scholarly journals Effect of oat gum on the physical properties of the gastrointestinal contents and on the uptake of D-galactose and cholesterol by rat small intestine in vitro

1989 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. K. Lund ◽  
J. M. Gee ◽  
J. C. Brown ◽  
P. J. Wood ◽  
I. T. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

Recent reports indicate that oats have a relatively low glycaemic effect in comparison with other carbohydrate food, and that their consumption leads to a reduction in plasma-cholesterol levels in man. These properties may be due to a soluble non-starch polysaccharide in oats. The present study was undertaken to explore the physiological properties of this material. Three groups of male Wistar rats were meal-fed on a control diet free of soluble dietary fibre for 10 d before being given a 10 g meal of either the control diet, a diet containing oat gum (β-glucan), or finely ground rolled oats. The contents of the stomach, small intestine and caecum were later recovered and the weight, water content and viscosity were measured. The small intestinal contents from oat-gum-fed or oat-fed rats had a higher wet: dry weight ratio than that of the controls, and a higher viscosity. In in vitro studies the rate of uptake of d-galactose by jejunal rings was reduced in the presence of oat gum. The estimated Michaelis-Menten constant for the carrier-mediated component in the presence of oat gum was higher than that for controls, but the maximum transport rates were similar. Cholesterol uptake by everted jejunal sacs was progressively inhibited by increasing concentrations of oat gum in the mucosal medium. It is concluded that increased viscosity of the contents of the small intestine may contribute to the low glycaemic index and hypocholesterolaemic effects of oats in man. Oats appear to be amongst the few palatable sources of viscous dietary fibre in the conventional Western diet.

scholarly journals Broiler chicken body weights, feed intakes, plasma lipid and small-intestinal bile acid concentrations in response to feeding of chitosan and pectin

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Razdan ◽  
D. Pettersson ◽  
J. Pettersson
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Bile Acid ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Cholesterol Ratio ◽  
Body Weights

One-day-old broiler chickens were fed on a control diet based on maize and maize starch or diets containing 30g/kg of 89 % deacetylated chitin (chitosan) or low-methoxyl (34 % degree of esterification) pectin. Feeding of the chitosan diet to chickens significantly reduced body weights and feed intakes compared with animals fed on control or pectin diets on days 5 and 11 of the experiment. On day 12, significant reductions in total plasma cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol concentrations were observed among birds fed on the chitosan but not the pectin diet in relation to control-fed animals. A concomitant increase in the plasma HDL-cholesterol:total cholesterol ratio was observed among chitosan-fed chickens. The generally reduced concentrations of primary and total bile acids in the duodenum of birds fed on the fibre-containing diets on day 13 may have been an indication of a delay in the production and/or secretion of bile. Viscosity of the three broiler-chicken diets was measured after suspension in water, acidification and finally neutralization of the suspensions, in an attempt to simulate the effect of changes in pH and dilution of diets occurring in the gizzard and small intestine of chickens. Viscosity of the chitosan diet was significantly elevated after acidification and significantly reduced at neutralization in comparison with the control and pectin-containingdiets suggesting that the hypolipidaemic influence of chitosan observed in the present study may be due to interruption of enterohepatic bile acid circulation rather than increased viscosity in the small intestine of chickens. The low viscosity of the pectin dietin vitrotogether with the absence of a hypocholesterolaemic effect of this diet when fedin vivoprecludes any conclusion regarding the hypocholesterolaemic mechanism of pectin observed in earlier studies.

scholarly journals Experimental model for in vivo determination of dietary fibre and its effect on the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine

1981 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann-Sofie Sandberg ◽  
H. Andersson ◽  
B. Hallgren ◽  
Kristina Hasselblad ◽  
B. Isaksson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Direct Analysis ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Definition Of

