Erwinia rhapontici. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Internal Cavity ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Rheum Rhaponticum ◽  
Erwinia Rhapontici ◽  
Soil Level ◽  
Pink Coloration

Abstract A description is provided for Erwinia rhapontici. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Rheum rhaponticum and seed of Triticum sp. DISEASE: Crown rot of rhubarb. Infection usually occurs at soil level or a little below, begninning as a brownish rot that gradually extends into the centre of the root. A cavity may be formed, and the flesh below the crown turns brown, then black. The plant is steadily weakened until finally the crown decays or breaks away, and small spindly leaves grow from lateral buds. Pink grain of wheat. The grain is coloured pink and has an internal cavity below the hilum. Germination of the seed is reduced and plants are retarded by about 3 weeks (Luisetti & Rapilly, 1967). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: England, Wales and Poland are listed in CMI Map 145. To these should be added USA (Oklahoma) (19, 295) and possibly Norway (7, 700). On wheat, pink grain has been reported from England (55, 699), France (Luisetti & Rapilly, 1967), and possibly Australia where pink coloration of grain has been reported (33, 21). TRANSMISSION: In rhubarb the nematode Anguillulina dipsaci is known to assist the bacterium to enter the crowns (Metcalfe, 1940). It probably also transmits the organism. Wounding is needed for the bacteria to gain entry, and this undoubtedly occurs during the procedures connected with cultivation and vegetative propagation. Infected setts could transmit this disease into new areas.

Erwinia rhapontici. [Distribution map].

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
North Dakota ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Rheum Rhaponticum ◽  
Hyacinthus Orientalis ◽  
Erwinia Rhapontici ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Erwinia rhapontici (Millard) Burkholder. Hosts: Rhubarb (Rheum rhaponticum), wheat (Triticum), Hyacinthus orientalis and Allium cepa bulbs, occasionally others. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Asia, Iran, Israel, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Peninsular, Europe, Belgium, France, Italy, Sardinia, Netherlands, Poland, UK, England, Wales, Ukraine, North America, Canada, Alberta, USA, Oklahoma, North Dakota, ID.

Cochliobolus verruculosus. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sivanesan
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Dry Rot ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Seed Decay ◽  
Windward Islands

Abstract A description is provided for Cochliobolus verruculosus. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Avena, Buchloë, Chloris, Cynodon, Eleusine, Hordeum, Oryza, Leptochloa, Paspalum, Pennisetum, Saccharum, Sorghum, Triticum, Typha and Zea. Also from many dicotyledenous hosts. DISEASE: Leaf spots, dry-rot of pineapple (61, 6510; 68, 2757), associated with crown rot of banana (54, 4051) and seed decay of sugarcane (63, 3545). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Bangladesh, Burma, Cuba, Egypt, Fiji, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Israel, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Malawi, Malaysia, Nepal, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Puerto Rico, Saudi Arabia, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, USA, Venezuela, Windward Islands, Yemen, Zambia. TRANSMISSION: By wind-borne conidia and seed-borne (67, 4997).

Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Phytophthora Nicotianae ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Piper Betle ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Southern Rhodesia

Abstract A description is provided for Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a very wide range of host plants comprising 58 families including: avocado, castor, Cinchona spp., citrus, cotton, eggplant, guava, lucerne, papaw, parsley, pineapple, Piper betle, rhubarb, sesame, strawberry, tomato. DISEASES: Damping-off of seedlings (tomato, castor, citrus, cotton); root rot (citrus, avocado, strawberry, lucerne); crown rot (parsley, rhubarb, strawberry, lucerne); brown stem rot of tobacco; stem canker and tip blight of Cinchona spp. ; leaf blight (castor, sesame, pineapple, Piper betle) and fruit rot (citrus, tomato, guava, papaw, eggplant). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Mali, Madagascar, Mauritius, Morocco, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Southern Rhodesia, Tanganyika); Asia (Burma, Ceylon, China, Formosa, India, Israel, Japan, Java, Malaya, Philippines); Australia & Oceania (Australia, Hawaii, Tasmania); Europe (Cyprus, France, Germany, Great Britain, Holland, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Portugal, U.S.S.R.); North America (Bermuda, Canada, Mexico, U.S.A.); Central America & West Indies (Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, Trinidad);. South America (Argentina, Brazil, British Guiana, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, spreading rapidly after heavy rain or where soil remains moist or water-logged (40: 470). Also recorded in drainage water in India and in reservoirs and canals supplying citrus groves in U.S.A. (23: 45; 39: 24). A method for determining a disease potential index in soil using lemon fruit has been described (38: 4). Also present in testas of seeds from diseased citrus fruit which may infect nursery seedbeds (37: 165).

