Relations between plasma non-esterified fatty acid metabolism and body tissue mobilization during chronic undernutrition in goats

1. Eleven mature goats were offered 140 kJ metabolizable energy/kg per d (M) of lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay-oaten grain (1:1, w/w) for at least 1 month before plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) kinetics and tritiated water space (TS) were determined.2. Goats were then fed at M, 0.5 M or 0.25 M for 34 (se 6) d, at which time the experimental procedures were repeated.3. Chronic undernutrition resulted in elevated NEFA concentrations and NEFA entry rate, with a tendency for the ratio plasma NEFA:glycerol to increase, suggesting that body-fat mobilization during prolonged underfeeding is due more to decreased lipogenesis and intracellular NEFA re-esterification rather than to increased lipolysis.4. Plasma NEFA concentrations and NEFA entry rate, as well as being highly correlated with each other, were significantly related to calculated energy balance and body fat losses estimated from changes in live weight and TS.5. Increases in NEFA entry rate were highly correlated with, and of the same magnitude as, body fat losses, confirming that NEFA kinetics do quantitatively reflect lipid mobilization.

Download Full-text

Relations between plasma non-esterified fatty acid metabolism and body fat mobilization in primiparous lactating goats

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19890007 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

pp. 51-61 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

F. R. Dunshea ◽

A. W. Bell ◽

T. E. Trigg

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Energy Balance ◽

Body Fat ◽

Tritiated Water ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Subsequent Stage ◽

Plasma Nefa ◽

Entry Rate ◽

Fat Mobilization ◽

Lactating Goats

During early lactation ruminants can mobilize considerable amounts of body fat to maintain milk production. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of tritiated water (TOH) and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) kinetics as means of monitoring adipose tissue fat mobilization in lactating goats. Body fat, as estimated by a two-pool model of TOH kinetics, and NEFA entry rate were measured in four primiparous goats at days 11, 37 and 72 post partum. Estimated body fat decreased by an average of 64 g/d between days 11 and 37 of lactation, tending to increase between days 37 and 72. Plasma NEFA concentrations and NEFA entry rate decreased as lactation advanced, being significantly lower at day 72 than at day 11 of lactation. Both plasma concentrations of NEFA and NEFA entry rate were negatively correlated with calculated energy balance. Plasma NEFA concentrations and NEFA entry rate at days 11 and 37 of lactation were positively related to average body fat losses over the subsequent stage of lactation. These results demonstrate that NEFA kinetics reflect fat mobilization in primiparous lactating goats, particularly during negative energy balance.

Download Full-text

Estimation of body water and fat in cattle using tritiated water space and live weight with particular reference to the influence of breed

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600037540 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 101 (2) ◽

pp. 257-264 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

P. R. N. Chigaru ◽

D. H. Holness

Keyword(s):

Body Fat ◽

Total Body Water ◽

Tritiated Water ◽

Live Weight ◽

Close Relation ◽

Body Water ◽

The Body ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Complete Diet ◽

Total Body

SUMMARYThe body composition of 18 each of Mashona, Afrikaner and Hereford heifers was measured at the beginning and after 16 and 32 weeks of the experiment. The heifers not slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment were fed a complete diet containing 132 g crude protein and 12·0 MJ metabolizable energy/kg dry matter. Before slaughter, the animals were deprived of food and water for 24 h. Each animal was infused with 1 mCi of tritiated water (TOH) in order to measure total body water (TBW) and to estimate body fat.The growth rate of the three breeds of heifers was similar despite differences in age and initial live weight. Both TBW and fat proportions, however, differed significantly (P < 0·01) between slaughter stages for each breed and between breeds at each slaughter stage. At the first, second and final slaughter stages the proportions of TBW were: 68·0, 59·4 and 54·5% for Mashona; 70·;5, 64·3 and 58·3% for Afrikaner and 65·3, 57·6 and 46·2% for Hereford heifers respectively. The corresponding proportions of body fat were: 10·2, 18·4 and 24·2% for Mashona; 6·6, 12·0 and 20·0% for Afrikaner and 13·7, 20·8 and 25·8% for Hereford heifers respectively.There was a close relation between empty body weight and live weight at slaughter which was not influenced by breed. Both TBW and fat were estimated more accurately when TOH space and live weight were used jointly. However, the slopes of the prediction equations for each breed were significantly different (P < 0·05) in the case of both total body water and fat. It was necessary to use separate equations for each breed in order to predict either body water or fat. The significance of these findings for the estimation of body fat in live cattle is discussed.

