Corynebacterium oortii. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Lower Epidermis ◽  
Tulipa Gesneriana ◽  
White Spots ◽  
Leaf Infection ◽  
Tulip Bulbs ◽  
Short Time ◽  
White Scale

Abstract A description is provided for Corynebacterium oortii. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Tulipa gesneriana, the garden tulip. DISEASE: 'Geel-pok' (yellow pustule) of tulip bulbs and 'hels vuur' (hell-fire) of the leaves. Primary infection occurs on leaves, which show silver grey spots after a short time. These become up to about 5 mm diam. with brittle, easily cracked epidermis and disorganised-looking parenchyma within. Plants may also show leaves with areas in which the upper and lower epidermis is badly cracked, giving a characteristic rough look to the leaves. These plants show yellowish stem interiors that run down to the young growing bulbs. On bulbs the outermost white scale develops many tiny white spots which turn yellow and by the end of the storage period are yellow areas with raised tissue and ruptured outer skin. In section many vascular bundles are yellow. Less severely affected bulbs develop into stunted plants with leaves showing silvery streaks along veins. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Netherlands, England. TRANSMISSION: By planting out of infected bulbs, which may produce infected plants and in turn more infected bulbs; also from plant to plant in the field by leaf infection. The latter presumably in windy and wet conditions.

Xanthomonas axonopodis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Saccharum Officinarum ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Xanthomonas Axonopodis ◽  
Digitaria Decumbens ◽  
Pasture Grasses ◽  
Tropical America ◽  
Rain Splash ◽  
Short Time

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas axonopodis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Axonopus scoparius, A. micay, A. compressus and A. affinis. Also able to infect by inoculation Digitaria decumbens, Hypharrhenia rufa, Panicum sp. (Guinea grass) and Saccharum officinarum (54, 5464). DISEASE: Gummosis of Imperial and Micay grasses, important pasture grasses in tropical America. Diseased stems usually stand out from healthy ones in the same tuft by their elongated, partly bare appearance with a few pale, yellowish leaves at their ends, giving a characteristic flag-like appearance. Closer examination shows many diseased leaves with pale stripes running parallel to the main veins. After cutting diseased Imperial grass the new shoots are feeble and twisted, and often wither in a short time. Subsequent shoots behave in the same way. In severe attacks of whole tuft may shrivel and die. Such tufts are very easily pulled from the soil. When diseased stems are cut across, especially in the rainy season, minute droplets of yellowish bacterial ooze appear in a short time. In longitudinal cuts the vascular bundles are seen to be stained reddish or brownish, especially near the nodes. Masses of bacteria and mucilage are found in vessels when examined under the microscope. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Colombia. TRANSMISSION: Mainly by machete and other agricultural implements. Cattle can infect young shoots when grazing, evidently transmitting the bacteria in their saliva. Trampling by cattle and man and the passage of wheeled vehicles can also transmit the disease, and rain splash can carry infection from the exudate of recently cut stems. Insect transmission is not thought to be important and the bacteria do not survive free in the soil (46, 666). Seed transmission is also thought to occur (43, 2799c).

scholarly journals Purification of a single major form of microsomal cytochrome P-450 from tulip bulbs (Tulipa gesneriana L.).

1985 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 2399-2405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken HIGASHI ◽  
Kie IKEUCHI ◽  
Masanobu OBARA ◽  
Yuji KARASAKI ◽  
Hideyasu HIRANO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tulipa Gesneriana ◽  
Microsomal Cytochrome ◽  
Major Form ◽  
Tulip Bulbs ◽  
Cytochrome P 450

Xanthomonas campestris pv. graminis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Reay
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Natural Host Range

