Rain drop size distribution characteristics of cyclonic and north east monsoon thunderstorm precipitating clouds observed over Kadapa (14.47°N, 78.82°E), Tropical semi-arid region of India

Hkkjr ds vkU/kz izns’k jkT; ds v/kZ'kq"d HkwHkkx] dM+ik ¼14-47 fMxzh m-] 78-82 fMxzh iw- ½ esa yxk, x, d.k ds vkdkj vkSj osx ¼ikjohosy½ okys fMLMªksehVj l ‘ty’ pØokr ls mRiUu o"kZ.k es?kksa ¼07 uoEcj 2010½ rFkk mRrj iwoZ ¼,u- bZ-½ ekulwu xtZ okys rwQku ds o"kZ.k es?kksa ¼16 uoEcj 2010½ ds cw¡n ds vkdkj ds forj.kksa ¼vkj- ,l- Mh-½ dks ekik x;k gSA izs{k.kkRed ifj.kkeksa ls gesa ;g irk pyk gS fd pØokr dh otg ls mRiUu o"kZ.k es?kksa esa laoguh o"kZ.k izcy jgkA tcfd mRrj iwoZ ekulwu ds ekeys esa xtZ okys rwQku o"kZ.k laoguh es?k ds Hkkx Lrjh es?kksa dh rwyuk esa vf/kd gSaA pØokr ls mRiUu o"kZ.k] mRrj iwoZ ekulwu o"kZ.k dh rqyuk esa Lrjh {ks= ¼laoguh {ks=½ esa NksVh cw¡nksa ¼NksVh vkSj e/;e vkdkj dh cw¡nksa½ ls laca/k gSA Lrjh vkSj laoguh es?k {ks=ksa esa mRrj iwoZ ekulwu o"kZ.k dh rwyuk esa vkSlr nzO;eku Hkkfjr O;kl] pØokr ls mRiUu o"kZ.k dk Dm de gSA o"kkZ dh cw¡nksa ds vkdkj dk izs{k.k pØokrh; vkSj mRrj iwoZ ekulwu xtZ ds lkFk rwQkuksa ds o"kZ.k es?kksa esa vyx rjg dh fHkUurk ns[kh xbZ gSA Raindrop size distributions (RSD) of “JAL” Cyclone induced precipitating clouds (7 Nov. 2010) and North- East (NE) monsoon thunderstorm precipitating clouds (16 November 2010) were measured with a Particle Size and Velocity (PARSIVEL) disdrometer deployed at Kadapa (14.47°N; 78.82°E), a semiarid continental site in Andhra Pradesh state, India. From the observational results we find that stratiform precipitation is predominant than convective precipitation in cyclone induced precipitation clouds. Where as in the case of NE monsoon thunderstorm precipitation convective cloud fraction is more than stratiform clouds. The cyclone induced precipitation is associated with higher concentration of small drops (small and middrops) in stratiform region (convective region) than NE monsoon precipitation. The average mass weighted diameter, Dm of cyclone induced precipitation is less than the NE monsoon precipitation both in stratiform and convective cloud regions. The observed RSD are found distinctly vary from cyclonic and NE monsoon thunderstorm precipitating clouds.

Rain drop size distributions estimated from NOAA Snow-Level Radar data

Using NOAA’s S-band High Power Snow-Level Radar, HPSLR, a technique for estimating the rain drop size distribution (DSD) above the radar is presented. This technique assumes the DSD can be described by a four parameter, generalized Gamma distribution (GGD). Using the radar’s measured average Doppler velocity spectrum and a value (assumed, measured, or estimated) of the vertical air motion, w, an estimate of the GGD is obtained. Four different methods can be used to obtain w. One method that estimates a mean mass-weighted raindrop diameter, Dm, from the measured reflectivity, Z, produces realistic DSDs compared to prior literature examples. These estimated DSDs provide evidence that the radar can retrieve the smaller drop sizes constituting the “drizzle” mode part of the DSD. This estimation technique was applied to 19 h of observations from Hankins, NC. Results support the concept that DSDs can be modeled using GGDs with a limited range of parameters. Further work is needed to validate the described technique for estimating DSDs in more varied precipitation types and to verify the vertical air motion estimates.

IoT Based Solar Panel Tracking System with Weather Monitoring System

Solar power is the burgeoning method of continual energy. The assignment is designed and carried out the use of dual axis sun tracker system. In order to maximise power era from solar, it’s important to introduce sun ray monitoring systems into solar electricity production. A dual-axis tracker can boom power through monitoring solar rays from switching photovoltaic cells in various directions. These photovoltaic cells can rotate in all directions. The LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) have been used to feel the depth of mild at 30 degree every or at 180 degree general and ship the information to microcontroller. This assignment also can be used to experience rain drop, temperature and humidity using sensor and they may be displayed on LCD. We can save the Solar energy in battery.

