Xanthomonas vesicatoria. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Capsicum Frutescens ◽  
Lycium Chinense ◽  
Hyoscyamus Niger ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Leaf Infection ◽  
Southern Rhodesia ◽  
Xanthomonas Vesicatoria

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas vesicatoria. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum, and Chilli peppers, Capsicum frutescens; also on Lycopersicon pimpinelifolium, Datura stramonium, Hyoscyamus niger, H. aureus, Lycium chinense, L. halimifolium, Nicotiana rustica, Physalis minima, Solanum dulcamara, S. nigrum, S. rostratum, S. tuberosum, S. melongena. DISEASE: Bacterial scab or spot. The pathogen causes a superficial corky scab of the fruits with irregularly lobed margins and water-soaked halos, a leaf spot or blight and a canker of the stems and petioles. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: U.S.A., Mexico, Canada, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Bermuda, Brazil, Argentina, Hawaii, Australia, Japan, India, China. Israel, Italy, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Rumania, Lithuania, U.S.S.R., Mozambique, South Africa, Southern Rhodesia. (CMI Map 269). TRANSMISSION: On seed and by wind driven rain. Leaf infection occurs through the stomata, fruit infection through wounds. Overwintering in the dead stalks of diseased tomato plants and also survival in rhizospheres of dead plants has been recorded by Peterson (Phytopathology 53: 765-767, 1963) as well as overwintering on wheat roots (25: 479). Fruit symptoms reported to be associated with punctures by Nezara viridula (37: 249).

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Brayford
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Capsicum Frutescens ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Arachis Hypogea ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Fungus Gnats ◽  
Crown And Root Rot

Abstract A description is provided for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Lycopersicon spp., including L. esculentum Mill. (tomato). Plants from several families may also be susceptible to some strains, in particular Capsicum frutescens L., Solanum melongena L. (Solanaceae), Arachis hypogea L., Astragalus glycyphyllos L., Glycine max (L.) Merr., Phaseolus vulgaris L., Pisum sativum L., Trifolium spp., Vicia faba L., (Leguminosae), Cucumis spp. (Cucurbitaceae), Beta vulgaris L. and Spinacia oleracea L. (Chenopodiaceae) (Jarvis & Shoemaker, 1978; 69, 7094; 73, 7659). DISEASE: Crown and root rot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Belgium, Canada, Crete, France, Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Spain, Sweden, The Netherlands, UK, USA. TRANSMISSION: Long range dissemination is via contaminated seed (73, 5786), diseased planting material (70, 1472) and by movement of infected soil/compost (64, 2160). Locally, conidia are readily spread by water flow, e.g. in irrigation or hydroponic systems (71, 4871, 4872, 6378). Some airborne dispersal of microconidia has been detected in glasshouses (Rowe et al., 1977), presumably resulting from splash droplet formation following sporulation on nearby plant debris. Fungus gnats have been reported to transport the fungus (73, 5534).

Xanthomonas pruni. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1965 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Hayward
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
Prunus Amygdalus ◽  
Atypical Symptoms ◽  
Leaf Infection ◽  
Southern Rhodesia ◽  
Fallen Leaves ◽  
Means Of Transmission

