Visual Crowding and the tone orthography of African languages

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Reading Process ◽  
African Languages ◽  
General Recognition ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
First Time ◽  
Visual Crowding ◽  
And Linguistics

The effect of Crowding has long been recognised by cognitive psychologists engaged in examining the reading process. Yet it is not generally taken into account by most field linguists involved in the development of tone orthographies for emerging African languages. True, there is a general recognition that diacritic overload is unhelpful, but this has never been articulated with the help of the more precise terminology already on offer from the field of cognitive psychology. Using an experimental tone orthography developed for Kabiye (Gur, Togo) as an example, I postulate that an exhaustive representation of tone by means of accents will trigger Crowding. This is a hypothesis that has yet to be tested under clinical conditions. But the aim of this article is to call the phenomenon by its name for the first time and thereby stimulate further research. I also hope to demonstrate by means of this single example the gulf that exists between cognitive psychology and linguistics. Once we recognise that the gulf exists, we can begin to build bridges.

Humanitites Data Warehousing

2008 ◽  
pp. 2364-2370
Author(s):  
Janet Delve
Keyword(s):  
Data Warehouse ◽  
Relational Databases ◽  
Data Warehousing ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Data Warehouses ◽  
Textual Data ◽  
Numeric Data ◽  
First Time ◽  
And Linguistics

Data Warehousing is now a well-established part of the business and scientific worlds. However, up until recently, data warehouses were restricted to modeling essentially numerical data – examples being sales figures in the business arena (e.g. Wal-Mart’s data warehouse) and astronomical data (e.g. SKICAT) in scientific research, with textual data providing a descriptive rather than a central role. The lack of ability of data warehouses to cope with mainly non-numeric data is particularly problematic for humanities1 research utilizing material such as memoirs and trade directories. Recent innovations have opened up possibilities for non-numeric data warehouses, making them widely accessible to humanities research for the first time. Due to its irregular and complex nature, humanities research data is often difficult to model and manipulating time shifts in a relational database is problematic as is fitting such data into a normalized data model. History and linguistics are exemplars of areas where relational databases are cumbersome and which would benefit from the greater freedom afforded by data warehouse dimensional modeling.

Features of electromyographic changes in patients with upper limb lesions during various exercise types performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-58
Author(s):  
B.I. Vakhitov ◽  
I.S Raginov ◽  
I.H. Vakhitov ◽  
R.A. Bodrova ◽  
A.V. Izosimova
Keyword(s):  
Emg Activity ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Average Amplitude ◽  
Emg Amplitude ◽  
Physical Exercises ◽  
Clear Peak ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
Low Amplitude ◽  
First Time ◽  
Flexion And Extension

For the first time in clinical conditions a study was carried out for estimation of average amplitude (AA-EMG) and frequency of oscillations repetitions parameters during dynamic and static exercises performance. We found that in healthy individuals EMG amplitude depends on the character of physical exercises performed. The largest EMG amplitude was registered when performing static exercises. It was found that in acute stroke patients, while performing flexion and extension of fingers, low-amplitude EMG activity was registered stretched for entire movement cycle without a clear peak of extremum. When performing static exercises, the amplitude and frequency of EMG oscillations changed significantly in a positive way.

West African Languages Congress

1963 ◽  
Vol 6 (03) ◽  
pp. 30-31
Author(s):  
Joseph Greenberg
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
The United States ◽  
West African ◽  
Financial Assistance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Substantial Portion ◽  
The West ◽  
African Languages ◽  
The Third ◽  
First Time

The Third West African Languages Congress took place in Freetown, Sierra Leone, from March 26 to April 1, 1963. This was the third of the annual meetings of those interested in West African languages sponsored by the West African Languages Survey, previous meetings having been held in Accra (1961) and Dakar (1962). The West African Languages Survey is a Ford Foundation project. Additional financial assistance from UNESCO and other sources contributed materially to the scope and success of the meeting. This meeting was larger than previous ones both in attendance and in number of papers presented and, it may be said, in regard to the scientific level of the papers presented. The official participants, seventy-two in number, came from virtually every country in West Africa, from Western European countries and from the United States. The linguistic theme of the meeting was the syntax of West African languages, and a substantial portion of the papers presented were on this topic. In addition, there was for the first time at these meetings a symposium on the teaching of English, French and African languages in Africa. The papers of this symposium will be published in the forthcoming series of monographs planned as a supplement to the new Journal of West African Languages. The other papers are to appear in the Journal of African Languages edited by Jack Berry of the School of Oriental and African Studies.