Download Full-text

Fat mobilization in Pietrain and Large White pigs

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19770019 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 167-186 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

J. D. Wood ◽

N. G. Gregory ◽

G. M. Hall ◽

D. Lister

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Oleic Acid ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Entry Rate ◽

Large White ◽

Insulin Metabolism ◽

Fat Mobilization ◽

Body Tissues ◽

Norepinephrine Infusion

1. Two experiments were done with Pietrain and Large White pigs (about 50 kg body-weight) to determine whether fat mobilization is enhanced in the stress-sensitive Pietrains (which also produce pale, soft, exudative (PSE) meat).2. In Expt 1, plasma glucose and insulin concentrations and free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations and composition were measured in five Pietrains and five Large Whites after feeding, during an infusion of norepinephrine (2.5 μg/kg body-weight per min), 16 and 21 h after the withdrawal of food and following insulin administration (0.3 IU/kg body-weight). The entry rate of oleic acid was measured 4 h after feeding. Body composition and longissimus dorsi pH measurements were made on killing the pigs 4 d after the experiment.3. After feeding, the Pietrains tended to have lower concentrations of glucose and insulin in plasma compared with the Large Whites, and higher concentrations of FFA. The Pietrains also had a faster entry rate of oleic acid into body tissues. In fasting (16 h) these differences in hormone and metabolite concentrations were also present and relationships between them and body development could be detected. Pietrains had higher concentrations of FFA and lower concentrations of insulin than Large Whites at a particular stage of the development of fat and muscle (subcutaneous fat weight÷longissimus muscle weight).4. The fatty acid composition of FFA resembled that of the backfat triglycerides in fasting and during norepinephrine infusion but not in the fed state. In particular the proportion of fatty acid 18:1 was low in the fed pigs and that of 18:2 was high. The contrast in FFA composition between the fed and stimulated state was greater in the Large Whites.5. The Pietrains were less sensitive to the antilipolytic action of insulin. Glucose and FFA concentrations were similar in both breeds during the norepinephrine infusion although insulin concentrations were increased to a larger extent in the Large Whites at the termination of the infusion.6. In Expt 2, anaesthetized Pietrain and Large White pigs were given constant infusions of norepinephrine alone (2.5 μg/kg body-weight per min) and norepinephrine+propranolol (2 and 10 μg/kg body-weight per min) or phentolamine (2 and 10 μg/kg body-weight per min). The aim was to determine whether the breeds differed in their sensitivity to norepinephrine when conscious responses to the hormone were prevented.7. When norepinephrine alone was infused, fat mobilization was greater in the Pietrain pigs and glucose concentrations were greater in the Large Whites. Propranolol markedly reduced the lipolytic action of norepinephrine, particularly in the Pietrain pigs studied, and phentolamine reduced its glycogenolytic action, particularly in the Large White pig.8. It seems that the leanness of stress-sensitive, PSE-susceptible Pietrain pigs may be due to an enhanced fat mobilization under various conditions, associated with an impairment in insulin metabolism and a greater sensitivity to the β-adrenergic action of catecholamines on body fat stores.

Download Full-text

Body composition changes in goats during early lactation estimated using a two-pool model of tritiated water kinetics

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19900015 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 64 (1) ◽

pp. 121-131 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

F. R. Dunshea ◽

A. W. Bell ◽

T. E. Trigg

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Energy Balance ◽

Body Fat ◽

Tritiated Water ◽

Live Weight ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Stage Of Lactation ◽

Calculated Energy ◽

Lactating Goats ◽

Pool Model

A two-pool model of tritiated water kinetics was used to estimate the major body water pools, and hence body composition, in goats at days 10, 38 and 76 of lactation. Between days 10 and 38 of lactation goats were, on average, in negative calculated energy balance and were estimated to have mobilized 59 g body fat stores/d. Mean calculated energy balance over days 38–76 of lactation was slightly positive and there was little change in estimated body fat. Gut fill increased over the early part of lactation when goats were mobilizing body fat. Consequently, live weight did not differ at any stage of lactation and did not provide a good index of body fat status of the goats. There were also no significant differences in empty-body-weight, water, protein, ash or fat-free mass at the three stages of lactation. As average calculated energy balance and changes in energy stored as fat were highly correlated, it is concluded that the two-pool model of tritiated water kinetics is a useful means of serially estimating changes in body fat content in unfasted lactating goats.