1. An experimental model for the determination of dietary fibre according to the definition of Trowell et al. (1976) is described. Food was subjected to in vivo digestion in ileostomy patients, and the ileostomy contents were collected quantitatively, the polysaccharide components of which were analysed by gas–liquid chromatography and the Klason lignin by gravimetric determination. The model was used for the determination of dietary fibre in AACC (American Association of Cereal Chemists), wheat bran and for studies on the extent of hydrolysis of wheat-bran fibre in the stomach and small intestine. The effect of wheat bran on ileostomy losses of nitrogen, starch and electrolytes was also investigated.2. Nine patients with established ileostomies were studied during two periods while on a constant low-fibre diet. In the second period 16 g AACC wheat bran/d was added to the diet. The ileostomy contents and duplicate portions of the diet were subjected to determinations of wet weight, dry weight, water content, fibre components, starch, N, sodium and potassium.3. The wet weight of ileostomy contents increased by 94 g/24 h and dry weight by 10 g/24 h after consumption of bran. The dietary fibre of AACC bran, determined as the increase in polysaccharides and lignin of ileostomy contents after consumption of bran, was 280 g/kg fresh weight (310 g/kg dry matter). Direct analysis of polysaccharides and lignin in bran gave a value of 306 g/kg fresh weight. Of the added bran hemicellulose and cellulose 80–100% and 75–100% respectively were recovered in ileostomy contents. There was no significant difference between the two periods in amount of N, starch and K found in the ileostomy contents. The Na excretion increased during the ‘bran’ period and correlated well with the wet weight of ileostomy contents.4. In conclusion, it seems probable that determination of dietary fibre by in vivo digestion in ileostomy patients comes very close to the theoretical definition of dietary fibre, as the influence of bacteria in the ileum seems small. Bacterial growth should be avoided by using a technique involving the change of ileostomy bags every 2 h and immediate deep-freezing of the ileostomy contents. True dietary fibre can be determined by direct analysis of polysaccharides and lignin in the food, at least in bran. Very little digestion of hemicellulose and cellulose from bran occurs in the stomach and small bowel. The 10–20% loss in some patients may be due to digestion by the gastric juice or to bacterial fermentation in the ileum, or both. The extra amount of faecal N after consumption of bran, reported by others, is probably produced in the large bowel.

scholarly journals Effects of dietary fibre and tannins from apple pulp on the composition of faeces in rats

1992 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Bravo ◽  
F. Saura-Calixto ◽  
I. Goni
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Soluble Dietary Fibre ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Cross Links ◽  
Faecal Weight

The present study was undertaken to explore the effect of apple pulp on weight and composition of faeces. This material is rich in dietary fibre (DF;620 g dry matter/kg) and contains appreciable amounts of polyphenols. Recent reports indicate that both condensed tannins (CT) and soluble polyphenols form cross-links with protein and inhibit digestive enzymes, affecting the protein digestibility, and may produce a stimulation of endogenous nitrogen excretion. Two groups of male Wistar rats were fed on either a control diet free of DF or a diet containing 100 g apple pulp DF/kg during 7 d after a 4 d adaptation period. Body-weight and food intake were monitored daily and faeces and urine were collected once daily. DF, water content and polyphenolic compounds were measured in faeces, and N content in both faeces and urine. Faecal weight increased in the fibre group by 280 and 240% when compared with wet and dry faecal weights of animals fed on the fibre-free diet. Soluble dietary fibre (SDF) excreted in faeces was 10.9% of the SDF ingested, which suggested a low resistance to fermentation of this fraction. Of the insoluble DF, 43% of the ingested fibre was fermented. Polyphenols were degraded in the intestinal tract. Of the ingested CT, 68.6% was recovered in faeces, while the soluble polyphenols were extensively degraded (85.7% of that ingested). On the other hand, a higher faecal N excretion was observed for the fibre-fed group, suggesting a decrease in the digestibility of the dietary protein and lower apparent digestibility and N balance indices.

scholarly journals Measurement of rapidly available glucose (RAG) in plant foods: a potential in vitro predictor of the glycaemic response

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans N Englyst ◽  
Jan Veenstra ◽  
Geoffrey J Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Direct Calculation ◽  
Simple Calculation ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Equal Weight ◽  
Glycaemic Response ◽  
Human Small Intestine ◽  
Reference Amount