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas pruni. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Prunus amygdalus, P. armeniaca, P. avium, P. cerasus, P. davidiana, P. domestica, P. japonica, P. mume, P. persica, P. salicina and other species of Prunus (30: 48; Elliott, 31: 105, p. 114). DISEASE: Bacterial leaf spot on leaves, twigs and fruit of plum, peach, apricot and cherry; black spot of plum and peach; bacterial shot-hole of leaves. Previously referred to in earlier literature as bacterial canker of stone fruits, name now reserved for the disease caused by Pseudomonas morsprunorum and P. syringae. Shot-hole on the leaves of trees infected by X. pruni differs from that of fungal origin by the presence of bacterial ooze and in the shape of the leaf perforations which are generally irregular or elongated instead of round (35: 530). Atypical symptoms have been reported on peach leaves (19: 292). Symptoms on cherry fruit differ from those on peach and plum (14: 178). Branch cankers on peach are shallow and do not become perennial as on plum. On peach they were not observed to girdle the stem (10: 224). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Southern Rhodesia, South Africa); Asia (China, India, Japan, Korea, U.S.S.R.): Australasia (Australia, New Zealand), Europe (Cyprus, Italy, Romania); North America (Bermuda, Canada, U.S.A.): South America (Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay). In the U.S.A. the disease occurs on stone fruits in at least 26 States (30: 48; CMI Map 340, Ed. 2, 1964). TRANSMISSION: Xanthomonas pruni is disseminated by wind and rain (29: 218). The pathogen enters leaves through the stomata, and fruit infection appears to follow that of the leaves, probably as a result of leaf drop during rainy spells (7: 76). Primary leaf infection on peach originates in twigs with spring cankers (Thornberry & Anderson, 1933) or terminal die-back in which the pathogen overwinters (39: 600). Summer cankers on peach are only important under certain conditions for initiating spring infection (34: 732, 379), but on plum and apricot they play a more permanent role since the infection originating in the current season's twigs continues to develop in them during the following spring (Anderson, 1956). Overwintering on plum buds and fallen leaves has also been reported (41: 608). Species of Cicada may damage the bark of plum in New Zealand and thus provide points of entry (32: 322). The chief means of transmission of the pathogen in New Zealand is in budwood and root-stocks (42: 202).

Ceroplastes destructor. [Distribution map].

1960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Shade Trees ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Southern Rhodesia ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Ceroplastes destructor Newst. (Homopt., Coccoidea) (White Wax Scale). Hosts: Citrus, coffee, various fruit and shade trees. Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Bechuanaland, Congo, British Cameroons, Kenya, Madagascar, Nyasaland, San Thomé, Southern Rhodesia, Sudan, Tanganyika, Uganda, Union of South Africa, AUSTRALASIA and PACIFIC ISLANDS, Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, NORTH AMERICA, Mexico, U.S.A.

Gibberella fujikuroi var. subglutinans. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Gibberella Fujikuroi ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Pokkah Boeng ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Southern Rhodesia

Abstract A description is provided for Gibberella fujikuroi var. subglutinans. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On several hosts of economic importance in the Gramineae; also on a wide range of hosts represented by the following families: Amaryllidaceae, Anacardiaceae, Bromeliaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cruciferae, Iridaceae, Leguminosae, Liliaceae, Malvaceae, Marantaceae, Musaceae, Palmae, Rosaceae, Rutaceae, Sterculiaceae (14: 708; 31: 515; 36: 501; 40: 89 and Herb. IMI). DISEASES: Causes a seedling blight, and root, stalk and kernel rot of maize; also on heads and stalks of sorghum associated with a foot and stem rot, and causing a stem rot and top rot of sugar-cane ('pokkah boeng'). Other records include a wilt of Crotalaria, a heart rot of leaves of banana and Manila hemp, and fruit rot of banana, cacao and pineapple. There appear to be no references to pathogenicity to rice. Also entomogenous on cereal stem borer larvae and other insects (27: 71; 33: 382; 38: 141, 740). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Central African Republic, Congo, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Mauritius, Morocco, Reunion, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Southern Rhodesia, Tanganyika, Uganda); Asia (Formosa (Taiwan), Hong Kong, India, Java, Indo-China, Philippines, Syria); Australasia (Hawaii, New South Wales, New Zealand, Victoria); Europe (Czechoslovakia, Germany,? Italy, Poland, Romania); Central America & West Indies (French Antilles, Honduras, Trinidad); North America (Canada, United States); South America (Argentina, Peru). (CMI Map 191). TRANSMISSION: Both seed and soil-borne. Air-borne ascospores produced from perithecia on over-wintered plant debris or on dead stalks of sugar-cane at the beginning of the rainy season are also important sources of infection (30: 344). The pathogen may also be disseminated on pupae and adults of cereal stem borers and their parasites in sugar-cane (33: 382).

Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Phytophthora Nicotianae ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Piper Betle ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Southern Rhodesia

Abstract A description is provided for Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a very wide range of host plants comprising 58 families including: avocado, castor, Cinchona spp., citrus, cotton, eggplant, guava, lucerne, papaw, parsley, pineapple, Piper betle, rhubarb, sesame, strawberry, tomato. DISEASES: Damping-off of seedlings (tomato, castor, citrus, cotton); root rot (citrus, avocado, strawberry, lucerne); crown rot (parsley, rhubarb, strawberry, lucerne); brown stem rot of tobacco; stem canker and tip blight of Cinchona spp. ; leaf blight (castor, sesame, pineapple, Piper betle) and fruit rot (citrus, tomato, guava, papaw, eggplant). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Mali, Madagascar, Mauritius, Morocco, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Southern Rhodesia, Tanganyika); Asia (Burma, Ceylon, China, Formosa, India, Israel, Japan, Java, Malaya, Philippines); Australia & Oceania (Australia, Hawaii, Tasmania); Europe (Cyprus, France, Germany, Great Britain, Holland, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Portugal, U.S.S.R.); North America (Bermuda, Canada, Mexico, U.S.A.); Central America & West Indies (Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, Trinidad);. South America (Argentina, Brazil, British Guiana, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, spreading rapidly after heavy rain or where soil remains moist or water-logged (40: 470). Also recorded in drainage water in India and in reservoirs and canals supplying citrus groves in U.S.A. (23: 45; 39: 24). A method for determining a disease potential index in soil using lemon fruit has been described (38: 4). Also present in testas of seeds from diseased citrus fruit which may infect nursery seedbeds (37: 165).

Pythium aphanidermatum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Central African Republic ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Pythium Aphanidermatum ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Stalk Rot ◽  
Annotated List ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Southern Rhodesia

Abstract A description is provided for Pythium aphanidermatum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a wide range of hosts, often similar to those attacked by P. butleri, but inducing different symptoms, represented in the following families: Amaranthaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Araceae, Basellaceae, Bromeliaceae, Cactaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Compositae, Coniferae, Convolvulaceae, Cruciferae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Gramineae, Leguminosae, Linaceae, Malvaceae, Moraceae, Passifloraceae, Rosaceae, Solanaceae, Umbelliferae, Violaceae, Vitaceae, Zingiberaceae. DISEASES: Damping-off of various seedlings; 'cottony-leak' of cucurbit fruit in storage; 'cottony blight' of turf grasses; root and stalk rot of maize. Other hosts: tobacco, sugar-beet, sugar-cane, papaw, pineapple, ginger, bean and cotton. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Central African Republic, Fernando, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Southern Rhodesia, Sudan, Togo, Zambia); Asia (Ceylon, China, Formosa, India, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Java, Malaya, Philippines, Sumatra); Australasia & Oceania (Australia, Hawaii, New Caledonia); North America (Canada, Mexico); Central America & West Indies (Antilles, Jamaica, Puerto Rico); South America (Argentina, Brazil, Peru, Venezuela); Europe Austria, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Great Britain, Greece, Holland, Italy, Poland, U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia). (CMI Map 309) TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne. Eggplant fruit become infected when blossom end is in contact with soil (5: 465). Readily isolated from soil using fresh potato cubes treated with streptomycin and pimaricin as baits (43, 1519; 43, 46) or seedling papaw roots in soil containing papaw tissue (43, 1720). Also recorded as seed-borne on tomato and cucurbits but doubtful whether seed-transmitted (see Noble et al., An Annotated List of Seed-Borne Diseases, 1958, pp. 23, 25, 124).

