and the various approaches reported in the literature. They also provide examples of how computational thinking (CT) can be applied in ER and main theories behind ER: constructivism, constructionism, and inquiry-based learning. As ER requires problem-solving abilities, they discuss the link between CT and metacognition, which is considered one of the required educational improvements of the 21st century (also related to the role of gender in STEM methodologies). On the other hand, they wish to present their methodology to teach coding and ER (coding robots through exploring their affordances – CREA), how it was designed, and its main outcomes. It aims at teaching programming and robotics to children in primary school, focusing not on only the performance of the students, but also the cultivation of collaboration, communication, creativity, and critical thinking.


1995 ◽  
Vol 74 (05) ◽  
pp. 1271-1275 ◽  
Author(s):  
C M A Henkens ◽  
V J J Bom ◽  
W van der Schaaf ◽  
P M Pelsma ◽  
C Th Smit Sibinga ◽  
...  

SummaryWe measured total and free protein S (PS), protein C (PC) and factor X (FX) in 393 healthy blood donors to assess differences in relation to sex, hormonal state and age. All measured proteins were lower in women as compared to men, as were levels in premenopausal women as compared to postmenopausal women. Multiple regression analysis showed that both age and subgroup (men, pre- and postmenopausal women) were of significance for the levels of total and free PS and PC, the subgroup effect being caused by the differences between the premenopausal women and the other groups. This indicates a role of sex-hormones, most likely estrogens, in the regulation of levels of pro- and anticoagulant factors under physiologic conditions. These differences should be taken into account in daily clinical practice and may necessitate different normal ranges for men, pre- and postmenopausal women.


1998 ◽  
pp. 61-62
Author(s):  
N. S. Jurtueva

In the XIV century. centripetal tendencies began to appear in the Moscow principality. Inside the Russian church, several areas were distinguished. Part of the clergy supported the specificobar form. The other understood the need for transformations in society. As a result, this led to a split in the Russian church in the 15th century for "non-possessors" and "Josephites". The former linked the fate of the future with the ideology of hesychasm and its moral transformation, while the latter sought support in alliance with a strong secular power.


2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Feldman

This paper is a contribution to the growing literature on the role of projective identification in understanding couples' dynamics. Projective identification as a defence is well suited to couples, as intimate partners provide an ideal location to deposit unwanted parts of the self. This paper illustrates how projective identification functions differently depending on the psychological health of the couple. It elucidates how healthier couples use projective identification more as a form of communication, whereas disturbed couples are inclined to employ it to invade and control the other, as captured by Meltzer's concept of "intrusive identification". These different uses of projective identification affect couples' capacities to provide what Bion called "containment". In disturbed couples, partners serve as what Meltzer termed "claustrums" whereby projections are not contained, but imprisoned or entombed in the other. Applying the concept of claustrum helps illuminate common feelings these couples express, such as feeling suffocated, stifled, trapped, held hostage, or feeling as if the relationship is killing them. Finally, this paper presents treatment challenges in working with more disturbed couples.


Moreana ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (Number 207) (1) ◽  
pp. 36-56
Author(s):  
Gerard Wegemer

After establishing a context of More's lifelong engagement with the “calculus” of pleasure, this essay shows how the section devoted to the Utopians' pleasure philosophy is structured around five formulations of a “rule” to calculate “true and honest [honesta]” pleasure in ways that playfully imitate and echo the “rule” Cicero formulates several times in De officiis to discern one's duty when there seems to be a conflict between honestas et utilitas. When followed, the Utopian pleasure calculus shows the necessary role of societas, officii, iustitia, caritas, and the other aspects of human nature, most importantly friendship, that Cicero stresses in his rule and that he argued Epicurus ignored. Much of the irony and humor of this section depends on seeing the predominance of Ciceronian vocabulary in Raphael's unusual defense [patrocinium] of pleasure, rather than a Ciceronian defense of duty rooted in honestas. Throughout, however, this essay also shows how More goes beyond Cicero by including Augustinian and biblical allusions to suggest ways that our final end is not as Epicurus or the Stoics or Cicero claim; the language and allusions of this section point to a level of good cheer and care for neighbors and for God in ways quite different from any classical thinker.


1973 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 769-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Yokoyama ◽  
Hiroshi Tomogane ◽  
Katuaki Ôta
Keyword(s):  

ABSTRACT A non-steroidal oestrogen antagonist, MER-25, was administered to cycling rats for elucidating the role of oestrogen in the surge of prolactin observed on the afternoon of pro-oestrus (POe). In animals injected with 20 mg of MER-25 intramuscularly on the afternoon (16.30 h) of the first day of dioestrus (D-1), the surge of prolactin was blocked while the level of prolactin on the afternoon of POe of these animals was significantly higher than that of the corresponding controls injected with oil. Ovulation was also blocked in these animals treated with the drug on the afternoon of D-l. On the other hand, treatment on the morning (10.30 h) of the 2nd day of dioestrus failed to prevent not only the surge of prolactin but also ovulation. These observations provide strong evidence for the view that oestrogen is responsible for the surge of prolactin on the afternoon of POe, and that the surge is accompanied by that of LH.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document