AbstractThe glycaemic index (GI) is an in vivo measurement based on the glycaemicresponse to carbohydrate-containing foods, and allows foods to be ranked on the basis of the rate of digestion and absorption of the carbohydrates that they contain. GI values are normalizedto a reference amount of available carbohydrate and do not reflect the amounts of carbohydrate normally present in foods; for example, a food with a low content of carbohydrates will have a high GI value if that carbohydrate is digested and absorbed rapidly in the human small intestine. This is potentially confusing for a person wishing to control his or her blood glucoselevels by the choice of foods. The rate and extent of starch digestion in vitro has been measured using a technique that classifies starch into three major fractions: rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS). In addition, thistechnique gives a value for rapidly available glucose (RAG), which includes RDS, free glucose and the glucose moiety of sucrose. When the values for thirty-nine foods were expressed on the basis ofthe available carbohydrate content of these foods, highly significant (P<0·001) positive correlations were observed between GI and both RDS and RAG. The measurement of RAGin vitro provides values for direct calculation of the amount of glucose likely to be rapidly absorbed in the human small intestine and,thus, to influence blood glucose and insulin levels. These values can be used to compare foods, as eaten,on an equal-weight basis. Food-table RAG values would allow simple calculation of the total amount of RAG provided by single foods, by whole meals and by whole diets. Studies are planned in which RAG and the glycaemic response in man will be measured for identical food products.

scholarly journals Grape antioxidant dietary fibre reduced apoptosis and induced a pro-reducing shift in the glutathione redox state of the rat proximal colonic mucosa

2009 ◽  
Vol 103 (8) ◽  
pp. 1110-1117 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Elvira López-Oliva ◽  
Angel Agis-Torres ◽  
Isabel Goñi ◽  
Emilia Muñoz-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Redox State ◽  
Colonic Mucosa ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Redox System ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Glutathione Redox

Grape antioxidant dietary fibre (GADF) is a grape product rich in dietary fibre and natural antioxidants. We showed previously that the GADF intake induced an epithelial hypoplasia in the rat colonic mucosa. In the present study, we propose that the antioxidant effect of GADF could modulate mucosal apoptosis via modulation of the cellular redox environment. Male Wistar rats (n20) were fed with diets containing either cellulose (control diet group) or GADF (GADF diet group) as fibre for 4 weeks. The GSH:GSSG ratio, the redox state of the GSSG/2GSH couple (Ehc), the mitochondrial and/or cytosolic antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and apoptosis were evaluated. GADF enhanced the cytosolic GSH:GSSG ratio, shifting the redox potential (Ehc) to a more pro-reducing status. Decreased Cu,ZnSOD:CAT, Cu,ZnSOD:GPx and MnSOD:GPx ratios could indicate an enhanced capacity for reducing H2O2, contributing to decreased cytosolic LPO. Reduced apoptosis in GADF-treated mucosa was inversely related to MnSOD activity. Furthermore, apoptosis increased directly as GSSG content increased. These results suggest that the reduction in apoptosis associated with GADF intake may be due to a modulation of the glutathione redox system and endogenous antioxidant enzymes.

Activated protein C prevents LPS-induced pulmonary vascular injury by inhibiting cytokine production

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (2) ◽  
pp. L197-L202 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Murakami ◽  
K. Okajima ◽  
M. Uchiba ◽  
M. Johno ◽  
T. Nakagaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Injury ◽  
Protein C ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Anticoagulant Activity ◽  
Activated Protein C ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Endothelial Damage ◽  
Factor X