Phoma sorghina. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Irian Jaya ◽  
Weed Hosts ◽  
A Minor

Abstract A description is provided for Phoma sorghina. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Gramineae and all kinds of plants. Also isolated from soil, air and various animal sources. DISEASE: A minor leaf spot of cereals and grasses. The visible symptoms vary considerably; on sorghum leaves spots are usually irregular or rounded, yellowish-brown or grey with definite reddish-purple margins or indefinite in outline, reaching 1 cm or more in width. Pycnidia develop within spots on leaves, glumes and seeds. Also the fungus has been implicated with pre- and post-emergence death of seedlings of Macroptilium and Sylosanthes species (54, 1779) crown rot of bananas (61, 3556), leaf spot of Agave americana and stem rot of Euphorbia tirucalli (63, 3383), brown stem canker of Leucosperum cordifolium (56, 253). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: A ubiquitous fungus occurring in tropical and subtropical regions. Africa (Botswana, Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gambia, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe); Asia (Bangladesh, Brunei, Burma, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, USSR); Australasia and Oceania (Australia, Hawaii, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands); Europe (Germany, Portugal, Italy, UK); North America (Canada, USA); Central America and West Indies (Antigua, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, Trinidad); South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia). TRANSMISSION: Probably by contaminated seed; the fungus has been found on or isolated from several seed samples (1, 289; 33, 599; 47, 2153; 54, 1779; 60, 367; 61, 4102). In Taiwan P. sorghina has been found to be transmitted from seed to seedlings (62, 4281). The fungus has also been claimed to persist on trash and weed hosts and remain viable up to 1 yr but lose its viability after 2 yr storage on dry infected leaves (Koch & Rumbold, 1921).

Phytophthora cryptogea. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1978 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Jean Stamps
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Phytophthora Cryptogea ◽  
Root Rots ◽  
Pink Rot ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tulip Bulbs ◽  
Leaf Rot

Abstract A description is provided for Phytophthora cryptogea. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a wide range of glasshouse and field crops. Tomato, ornamentals (including petunia, aster, chrysanthemum, Tagetes, tulip, wallflower, Gerbera, gloxinia, Matthiola, Papaver, cineraria, dahlia, Gypsophila, Hebe, Rhododendron, Osteospermum, zinnia), potato, chicory, spinach, bean, onion, cucurbits, eggplant, hop, sunflower, safflower, lucerne, Cupressus, Chamaecyparis, chestnut and others. DISEASE: Damping-off and foot rot of tomato; foot rots of aster, Matthiola and Gerbera; black neck of chrysanthemum; tulip shanking; corm, stem and leaf rot of gloxinia; crown rot of Iceland poppy; pink rot of potato; sunflower stem rot; chestnut wilt; damping-off, root rots and wilts of many other hosts. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (UK, Irish Republic, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands); Africa (Egypt, Rhodesia); Asia (Iran); Australia; New Zealand; N. America (Canada, USA). (CMI Map 99, ed. 4, 1976). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, persisting for several years (6, 669). Tulip bulbs were invaded from the soil (18, 183). Movement of zoospores was studied (56, 1029). Isolates were obtained from glasshouse water supplies (1, 94). There was a high frequency of recovery on baiting irrigation water in Victoria (57, 2174).

Fusarium stilboides. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Coffea Arabica ◽  
Collar Rot ◽  
Rain Drop ◽  
Soil Level

Abstract A description is provided for Fusarium stilboides. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Coffea arabica. DISEASES: Storey's bark disease in which suckers are attacked at their base and finally killed; scaly bark in which mature main stems are attacked through wounds left after pruning-off laterals and are subsequently girdled; and collar rot, where stems are slowly girdled at or slightly above soil level leading to death of the plants. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Tanganyika, Nyasaland and possibly Madagascar. TRANSMISSION: Mainly by rain-drop splash (41: 7).

Xanthomonas pisi. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Saddler
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Artificial Inoculation ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Vigna Angularis ◽  
Dark Green ◽  
Soil Level

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas pisi. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pisum sativum (Leguminosae); by artificial inoculation: Brassica oleracea (Brassicaceae), Nicotiana tabacum (Solanaceae), Phaseolus vulgaris, Trifolium spp., Vicia faba and Vigna angularis (Leguminosae). DISEASE: Stem rot of pea. The disease attacks stems or stipules at the soil level, rapidly extending upwards. On stems and stipules lesions appear primarily dark green and water-soaked. Lesions turn brown and papery with age; sometimes a chlorotic halo is evident. Leaflets and petioles are also attacked, frequently the base of leaflets adjoining the petioles become brown, papery and wither. By artificial inoculation isolates are strongly pectolytic, causing soft rot in vegetable tissues such as those from Allium cepa, Daucus carota, Rhaphanus sativus and Solanum tuberosum. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: ASIA: Japan. TRANSMISSION: Not known.

Erwinia rhapontici. [Distribution map].

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Erwinia Rhapontici ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Erwinia rhapontici (Millard) Burkholder. Hosts: Rhubarb (Rheum), Wheat (Triticum) and others. Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Israel, EUROPE, Britain (England, Wales), Poland, NORTH AMERICA, Canada (Alberta), USA (Oklahoma).