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas campestris pv. graminis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Lolium italicum, L. multiflorum, L. perenne, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca pratensis, and Trisetum flavescens. Single cases of natural infection of Agropyron repens, Phalaris arundinacea and Phleum pratense are also recorded (62, 241), but their status in the natural host range is unknown. In inoculation tests (Egli et al., 1975; Egli & Schmidt, 1982) the following were highly susceptible: Alopecurus pratensis, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, F. pratensis, F. rubra, Lolium loliaceum, L. multiforum, L. parabolicae, L. perenne, L. remotum, L. temulentum, Phleum arenarium and P. bertolonii. Showing much less susceptibility were Agrostis alba, Arrhenatherum elatius, Phleum alpinum, P. phleoides, P. pratense, Poa annua, P. compressa, P. fertilis, P. memoralis, P. pratensis and P. trivialis. Leyns et al. (61, 6162) found that Agrosas tenuis and Festuca ovina were moderately susceptible when inoculated. Egli et al. (1975) recorded doubtful symptoms on Hordeum vulgare and Triacum aestivam on inoculation, but consider that they are unlikely to be naturally infected. DISEASE: Bacterial wilt of forage grasses. Symptoms usually first noticed at the heading stage, when young leaves curl and wither, and shoots remain stunted or may die. Other plants will continue to make poor growth and produce small, distorted inflorescences. Chlorotic and necrotic zones form on the older leaves along long stretches of vascular bundles, often extending into the sheaths. Bacterial streaming may be seen under the microscope from the cut ends of vascular bundles of infected tissue mounted in water. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: CMI Map 533, ed. 1, 1979 lists France, Germany, Switzerland and Wales, to which must be added Scotland (63, 2925), Belgium (61, 4199), Netherlands, Norway (62, 241), and New Zealand (62, 241). Possibly in USA (IL; 61, 5045) though this disease is currently attributed to a Rickettsia- like organism. TRANSMISSION: Within the crop transmission is presumed to be by the blades of mowing machines.

scholarly journals The lipoxygenase pathway in tulip (Tulipa gesneriana): detection of the ketol route

2000 ◽  
Vol 352 (2) ◽  
pp. 501-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander N. GRECHKIN ◽  
Lucia S. MUKHTAROVA ◽  
Mats HAMBERG
Keyword(s):  
Octadecadienoic Acid ◽  
Optical Purity ◽  
Cyclase Activity ◽  
Allene Oxide ◽  
Allene Oxide Synthase ◽  
Lipoxygenase Pathway ◽  
Tulipa Gesneriana ◽  
Tulip Bulbs ◽  
Oxide Synthase

The in vitro metabolism of [1-14C]linoleate, [1-14C]linolenate and their 9(S)-hydroperoxides was studied in cell-free preparations from tulip (Tulipa gesneriana) bulbs, leaves and flowers. Linoleate and its 9-hydroperoxide were converted by bulb and leaf preparations into three ketols: (12Z)-9-hydroxy-10-oxo-12-octadecadienoic acid (α-ketol), (11E)-10-oxo-13-hydroxy-11-octadecadienoic acid (γ-ketol) and a novel compound, (12Z)-10-oxo-11-hydroxy-12-octadecadienoic acid (10,11-ketol), in the approximate molar proportions of 10:3:1. The corresponding 15,16-dehydro α- and γ-ketols were the main metabolites of [1-14C]linolenate and its 9-hydroperoxide. Thus bulbs and leaves possessed 9-lipoxygenase and allene oxide synthase activities. Incubations with flower preparations gave α-ketol hydro(pero)xides as predominant metabolites. Bulb and leaf preparations possessed a novel enzyme activity, γ-ketol reductase, which reduces γ-ketol to 10-oxo-13-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid (dihydro-γ-ketol) in the presence of NADH. Exogenous linolenate 13(S)-hydroperoxide was converted mostly into chiral (9S,13S)-12-oxo-10-phytodienoate (99.5% optical purity) by bulb preparations, while [1-14C]linolenate was a precursor for ketols only. Thus tulip bulbs possess abundant allene oxide cyclase activity, the substrate for which is linolenate 13(S)-hydroperoxide, even though 13(S)-lipoxygenase products were not detectable in the bulbs. The majority of the cyclase activity was found in the microsomes (105g pellet). Cyclase activity was not found in the other tissues examined, but only in the bulbs. The ketol route of the lipoxygenase pathway, mediated by 9-lipoxygenase and allene oxide synthase activities, has not been detected previously in the vegetative organs of any plant species.