Corynebacterium oortii. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Lower Epidermis ◽  
Tulipa Gesneriana ◽  
White Spots ◽  
Leaf Infection ◽  
Tulip Bulbs ◽  
Short Time ◽  
White Scale

Abstract A description is provided for Corynebacterium oortii. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Tulipa gesneriana, the garden tulip. DISEASE: 'Geel-pok' (yellow pustule) of tulip bulbs and 'hels vuur' (hell-fire) of the leaves. Primary infection occurs on leaves, which show silver grey spots after a short time. These become up to about 5 mm diam. with brittle, easily cracked epidermis and disorganised-looking parenchyma within. Plants may also show leaves with areas in which the upper and lower epidermis is badly cracked, giving a characteristic rough look to the leaves. These plants show yellowish stem interiors that run down to the young growing bulbs. On bulbs the outermost white scale develops many tiny white spots which turn yellow and by the end of the storage period are yellow areas with raised tissue and ruptured outer skin. In section many vascular bundles are yellow. Less severely affected bulbs develop into stunted plants with leaves showing silvery streaks along veins. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Netherlands, England. TRANSMISSION: By planting out of infected bulbs, which may produce infected plants and in turn more infected bulbs; also from plant to plant in the field by leaf infection. The latter presumably in windy and wet conditions.

Scirtothrips aurantii. [Distribution map].

1961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Southern Rhodesia ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Scirtothrips aurantii Faure (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) (South African Citrus Thrips). Hosts: Citrus, Acacia spp., etc. Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Egypt, Nyasaland, Republic of South Africa, Southern Rhodesia, Sudan.

Tropine alkaloids production by hairy root cultures of Datura stramonium and Hyoscyamus niger

1988 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mondher Jaziri ◽  
Marc Legros ◽  
Jacques Homes ◽  
Maurice Vanhaelen
Keyword(s):  
Hairy Root ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Hairy Root Cultures ◽  
Root Cultures ◽  
Hyoscyamus Niger

scholarly journals Effects of gamma irradiation on the alkaloid content in seeds of Datura stramonium and the radiosensitivity of derived seedlings

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 533-540
Author(s):  
Nabila Benslimani ◽  
Madjda Khelifi-Slaoui ◽  
Abdelkader Morsli ◽  
Amar Djerrad ◽  
Ezz Al-Dein Al-Ramamneh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Damage Index ◽  
Tropane Alkaloids ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Hyoscyamus Niger ◽  
Morphological Variations ◽  
Solanaceae Family

Tropane alkaloids are a group of secondary metabolites occurring naturally in Solanaceae family as Atropa belladona, Datura stramonium, Mandragora officinalis, and Hyoscyamus niger. These molecules have valuable therapeutic applications, for example, atropine and hyoscyamine are utilized as antimuscarinic besides being stomach and intestinal diseases drugs. Plants of the Solanaceae family can provide a natural yet less expensive source of these compounds. Hitherto, in order to emphasize these metabolites biosynthesis, D. stramonium seeds were irradiated using a cobalt-60 source of gamma rays of 5 to 80 Gy and germinated in vitro on MS medium in growth controlled chamber. Mutagenesis of D. stramonium seeds was attempted aiming at obtaining plants from in vitro source that are genetically variable for enhancing the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, namely alkaloids. Results indicated that D. stramonium seeds exhibited a good radiosensitivity and the mutagen damage index GR (30-50) for D. stramonium was determined at 80 Gy. The Characterization of alkaloids (Atropine and hyoscyamine) was done by infrared spectroscopy which showed that alkaloids content of the irradiated seeds is altered by irradiation as the reference bands were not found with all doses used. In addition, seedlings grown from irradiated in vitro seeds exhibited remarkable morphological variations that varied based on the employed dose of gamma rays. These findings permitted the selection of the optimal irradiation dose (80 Gy) to induce mutations that are likely to prompt changes at genetic and metabolic level of the targeted alkaloids.

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