scholarly journals Expansion ofCD8+CD57+T Cells in an Immunocompetent Patient with Acute Toxoplasmosis

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. García-Muñoz ◽  
P. Rodríguez-Otero ◽  
A. Galar ◽  
J. Merino ◽  
J. J. Beunza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Chronic Phase ◽  
Immune Dysfunction ◽  
Immunocompetent Patient ◽  
Acute Toxoplasmosis ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
First Time

CD57+T cells increase in several viral infections like cytomegalovirus, herpesvirus, parvovirus, HIV and hepatitis C virus and are associated with several clinical conditions related to immune dysfunction and ageing. We report for the first time an expansion of CD8+CD57+T cells in a young patient with an acute infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Our report supports the concept that CD8+CD57+T cells could be important in the control of chronic phase of intracellular microorganisms and that the high numbers of these cells may reflect the continuing survey of the immune system, searching for parasite proliferation in the tissues.

scholarly journals No detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA on urethral swab in patients with positive naso-pharyngeal swab

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Spirito ◽  
Biagio Pinchera ◽  
Angela Patrì ◽  
Mario Delfino ◽  
Ciro Imbimbo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Human Tissues ◽  
Pharyngeal Swab ◽  
Genitourinary System ◽  
Oropharyngeal Swab ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
Respiratory Droplets ◽  
First Time ◽  
Larger Sample

Abstract Background The recent SARS-CoV-2 infection is the cause of one of the most important pandemics that history has ever experienced. SARS-CoV-2 can lead to a MOF (Multiple Organ Failure) that is critical for life of patients. Viral RNA is found in human tissues as lung, intestine, testicle, kidney, etc. and it is the reason to theorize different ways of transmission of the virus in addition to respiratory droplets. The aim of our study was to evaluate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in urethral swabs. Methods We enrolled 10 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection who attended the Infectious Diseases Unit of the A.O.U. Federico II of Naples, from March 2020 to April 2020. For each patient, one urethral swab was collected at the time of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results All ten patients had a negative urethral swab for SARS-CoV-2 RNA when the rhino-oropharyngeal swab was found to be positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Our data show for the first time that the virus would not affect the urinary tract and therefore would not be found in the urine and even less would it be transmissible through the urine. This result was independent of the stage of the disease, in fact, regardless of the severity of the clinical conditions, all patients had a negative urethral swab for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Conclusion This observation, which needs to be further investigated with further studies and a larger sample, could be the cornerstone for understanding the role of SARS-CoV-2 in relation to the genitourinary system.

The Oxford Handbook of African Languages

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Conversation Analysis ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Comparative Linguistics ◽  
African Languages ◽  
Anthropological Linguistics ◽  
Cognition And Culture ◽  
And Linguistics

This book provides a comprehensive overview of current research in African languages, drawing on insights from anthropological linguistics, typology, historical and comparative linguistics, and sociolinguistics. Africa is believed to host at least one-third of the world’s languages, usually classified into four phyla—Niger-Congo, Afro-Asiatic, Nilo-Saharan, and Khoisan—which are then subdivided into further families and subgroupings. This volume explores all aspects of research in the field, beginning with chapters that cover the major domains of grammar and comparative approaches. Later parts provide overviews of the phyla and subfamilies, alongside grammatical sketches of eighteen representative African languages of diverse genetic affiliation. The volume additionally explores multiple other topics relating to African languages and linguistics, with a particular focus on extralinguistic issues: language, cognition, and culture, including color terminology and conversation analysis; language and society, including language contact and endangerment; language and history; and language and orature.