Retrieving Rain Drop Size Distribution Moments from GPM Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar

A novel method for retrieving the moments of rain drop size distribution (DSD) from the dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) onboard the global precipitation mission satellite (GPM) is presented. The method involves the estimation of two chosen reference moments from two specific DPR products, namely the attenuation-corrected Ku-band radar reflectivity and (if made available) the specific attenuation at Ka-band. The reference moments are then combined with a function representing the underlying shape of the DSD based on the generalized gamma model. Simulations are performed to quantify the algorithm errors. The performance of methodology is assessed with two GPM-DPR overpass cases over disdrometer sites, one in Huntsville, Alabama and one in Delmarva peninsula, Virginia, both in the US. Results are promising and indicate that it is feasible to estimate DSD moments directly from DPR-based quantities.

Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge Data Processing System: A Review

The tipping bucket system consists of funnel which collects the water of the rain in a container which is like a seesaw type module which tips side by side and collects the water. When the level of the water decreases below a preset level, the lever changes its side, causing the collected water to dump in a vessel and electrical signal is sent. By this system the high, medium or heavy rainfall character can be obtained. The rainfall character is calculated by the rainfall in 1 hour and corresponding number of pulses clicking in a period of 10 minutes. Various types of tipping bucket systems are reviewed by using rainfall and snow precipitation, using internet enabling, using rain drop imaging and artificial intelligence and also using wireless sensor network and GSM data transmission. Tipping Bucket is the most useful parameter for measuring the rainfall. In this way the rainfall is measured using the Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge System.

Mediation of lubricated air films using spatially periodic dielectrophoretic effect

A stone thrown in a lake captures air as it collides with water and sinks; likewise a rain drop falling on a flat surface traps air bubbles underneath and creates a spectacular splash. These natural occurrences, from bubble entrapment to liquid ejection, happen as air fails to escape from the closing gap between liquid and solid surfaces. Trapping of air is devastating for casting, coating, painting, and printing industries, or those intolerant of water entry noise. Attempts to eliminate the interfering air rely on either reducing the ambient pressure or modifying the solid surfaces. The former approach is inflexible in its implementation, while the latter one is inherently limited by the wetting speed of liquid or the draining capacity of air passages created on the solid. Here, we present a “divide and conquer” approach to split the thin air gap into tunnels and subsequently squeeze air out from the tunnels against its viscous resistance using spatially periodic dielectrophoretic force. We confirm the working principles by demonstrating suppression of both bubble entrapment and splash upon impacts of droplets on solid surfaces.

Separation of Stratiform and Convective Rain Types Using Data from an S-Band Polarimetric Radar: A Case Study Comparing Two Different Methods

Data from an S-band polarimetric radar located at a mid-latitude, coastal location are used to compare two different methods for identifying stratiform and convective rain regions. The first method entails the retrievals of two (main) parameters of the rain drop size distributions using the radar reflectivity and the differential reflectivity. The second technique is a well-known texture-based method which utilizes the radar reflectivity and its spatial variability. A widespread event with embedded line convection was used as a test case. The two methods were compared using 500 m by 500 m pixel resolution gridded data constructed from the radar volume scans. Only 12% of the pixels showed disagreement between the two methods.

Real power loss diminution by rain drop optimization algorithm

<p>In this work Rain Drop Optimization (RDO) Algorithm is projected to reduce power loss. Proceedings of Rain drop have been imitated to model the RDO algorithm. Natural action of rain drop is flowing downwardsform the peak and it may form small streams during the headway from the mountain or hill. As by gravitation principle raindrop flow as stream then as river form the peak of mountains or hill then it reach the sea as global optimum. Proposed Rain Drop Optimization (RDO) Algorithm evaluated in IEEE 30, bus test system. Power loss reduction, voltage deviation minimization, and voltage stability improvementhas been achieved</p>

Characteristics of Rain-Induced Attenuation over Signal Links at Frequency Ranges of 25 and 38 GHz Observed in Beijing

Wireless communication has become a very important part of our lives, and it is well known that meteorological factors affect the quality of communication links, especially at higher frequencies because the physical dimensions of raindrops, hail stones, and snowflakes are on a similar wavelength to the propagating radio frequency. Millimeter-waves are an important technology for fifth-generation cellular networks which are currently being deployed all over the world. Since atmospheric effects are challenging in millimeter-wave transmissions, in this paper, we conducted line-of-sight field measurements at 25 GHz and 38 GHz. We monitored the received signal during rainfall events and compared the theoretical attenuation and the recorded rain-induced attenuation. We also derived the rain-induced attenuation (A) and rainfall rate (R) relation for stratiform and convective rain, respectively, using local rain drop size distribution (DSD) information at our measurement site collected during the period of two years. Furthermore, opportunistic sensing of atmospheric phenomena using microwave or millimeter-wave communication links in commercial cellular networks has recently attracted more attention in meteorological research worldwide. The accuracy of calculating rainfall rates from microwave links highly depends on the retrieval model and values of coefficients in the model, i.e., a and b of the A-R relation model. Here, the coefficients a and b are estimated based on local DSD measurement, and the performance of the improved A-R model is evaluated using propagated signal power based on measurement data. Compared to the (a, b) coefficients in the International Telecommunication Union Recommendation (ITU-R) P.838 document, the derived coefficients achieved an improved rainfall rate estimation.