We investigated the effect of activated protein C (APC) on pulmonary vascular injury and the increase in tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated rats to determine whether APC reduces LPS-induced endothelial damage by inhibiting cytokine production. Intravenously administered LPS (5 mg/kg) induced pulmonary vascular injury, as indicated by an increase in the lung wet-to-dry weight ratio. LPS-induced pulmonary vascular injury was prevented by APC but not by active site-blocked factor Xa [dansyl glutamyl-glycyl-arginyl chloromethyl detone-treated activated factor X (DEGR-Xa)], a selective inhibitor of thrombin generation, or inactivated APC [diisopropyl fluorophosphate-treated APC (DIP-APC)]. APC, but not DEGR-Xa or DIP-APC, significantly inhibited the LPS-induced increase in the plasma level of TNF. APC significantly inhibited the production of TNF by LPS-stimulated monocytes in a dose-dependent fashion in vitro, but DIP-APC did not. APC did not inhibit the functions of activated neutrophils in vitro. These findings suggest that APC prevented LPS-induced pulmonary vascular injury by inhibiting TNF production by monocytes and not via its anticoagulant activity. The serine protease activity of APC appears to be essential for inhibition of TNF production.

Shen-Fu Attenuates Endotoxin-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Rats

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (04) ◽  
pp. 613-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanning Qian ◽  
Jie Sun ◽  
Zhongyun Wang ◽  
Jianjun Yang
Keyword(s):  
Acute Lung Injury ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Pulmonary Inflammation ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nf Kappa B ◽  
Lung Weight ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

Sepsis is associated with the highest risk of progression to acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome. Shen-Fu has been advocated to treat many severely ill patients. Our study was designed to investigate the effect of Shen-Fu on endotoxin-induced acute lung injury in vivo. Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: controls; those challenged with endotoxin (5 mg/kg) and treated with saline; those challenged with endotoxin (5 mg/kg) and treated with Shen-Fu (1 mg/kg); those challenged with endotoxin (5 mg/kg) and treated with Shen-Fu (10 mg/kg); increase challenged with endotoxin (5 mg/kg) and treated with Shen-Fu (100 mg/kg); saline injected and treated with Shen-Fu (100 mg/kg). TNF-α, IL-6, and NF-kappa B were investigated in the lung two hours later. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and wet/dry weight ratio were investigated six hours later. Intravenous administration of endotoxin provoked significant lung injury, which was characterized by increment increase of MPO activity and wet/dry lung weight ratio, and TNF-α and IL-6 expression and NF-kappa B activation. Shen-Fu (10,100 mg/kg) decreased MPO activity and wet/dry weight ratio and inhibited TNF-α and IL-6 production, endotoxin-induced NF-kappa B activation. Our results indicated that Shen-Fu at a dose of higher than 10 mg/kg inhibited endotoxin-induced pulmonary inflammation in vivo.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CONVENTIONAL, LEAFLESS AND SEMI-LEAFLESS PHENOTYPES OF PEAS: PHOTOSYNTHETIC CO2 FIXATION IN VITRO

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 665-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. LAFOND ◽  
L. E. EVANS
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Co2 Fixation ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Carboxylase Activity ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
In Vitro Measurements ◽  
Internal Arrangement

The effect of the "leafless" mutations (in which tendrils replace leaflets, af, and the stipules are reduced to a vestigial form, st) upon chlorophyll content, total protein, soluble protein, ribulose biphosphate carboxylase activity, and fresh weight/dry weight ratio were studied. Comparison of three near-isogenic lines of Century, Freezer and Trapper for the genotypes af af st st (leafless), af af + + (semi-leafless) and + + st st (reduced stipules) were compared with the conventional (+ + + +) plants. Chlorophyll contents were reduced by as much as 50% in the leafless phenotypes, as compared to the leafed plants. The leafless phenotype showed significantly higher levels of total nitrogen than the leafed plants. Tendrils had significantly lower levels of soluble protein than leaflets in two of the three cultivars examined. The fresh weight/dry weight ratio was significantly higher in the leafless phenotypes than the leafed types as a result of changes in morphology, going from a leaflet to a tendril. The internal arrangement of cells in the tendril was typical of pith and cortex tissue with very few intercellular spaces between the parenchyma cells. The intercellular space index within the tendrils was significantly lower than in the leaflet. In vitro measurements of ribulose biphosphate carboxylase activity were calculated per unit fresh weight and per unit chlorophyll. No significant differences were found between the different phenotypes per unit fresh weight; however, when the activity was measured per unit chlorophyll, the values for tendrils were significantly higher than for leaflets.