Phytophthora cryptogea. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1978 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Jean Stamps
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Phytophthora Cryptogea ◽  
Root Rots ◽  
Pink Rot ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tulip Bulbs ◽  
Leaf Rot

Abstract A description is provided for Phytophthora cryptogea. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a wide range of glasshouse and field crops. Tomato, ornamentals (including petunia, aster, chrysanthemum, Tagetes, tulip, wallflower, Gerbera, gloxinia, Matthiola, Papaver, cineraria, dahlia, Gypsophila, Hebe, Rhododendron, Osteospermum, zinnia), potato, chicory, spinach, bean, onion, cucurbits, eggplant, hop, sunflower, safflower, lucerne, Cupressus, Chamaecyparis, chestnut and others. DISEASE: Damping-off and foot rot of tomato; foot rots of aster, Matthiola and Gerbera; black neck of chrysanthemum; tulip shanking; corm, stem and leaf rot of gloxinia; crown rot of Iceland poppy; pink rot of potato; sunflower stem rot; chestnut wilt; damping-off, root rots and wilts of many other hosts. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (UK, Irish Republic, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands); Africa (Egypt, Rhodesia); Asia (Iran); Australia; New Zealand; N. America (Canada, USA). (CMI Map 99, ed. 4, 1976). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, persisting for several years (6, 669). Tulip bulbs were invaded from the soil (18, 183). Movement of zoospores was studied (56, 1029). Isolates were obtained from glasshouse water supplies (1, 94). There was a high frequency of recovery on baiting irrigation water in Victoria (57, 2174).

Ustilaginoidea virens. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Mulder
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Perfect State ◽  
Ustilaginoidea Virens ◽  
Male Inflorescence ◽  
Orange Yellow ◽  
False Smut ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Short Time

Abstract A description is provided for Ustilaginoidea virens. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Oryza sativa and Zea mays. DISEASE: False smut of rice appears as olive-green, velvety, globose masses, up to 1 cm diam. in some of the ears of the inflorescence. The spore ball, beneath the dark layer of mature spores, is orange-yellow, paling inwards until it is almost white, as it ages it becomes almost black. The glumes are closely applied to the lower part of the spore ball which is at first covered with a membrane. Infection, producing similar symptoms, has been reported on the male inflorescence of Zea mays (8: 716) and on wild species of Oryza. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in the tropics, in U.S.A. (California and S.E. states) and in Italy (CMI Map 347, ed. 2, 1968). Records not yet mapped are Australia (NT), Costa Rica, Dominican Republic and Laos. TRANSMISSION: There appears to be no evidence for seed transmission and the conidia are probably viable for a short time only. The air-borne conidia have a diurnal periodicity with peak at 22.00 hr, numbers being very low between 04.00 and 16.00 hr (46, 316). The ascospores of the reported perfect state may also be air-dispersed.

Phytophthora erythroseptica. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1978 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Jean Stamps
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Pink Rot ◽  
Phytophthora Erythroseptica ◽  
Flowering Stem ◽  
Tulip Bulbs ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Rhizome Rot ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Abstract A description is provided for Phytophthora erythroseptica. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Potato, asparagus, cineraria, tomato, pea, raspberry, tulip, Zantedeschia, sugarcane, vetch. DISEASE: Pink rot of potato; shanking of tulip; rhizome rot and leaf blight of Zantedeschia; sugarcane seed-piece rot; raspberry root rot; tomato buckeye rot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (UK, Irish Republic, Belgium, Bulgaria, France, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland, USSR, Yugoslavia); Asia (India, Indonesia, Iran); Africa (Egypt); N. America (Canada, USA); Central America (Cuba); S. America (Venezuela, Peru); Australia; New Zealand. (CMI Map 83, ed. 4, 1973). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, oospores disseminated from diseased potato stems and roots persisting for many years. In the field tubers are generally infected through the stolon, but direct infection through eyes may occur in field and storage under moist conditions (13, 180; 19, 40). Transmission during storage, and survival of inoculum in apparently healthy tubers, was shown to be possible (57, 758). Tulip bulbs were invaded from the soil through the roots to the basal plate and flowering stem (18, 183).