Download Full-text

Body fat mobilization during lactation in high-producing sows fed varied omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratios

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1139/cjas-2015-0082 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 96 (1) ◽

pp. 69-78 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Laura Eastwood ◽

Pascal Leterme ◽

A. Denise Beaulieu

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Body Fat ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Lipolytic Activity ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Negative Energy ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Plant Oil ◽

Fat Mobilization ◽

Omega 6

The effects of reducing dietary omega (n)-6 to n-3 fatty acid (FA) ratios on body fat mobilization in lactating sows (n = 100) were investigated. Treatments consisted of a control (tallow, low polyunsaturated FA, 8:1 n-6:n-3 ratio), 3 diets with plant oil based ratios (9:1P, 5:1P, and 1:1P), and a 5:1 fish oil diet (5:1F). An epinephrine [1.6 μg kg−1 body weight (BW)] challenge was used to measure adipose tissue lipolytic activity (glycerol, NEFA, and leptin) on d 5 of lactation from a subset of sows (9:1P and 1:1P groups) fitted with jugular catheters. Lactation feed intake was greatest for control and 5:1P-fed sows (8.3 kg d−1), lowest for 1:1P-fed sows (7.4 kg d−1), and intermediate for 9:1P- and 5:1F-fed sows (7.7 kg d−1; P = 0.047). Piglet average daily gain (ADG) and estimated milk output were unaffected by diet (P > 0.10). The 1:1P-fed sows had (P < 0.10) greater backfat thickness, increased circulating leptin, and reduced feed intake, which are correlated (P < 0.10) with increased circulating glycerol and NEFA. Sows fed a plant oil based 1:1 n-6:n-3 FA ratio appeared to be in a state of negative energy balance; however, as no effects were observed on piglet ADG, these sows were able to provide the same level of nutrients to their offspring as the 9:1P fed sows.

Download Full-text

A two-pool model of tritiated water kinetics to predict body composition in unfasted lactating goats

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100003585 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 47 (3) ◽

pp. 435-445 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

F. R. Dunshea ◽

A. W. Bell ◽

K. D. Chandler ◽

T. E. Trigg

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Body Fat ◽

Total Body Water ◽

Tritiated Water ◽

Live Weight ◽

Body Water ◽

Body Protein ◽

Lactating Goats ◽

Pool Model ◽

Total Body

ABSTRACTA two-pool model of tritiated water kinetics was investigated as a means of partitioning total body water into empty body water and gut water in 17 lactating goats. Empty body water, gut water and total body water were of a similar magnitude to, and highly correlated with, a rapidly equilibrating tritiated water pool, a more slowly equilibrating pool and the sum of these two pools, respectively.Empty body fat was poorly correlated with both live weight and empty body weight (R2 = 0·42 and 0·51, respectively). However, there was a strong inverse relationship between the water and fat contents of the empty body. Consequently, empty body fat was accurately predicted by a multiple regression equation which included both empty body weight and empty body water as independent variables (R2 = 0·97). Substitution of these variables with estimates derived from tritiated water kinetics still resulted in a high correlation (R2 = 0·88). Tritiated water kinetics offered little improvement over live weight alone in the prediction of empty body protein, empty body ash or fat-free empty body.

Download Full-text

The digestible and metabolizable energy of two fat blends for growing pigs as influenced by level of inclusion

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100036709 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 117-122 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

J. Wiseman ◽

D. J. A. Cole

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Dietary Fat ◽

Linear Equations ◽

Live Weight ◽

Latin Squares ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Quadratic Functions ◽

Multi Level ◽

Rate Of Decline

AbstractTwo fat blends differing in free fatty acid concentration and fatty acid composition were included in cereal-based diets at concentrations of 10, 30, 50, 70, 90 and 110g/kg. The digestible (DE) and metabolizable (ME) energy of each diet were estimated in a metabolism experiment based on three 4 × 4 Latin squares using gilts of 30 kg initial live weight fitted with indwelling bladder catheters. With increasing dietary fat both DE and ME increased linearly (P < 0·001) and the linear equations derived were used to calculate the DE values of the two fats by extrapolation. Values were 26·4 and 24·2 MJ/kg respectively for fats A and B. The change in dietary D E and ME to increasing dietary fat concentration showed a curvilinear trend (P = 0·0987 and 0·1268 respectively for DE and ME ) indicating that fats may not be correctly evaluated at only one rate of inclusion. The quadratic functions derived were interpolated to provide DE and ME data for the two fats. Values for DE for fat A ranged from 32·7 o t 25·7 MJ/kg at 10 and HOg/kg, and for fat B from 38·6 to 26·3 MJ/kg at 10 and 110 g/kg. Data for ME followed similar trends. It was concluded that multi-level assays are important in the evaluation of fats and that the rate of decline of fat DE and ME was specific to the fat examined.