Preservation of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-sequestering function in homogenates of different fibre type composition following sprint activity

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (10) ◽  
pp. 1231-1237 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Dossett-Mercer ◽  
H. J. Green ◽  
E. Chin ◽  
F. Grange
Keyword(s):  
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Muscle Fibre Types ◽  
Glycogen Depletion ◽  
Fibre Type Composition ◽  
Fibre Composition ◽  
Type Composition ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

To examine the effect of exercise on sarcoplasmic reticulum function in muscle tissue of different fibre composition, adult male Wistar rats weighing 388 ± 23 g (x ± SE) ran intermittently on a treadmill until fatigue. Fatigue was induced by 15–20 min of running performed at 52 m/min on an 8° incline in periods of 2.5 min of exercise separated by 2 min of recovery. Analysis of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase activity determined in homogenates indicated no difference (p > 0.05) between age-matched control and exercised tissue for the soleus (SOL; 0.121 ± 0.012 vs. 0.156 ± 0.018 μmol∙mg−1 protein∙min−1), red gastrocnemius (RG; 0.381 ± 0.022 vs. 0.354 ± 0.022), or white gastrocnemius (WG; 0.526 ± 0.05 vs. 0.471 ± 0.031). Similarly, both total ATPase and Mg2+ ATPase activities were unaffected by the exercise in any of the tissues examined. Exercise also failed to alter sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ uptake in homogenates of the SOL (1.43 ± 0.15 vs. 1.38 ± 0.19 nmol∙mg−1 protein∙min−1), RG (3.74 ± 0.29 vs. 3.59 ± 0.24), and WG (5.98 ± 0.48 vs. 5.41 ± 0.50). At fatigue, glycogen depletion was similar in all tissue types and amounted to 65.1% in the SOL (172 ± 9 vs. 60 ± 16 mmol∙glucosyl units−1∙kg−1 dry weight), 74.4% in RG (164 ± 8 vs. 42 ± 6), and 79% in the WG (167 ± 9 vs. 35 ± 9). It is concluded that exercise by itself does not alter sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-sequestering function in tissues of primarily different fibre composition when determined in homogenates in vitro. The integrity of sarcoplasmic reticulum function is preserved despite an apparent extensive recruitment of all tissue types during the exercise.Key words: sarcoplasmic reticulum function, Ca2+ uptake, Ca2+ ATPase activity, muscle fibre types.

scholarly journals Degradation of polyphenols (catechin and tannic acid) in the rat intestinal tract. Effect on coloic fermentation and faecal output

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 933-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Bravo ◽  
Rocio Abia ◽  
Martin A. Eastwood ◽  
Fulgencio Saura-Calixtol
Keyword(s):  
Tannic Acid ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Colonic Microflora ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Faecal Weight ◽  
Fat Excretion

Low- and intermediate-molecular-weight polyphenols are usually extracted by using different solvents (e.g. water, methanol, aqueous acetone). The aim of the present work was to study the possible effects of some extractable polyphenols (EPP) on fat and protein digestibilities and on the colonic microflora. Degradability of these compounds through the intestinal tract was also studied. Catechin and tannic acid (TA) were chosen as representatives of the most common basic structures of EPP (flavonoids and gallic acid respectively). Three groups of eight male Wistar rats were given either a control diet free of EPP, or diets containing 20 g/kg dry matter of catechin and TA. Body-weight and food intake were monitored during a 3-week experimental period. Faeces and urine were collected daily during the third experimental week. EPP and fat were determined in faeces, and N in both urine and faeces. Only 3.1 and 4.6% of the ingested catechin and TA respectively were excreted in faeces, indicating that absorption and/or degradation of these EPP had occurred. HPLC analysis of the poly phenolic content of faeces showed qualitative differences between groups. A significant increase of total faecal weight as well as water, fat and N excretion was produced by TA. Catechin only caused an increase in fat excretion.In vitrofermentation assays were also performed to study the effect of EPP on the colonic microflora. Both catechin and TA affected the yield of end-products of fermentation, and were also degraded during the fermentation process.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document