Pythium splendens. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Ananas Comosus ◽  
Piper Betle ◽  
Pythium Splendens

Abstract A description is provided for Pythium splendens. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A root parasite or pseudomycorrhizal, on a variety of plants including: Aplaonema simplex, Aloe sp., Ananas comosus, Anthurium scherzerianum, Begonia spp., Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Capsicum sp., Carica papaya, Chrysanthemum sp., Citrus aurantium, Coleus sp., Cucumis sativus, Cymbidium sp., Dieffenbachia picta, Elaeis guineensis, Geranium sp., Helianthus annuus, Hordeum vulgare, Ipomoea batatas, Lactuca sativa, Lilium longiflorum var. eximium, Linum usitatissimum, Manihot utilissima, Medicago saliva, Melilotus sp., Nephytis afzelii, Nicotiana tabacum, Pelargonium spp., Peperomia caperata, Phaseolus aureus, P. vulgaris, Philodendron cordatum, Pinus elliottii, Piper betle, P. methysticum, P. nigrum, Pisum sativum, Pyrus communis, Raphanus sativus, Rheum rhaponticum, Saccharum officinarum, Scindapsus aureus, Spinacia oleracea, Tithonia rotundifolia, Trifolium spp., Triticum aestivum, Vicia faba, Vigna sinesis, Zea mays. Also on the fern Platycerium grande and in nursery soil. DISEASES: Causing seed rot, pre-emergence blight and post-emergence damping-off of seedings of a large number of plants including black pepper, maize, lucerne and sweet clover; mottle necrosis of sweet potato, black stem rot of pelargonium, wilt of Betel pepper, crown rot of rhubarb; and root rot of aloe, oil palm seedlings ('blast'), Easter lily, pineapple, maize, papaw, slash pine and aroids. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: In warm temperate and sub-tropical areas: Africa (Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania), Asia (Indo China, Malaysia, Sabah, Singapore) Australasia & Oceania (Australia, Fiji, Hawaii, New Caledonia); Europe (France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal); North America (U.S.A.); Central America and West Indies (Jamaica). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne but may be spread by leaf contact (18: 113). Also widely disseminated on infected bulbs and cuttings (26: 147). Excessive soil moisture favours infection (21: 526; 32: 510). Injuries caused by nematodes (32: 510) or frost (11: 330) have also predisposed hosts to infection.

Erwinia carotovora var. atroseptica. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathology ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Erwinia Carotovora ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Infected Seed ◽  
Seed Tubers ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Wet Weather ◽  
Soil Level

Abstract A description is provided for Erwinia carotovora var. atroseptica. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Solanum tuberosum. The occasional reports of other plants attacked mostly involve confusion of identity with other species of Erwinia. Of numerous reports in the Review of Plant Pathology since 1922, all are unlikely except the occurrences on Delphinium ajacis and lupin. Graham (1972) does record the examination of 8 isolates originating from other plants, 6 from UK, all of which could produce blackleg in potato, and 2 from Japan that could not. Five agglutinated with astroseptica antiserum, 3 did not. The origins were: Chinese cabbage and carrot in Japan, and tomato, cauliflower, Iris rhizome and water from cress beds in UK. Many plants are infected by artificial wound inoculation, but most show soft rot rather than blackleg symptoms. DISEASE: Blackleg of potato. Affected plants are usually stunted, with pale or yellowish leaves. Upper leaves are stiff and erect, and curl upwards at their margins. The stems near the soil level are black or dark brown and rotted; sticky but not softened. In prolonged wet weather plants may wilt and collapse rapidly. The seedpiece rots rapidly, and in severe attacks young tubers rot from the stem end. In milder attacks most tubers may appear healthy at harvest, only to rot in storage. Spread of the rot to healthy tubers in storage can cause severe losses. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Liable to be found in most places where potatoes are grown. CMI Map 131, ed. 3, 1973, lists 48 countries in all continents. TRANSMISSION: The disease is spread within an area and between areas in infected seed tubers that may appear healthy when planted. Tubers whose surfaces are contaminated with bacteria can also suffer infection either through wounds and growth cracks, or through the lenticels in the presence of free water, when cell proliferation is stimulated and ruptures the suberised plug at the lenticel opening. The bacteria do not penetrate the periderm directly. Transmission through the soil occurs at high inoculum and moisture levels (54, 4622), and the bacterium has been found to move with the ground water more than 3 m along a row away from infected seed tubers (51, 5e). Overwintering of the bacteria in soil is possible but varies between seasons and areas, and may not occur every season (30, 485; 53, 3597). Transmission by insects (54, 4624; 55, 5330) and by farm machinery (54, 4622) is also possible. In damp, poorly ventilated storage there is rapid spread directly from tuber to tuber. This can cause not only serious losses, but also widespread infection and contamination of seed potatoes for the following year.

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