Download Full-text

The effect of route of dosing and method of estimation of tritiated water space on the determination of total body water and the prediction of body fat in sheep

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600050279 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 82 (1) ◽

pp. 105-112 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

B. S. W. Smith ◽

A. R. Sykes

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Body Fat ◽

Total Body Water ◽

Specific Activity ◽

Tritiated Water ◽

Multiple Correlation Coefficient ◽

Body Water ◽

Total Body ◽

Water Space

SUMMARYEight mature female sheep were offered a ration which maintained body weight constant during a 20-week period. During the final 10 weeks a comparison was made in each animal of the pattern of equilibration and urinary losses of tritiated water during 8 h after dosing by four different routes. These were intravenous, intraperitoneal, intraruminal and a combination of the intraperitoneal and intraruminal routes. Tritiated water spaces were calculated from (a) the 8-h plasma specific activity and (b) by extrapolation to zero time of the plasma specific activities during the 7 days after injection. At the end of the experiment the fat and water contents of the bodies of the sheep were determined directly.Complete equilibration of tritiated water between plasma and rumen water was not achieved in all animals 8 h after intravenous or intraperitoneal injection but was when the rumen was primed by the combination of intraperitoneal and intraruminal dosing. After intraruminal dosing equilibration was not achieved in any animal within 8 h of dosing.Urinary losses of marker were lower after intraruminal dosing but otherwise averaged 4–5 % of the dose/1 urine. This was equivalent to 0·3–6·7% of the dose for individual sheep.Errors resulting from incomplete equilibration and urinary loss of marker did not influence the efficiency of prediction of total body water from tritiated water space. The multiple correlation coefficient relating body fat with empty body weight and its water content was very high (r = 0·99). Errors introduced into this relationship by the inclusion of gut water in the prediction equations were apparently of a similar magnitude to those resulting from the errors in the estimation of tritiated water space.The extrapolation method for the determination of tritiated water space was shown to have the same accuracy as equilibration techniques under these controlled dietary conditions.

Download Full-text

The nitrogen and energy metabolism of lactating cows given abomasal infusions of casein

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19860061 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 55 (3) ◽

pp. 537-556 ◽

Cited By ~ 109

Author(s):

F. G. Whitelaw ◽

J. S. Milne ◽

E. R. Ørskov ◽

J. S. Smith

Keyword(s):

Milk Yield ◽

Body Fat ◽

Latin Square ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Progressive Increase ◽

High Ratio ◽

Primary Response ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Energy Yield ◽

Fat Mobilization

1. Four cows in early lactation were given continuous infusion into the abomasum of 0, 200, 400 or 600 g lactic casein/d according to a Latin-square design. Each period was of 14 d and the Latin square was followed by 7 d in which an infusion of 800 g glucose/d was given. The basal diet was given at a level which provided sufficient nitrogen and energy for 10 kg milk yield/d.2. Infusion of casein resulted in significant increases in milk yield, milk N yield and milk energy yield; milk N increased progressively but milk energy reached a maximum at 400 g casein/d. Milk yields and composition when glucose was infused resembled those seen on the zero casein treatment.3. N-balance measurements indicated a severe deficit (–20 g/d) on the zero casein treatment and a progressive increase to +7 g/d as casein increased; N equilibrium was achieved at about 400 g casein/d. The regression of net productive N on N intake (P< 0.001) indicated that the efficiency of utilization of dietary N did not differ between treatments.4. Heat production increased with increase in casein infused (P< 0.05) but remained a constant proportion of the metabolizable energy (ME) intake. Energy balances were negative and did not differ significantly between treatments but calculation of the protein and fat components indicated a threefold increase in body fat mobilization in response to the first increment of casein. Milk yield adjusted to zero energy balance was significantly related to ME intake (P< 0.001) but the efficiency of encrgy utilization was not affected by the level of casein infusion.5. The concentrations of glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate and non-esterified fatty acids in plasma did not differ between treatments but the concentration of urea in plasma increased markedly (P< 0.05) at the highest level of casein addition. Insulin concentrations increased and growth hormone decreased (bothP< 0.05) with increase in casein infusion.6. The concentration of total amino acids (AA) in plasma increased up to 400 g casein/d and then declined. Changes in concentration and in the ratio of essential: total AA indicated a very high extraction rate of essential AA at the lower levels of casein infusion.7. The observed lactational responses are discussed in relation to the ratio of protein:energy in the absorbed nutrients. It is concluded that the primary response to casein was the correction of an AA deficit and that body fat mobilization was secondary and occurred in response to the high ratio of AA-N:energy in the infused casein.

Download Full-text