Humanities Data Warehousing

2011 ◽  
pp. 987-992
Author(s):  
Janet Delve
Keyword(s):  
Data Warehouse ◽  
Relational Databases ◽  
Data Warehousing ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Data Warehouses ◽  
Textual Data ◽  
Numeric Data ◽  
First Time ◽  
And Linguistics

Data Warehousing is now a well-established part of the business and scientific worlds. However, up until recently, data warehouses were restricted to modeling essentially numerical data – examples being sales figures in the business arena (in say Wal-Mart’s data warehouse (Westerman, 2000)) and astronomical data (for example SKICAT) in scientific research, with textual data providing a descriptive rather than a central analytic role. The lack of ability of data warehouses to cope with mainly non-numeric data is particularly problematic for humanities1 research utilizing material such as memoirs and trade directories. Recent innovations have opened up possibilities for ‘non-numeric’ data warehouses, making them widely accessible to humanities research for the first time. Due to its irregular and complex nature, humanities research data is often difficult to model, and manipulating time shifts in a relational database is problematic as is fitting such data into a normalized data model. History and linguistics are exemplars of areas where relational databases are cumbersome and which would benefit from the greater freedom afforded by data warehouse dimensional modeling.

Twenty Five Years of Constructive Type Theory

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Sambin ◽  
Jan M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Type Theory ◽  
Foundations Of Mathematics ◽  
Philosophical Significance ◽  
Constructive Type Theory ◽  
Constructive Type ◽  
The Subject ◽  
De Bruijn ◽  
First Time ◽  
And Linguistics ◽  
Tremendous Impact

Per Martin-Löf's work on the development of constructive type theory has had a tremendous impact on the fields of logic and the foundations of mathematics. It also has broader philosophical significance and important applications in areas such as computing science and linguistics. This volume draws together contributions from researchers whose work builds on the theory developed by Martin-Löf over the last twenty-five years. As well as celebrating the anniversary of the birth of the subject it covers many of the diverse fields which are now influenced by type theory. It is an invaluable record of current activity and includes contributions from N. G. de Bruijn and William Tait, both important figures in the early development of the subject. Also published for the first time is one of Per Martin-Löf's earliest papers.

First-Time Leaders and Implicit Leadership Theory

2021 ◽  
pp. 109-131
Author(s):  
Steven Walczak
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Social Information Processing ◽  
Leadership Theories ◽  
Implicit Leadership ◽  
Implicit Leadership Theory ◽  
Implicit Leadership Theories ◽  
Stress Changes ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time

First-time leaders may find themselves thrust into very stressful situations for their teams and organizations at large. First-time leaders in corporations, the classroom, sports, the military, and politics should understand how stress changes the way followers perceive their leader and the ideal traits for a leader through changing leadership prototype schemas. Implicit leadership theories, social information processing, and cognitive psychology suggest that stress can influence the activation of schema. Changing leadership prototype schemas of followers may affect subsequent productivity and efficiency. This chapter examines if leadership prototype schemas change under stress and recommends ways first-time leaders can respond to these changing schemas, including how female first-time leaders who are often initially perceived as more sensitive leaders can utilize changing perceptions and ideal leader prototypes under stressful conditions.

Prizes for Books in African Languages. Awards in Fourth Competition

Africa ◽  
1934 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-375
Keyword(s):  
Executive Council ◽  
African Languages ◽  
First Time

The awards in the fourth competition for books written by Africans in African languages have now been made, and the list of prize-winners is given below. This was the first time that only three languages were selected for competition, these being Yoruba, Kikuyu, and Chuana. Altogether 39 manuscripts were received, divided among the selected languages as follows: Yoruba 18, Kikuyu 12, Chuana 9. The experts who assisted in the examination of the entries were: Mr. A. Hunt Cooke, Archdeacon J. McKay, Mr. H. G. Ramshaw for Yoruba; Rev. T. F. C Bewes, Mr. W. Scott Dickson, Mrs. Rampley for Kikuyu; Herr F. Krüger for Chuana; and the Sub-Committee appointed by the Executive Council to judge the manuscripts desires to express its indebtedness to these experts for the careful reports submitted, which gready facilitated the work.

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