Silk route beginnings.

2021 ◽  
pp. 80-93
Author(s):  
James F. Hancock

Abstract This chapter is comprised of eleven subsections that narrate the early stages of the silk trade in Central Asia. The subchapters include the Ancient Steppe routes, horses and the balance of power in Central Asia, the expansion of China, the Chinese struggle with Mighty Xiongnu, adventures of Zhang Qian, Han Chinese taking control of their borderlands, the silk route map, the engines of the silk routes, the merchants of the silk routes, cultural diffusion along the silk routes, and lastly, postscript - discovery of the Buddhist cave complexes.

2021 ◽  
pp. 172-188
Author(s):  
James F. Hancock

Abstract This chapter has eleven subsections that explain the context of the European political economy and trade during the late medieval period. The subchapters are about the late medieval European economy, spices in medieval cuisine, spices in medieval medicine, silk in medieval Europe, the world system in the thirteenth century, the Venetian trading empire, the Catalonian trade networks, the Hanseatic League, internal European trade and the Champagne Fairs, Genghis Khan and reopening of the silk route, and the end of the Crusader states and Muslim trade.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiyan Wang ◽  
Jing Zhao ◽  
Zheng Ren ◽  
Jin Sun ◽  
Guanglin He ◽  
...  

The origin and diversification of Muslim Hui people in China via demic or simple cultural diffusion is a long-going debate. We here generated genome-wide data at nearly 700,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 45 Hui and 14 Han Chinese individuals collected from Guizhou province in southwest China. We applied principal component analysis (PCA), ADMIXTURE, f-statistics, qpWave, and qpAdm analysis to infer the population genetic structure and admixture history. Our results revealed the Guizhou Hui people have a limited amount of West Eurasian related ancestry at a proportion of 6%, but show massive genetic assimilation with indigenous southern Han Chinese and Tibetan or Tungusic/Mongolic related northern East Asians. We also detected a high frequency of North Asia or Central Asia related paternal Y-chromosome but not maternal mtDNA lineages in Guizhou Hui. Our observation supports the cultural diffusion has played a vital role in the formation of Hui people and the migration of Hui people to southwest China was probably a sex-biased male-driven process.


Author(s):  
Ariel Cohen

No abstract available DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i8-9.125 The Mongolian Journal of International Affairs; Number 8-9, 2002, Pages 12-23


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. 86-91
Author(s):  
Gulnara K. Farmanova ◽  

The author of the article claims that archaeological research and scientific research were carried out in Central Asia at the beginning of the twentieth century, including in the Zarafshan valley. The article presents material on the directions of development of archaeological science in Uzbekistan on the example of several prominent scientists and specialists who carried out archaeological excavations at the beginning of the twentieth century. It also reveals the origins ofthe formation of archaeological research methodology at the early stages of the formation and development of archeology. The author notes large archaeological expeditions and their achievements during the period under study. However, besides the merits and achievements in scientific theoretical and practical research, errors, lack of personnel, experience, and methods for conducting archaeological excavations and research are shown


2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-47
Author(s):  
Ismail Kupaysinov ◽  

This article analyzes the factors that led to the arrival of British ambassadors and merchants in the Central Asian region in the early XIX century, the attitude of the Russian Empire to the ambassadors' personal diaries, and historical sources


2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-20
Author(s):  
Oscar R. Gómez