Changes in Non-structural Carbohydrates in Tulip Bulb Scales during Cold Treatment and Greenhouse Forcing

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 454c-454
Author(s):  
Anil P. Ranwala ◽  
Beth Hardin ◽  
William B. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Tulip Bulb ◽  
Tulipa Gesneriana ◽  
Tulip Bulbs

The energy and carbon needs for early shoot growth in tulips are mainly provided by reserve carbohydrates in bulbs. The cold-treatment of bulbs before greenhouse forcing enhances the breakdown and remobilization of reserve carbohydrates in bulb scales, and is necessary for proper shoot growth and flowering in tulips. Tulip bulbs are known to contain both starch and fructans as reserve carbohydrates. We evaluated several extraction solvents, including ethanol and distilled water, and several extraction temperatures to accurately determine the amounts of different types of non-structural carbohydrates in tulip bulb scales. Extraction with distilled water resulted in excessive solubilization of starch. For example, extraction at 70 °C solubilized more than 80% of starch to glucan polymers. On the other hand, 80% ethanol at 70 °C extracted all soluble sugars including fructans with no apparent solubilization of starch. The changes in non-structural carbohydrates in the outermost bulb scale of tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L. `Frankfurt') during 12 weeks of cooling at 8.8 °C followed by 5 weeks of greenhouse forcing were determined. Starch was the major carbohydrate in bulb scales consisting of ≈70% of the dry weight at the beginning of cold treatment. Starch content per scale decreased slightly during cold treatment, but rapidly after transferring to greenhouse. Sucrose and soluble fructan content per scale increased during cold treatment, then decreased after transferring to greenhouse. Glucose content per scale remained fairly constant during cooling and greenhouse forcing, while fructose content increased in the greenhouse.

Xanthomonas campestris pv. poae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Forage Grasses ◽  
Poa Trivialis ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Means Of Transmission ◽  
Heading Stage

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas campestris pv. poae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Naturally infects Poa trivialis. By artificial inoculation Poafertilis and P. nemoralis are both moderately susceptible, P. annua rather less susceptible, and P. pratensis and P. compressa little or not at all affected. DISEASE: Bacterial wilt of rough stalked meadow grass (Poa trivialis). The symptoms are the same as those produced by X. campestris pv. graminis on other forage grasses. At the heading stage young leaves are seen to curl and wither, and shoots remain stunted or die. Some plants produce small, distorted inflorescences. Chlorotic and necrotic areas form along the vascular bundles of older leaves and often extend into their sheaths. Bacterial streaming is usually visible under the microscope. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Switzerland. Probably present but unrecognised in some other european countries. TRANSMISSION: Within the crop the main means of transmission is probably mowing machinery.

scholarly journals Osmaniye İlindeki Tahıl Depolarının Mevcut Durumu ve Yapısal Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 596
Author(s):  
Serpil Gençoğlan ◽  
Didem Besen ◽  
Cafer Gençoğlan
Keyword(s):  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Insulation Material ◽  
Construction Time ◽  
High Storage Capacity ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Steel Silos ◽  
High Storage

The aim of this study is to determine the current conditions and structural characteristics of cereal warehouses in Osmaniye province and to propose solutions for the problems encountered. According to the records of the year 2015, there were 225 cereal warehouses. The number of enterprises to be surveyed was calculated as 142 with the Proportional Sampling Method. Surveys were conducted and evaluated in these enterprises in 2016. In Osmaniye province, 99.3% of the cereal warehouses belonged to private enterprises and 0.7% belonged to condition institutions. Of these, 89.4% were masonry and 10.6% were steel. Only steel warehouses were projected. Storage period was 2-4 months in 42.2% of the warehouses, 5-8 months in 46.6%, 9 months and more in 11.2%. 50% of the warehouses were natural, 10.6% were mechanical ventilation, and 39.4% there was no ventilation. There was no insulation material on the walls and roof. The cradle roof-shaped was in 38% of the warehouses, flat ceilings in 51.4% and conical in 10.6%. There was no generator in the entire cereal warehouses. Due to cracks and moisture on the walls of masonry warehouses, swells and molds were observed. It was determined that the dimensions of the ventilation windows were insufficient and there were no natural ventilation windows in some of the warehouses. The humidity meter was only 30.3% of the warehouses and the temperature meter was 14.1%. It was determined that there were not enough warehouses in Osmaniye province from the obtained results. Steel silos should be preferred in the cereal warehouses which will be newly established in Osmaniye due to easy installation and high storage capacity, short time construction, time and labor saving.

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