En este artículo se presenta la biografía de Antonio de Monserrat con el objeto de insertar en el pensamiento crítico budista a quien se considera el primer occidental iniciado en la filosofía tántrica e impulsor de ésta en Occidente a través de la Compañía de Jesús. Para ello, primero se hace un recorrido histórico que pone en foco cómo el budismo es desplazado de la India y se refugia entre las poblaciones de Asia central como la etnia Uigur en la actual Turquestán, cómo es adoptado por los emperadores chinos y se expande a lo largo de toda la Ruta de la Seda. La combinación del budismo indio con influencias occidentales (grecobudismo) dio origen a diversas escuelas budistas en Asia Central y en China. Luego se caracteriza en forma sintética la versión esotérica que adquiere el budismo (el tantra) y que se consolida en el siglo VIII en el Tíbet como budismo vajrayana (tántrico).Ésta es la forma de budismo que toman los gobernantes, que promueve la igualdad completa de personas y género, la idea del sujeto como una construcción de la cultura y la noción de deidades metafóricas —útiles para modelar el carácter de las personas pero de absoluta inexistencia— además del postulado budista de verdad relativa. Esta visión no teísta —o transteísta, como Gómez la prefiere llamar— se reflejaba en la total tolerancia religiosa del imperio Chino, Uigur y Mongol, que garantizaba la seguridad y el libre intercambio por la Ruta de la Seda. Es esta visión de sujetos no divididos en castas ni diferenciados por sangre lo que maravilla a de Montserrat al decir que los tibetanos “no tienen reyes entre sí” e inflama la avidez de quienes viajaron especialmente (a partir de los escritos de éste) a iniciarse en el budismo tántrico tibetano como los jesuitas Antonio de Andrade y Juan de Brito. El tercer apartado se dedica de lleno a la biografía de Antonio de Monserrat y a precisar su contacto con el tantra.Abstract This article presents Antonio de Montserrat’s biography to insert him in Buddhist critical thinking as whom is considered the first Westerner initiated into tantric philosophy and who became a driver thereof in the West through the Society of Jesus. To do so, a historical review is first presented to focus on the way Buddhism was removed from India and found refuge among the peoples of Central Asia such as the Uyghurs in present-day Turkistan, how it was then adopted by Chinese emperors and spread throughout the Silk Road. The combination of Indian Buddhism and Western influences (Greco-Buddhism) gave rise to several Buddhist schools in Central Asia and China. Then, the esoteric form Buddhism took (tantra) is briefly described, which was consolidated as Vajrayana (tantric) Buddhism in Tibet in the eighth century. That is the Buddhist form rulers have adopted, which promotes full social and gender equality, the idea of the subject as a cultural construction and the notion of metaphorical deities —useful to model people’s character but completely non-existent— in addition to the Buddhist principle of relative truth (not absolute). This non theistic view —or transtheistic, as Gómez would rather call, was projected in the absolute religious tolerance within the Chinese, Uyghur, and Mongolian empires, which ensured safety and free exchange on the Silk Route. Such standpoint of people not divided into castes or differentiated by reason of bloodline is what amazes de Montserrat when saying Tibetans "have no kings among them" and what encourages those who made a journey (based on de Montserrat’s writings) especially to receive initiation into Tibetan Tantric Buddhism such as Jesuits Antonio de Andrade and John de Brito. Finally, the article jumps in Antonio de Montserrat’s biography and it shows its connection with tantrism.


1995 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen C. Miller

This article links the emergence of communal palaces in northern Italian towns to the changing juridical relationship between bishops and communes. Architectural aggrandizement and changes in the words used to describe buildings were integral to the competition for power between these new urban governments and traditional ecclesiastical lords. Bishops' palaces, and the claims to authority they represented, were important influences upon the civic palazzi built in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries. The chronology and historical context of the emergence of episcopal palaces links them to the formation of the communes. The bishop, of course, always had a special residence, but throughout the early Middle Ages it was identified as a domus or an episcopium; only the emperor had a palatium. Over the eleventh and early twelfth centuries, however, bishops began calling their residences palatia. This bold change in name and evidence for new constructions closely correspond with the early stages of communal organization. It was usually followed by a period of wary collaboration and intense competition between the developing commune and the bishop. Late in the twelfth century and early in the thirteenth, the balance of power between bishops and communes shifted decisively in favor of the latter, and these urban governments crowned their juridical victories architecturally, building their own palatia.


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